1. SUMMER TRAINING REPORT SUBMITTED TOWARDS THE PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF POST GRADUATE DEGREE IN INTERNATIONAL
BUSINESS
“CONTRACT &
PROCUREMENT
MANAGEMENT AT NTPC”
SUBMITTED BY:
Madan Nagar
MBA-IB(2005-2007)
Roll No. : A1200307E84
INDUSTRY GUIDE FACULTY GUIDE
Sh. Dinesh Bahuguna Ms. Saurav Raina
Senior Manager(Finance) Finance Faculty
NTPC Noida
AMITY INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SCHOOL,
NOIDA
AMITY UNIVERSITY – UTTAR PRADESH

2. Company Certificate
(In the LETTER HEAD of the Company)
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN
This is to certify that _____________________, a student of Amity
International Business School, Noida, undertook a project on
“___________________” at ________________________
from __________to _____________.
Ms./Mr.________________ has successfully completed the project under the
guidance of Mr./Ms.____________________. She/He is a sincere and hard-
working student with pleasant manners.
We wish all success in her/him future endeavours.
Signature with date
(Name)
(Designation)
(Company Name)
ii

3. CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN
This is to certify that Mr. Madan Nagar, a student of Post Graduate Degree in
MBA-IB (2005-2007), Amity International Business School, Noida has worked in
the NTPC-Noida, under the able guidance and supervision of Mr.Dinesh Bahuguna,
designation: Senior Manager (Finance), Company: NTPC, Noida.
The period for which he was on training was for eight weeks, starting from 4th May
2006 to 30th July 2006. This Summer Internship report has the requisite standard for
the partial fulfillment the Post Graduate Degree in International Business. To the
best of our, knowledge no part of this report has been reproduced from any other
report and the contents are based on original research.
Signature Signature
(Faculty Guide) (Student)
iii

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am thankful to Amity International Business School, for giving me an
opportunity to work with a prestigious organization like National
Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC). The experience has been highly
educative in terms of both theoretical and practical knowledge in the area
of Finance. The summer stinct at NTPC has strongly added value to my
learning curve.
I express my sincere gratitude to my industry guide Mr. Dinesh
Bahuguna, Designation: Senior Manager (Finance), Company: NTPC,
Noida, for his able guidance, continuous support and cooperation
throughout my project, without which the present work would not have
been possible.
I would also like to thank the entire team of NTPC especially Mr. V
Vasu, DGM (F), Mr. AA Sheikh, DGM (F), Mr. RS Sodhi, DM (F) and
Mr. Vishal Garg, for the constant support and help in the successful
completion of my project.
I am thankful to my faculty guide Ms.Saurabh Raina, of my institute, for
her continued guidance and invaluable encouragement. Also, I am
thankful to my Prof. Mr. Ajeet Mittal, for his valuable guidance and
support during the project.
Signature
(Student)
iv

5. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter No. Subject Page No.
Ch.-1.0 Executive Summary………………….
Ch.-2.0 Research Methodology………………
1.1 Primary Objective(s)………….
1.2 Hypothesis……………………
1.3 Research Design………………
1.4 Sample Design………………..
1.5 Scope of the Study…………….
1.6 Limitations…………………….
Ch.-3.0 Critical Review of Literature………..
Ch.-4.0 Company Profile …………………….
4.1 Industry Profile………………..
4.2 Swot Analysis………………….
Ch.-5.0 Data…………………………………..
5.1 Collection………………………
5.2 Primary Data
5.3 Secondary Data….……………..
Ch.-6.0 Findings & Analysis………………….
Ch.-7.0 Recommendations……………………
Ch.-8.0 Bibliography………………………….
Ch.-9.0 Annexure……………………………..
9.1 Tables………………………….
9.2 Graphs…………………………
Ch-10.0 Case Study ……………………....…...
Ch-11.0 Synopsis of the project………………..
v

6. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The report entitled “BIDDING AND FINANCIAL ANALYASIS OF N.T.P.C. ” is about the
purchase practices followed at NTPC. These practices are followed during all procurement by
NTPC. The purchase procedure starts at Indenting by the department that requires the material and
goes to the cost department and finance department for required approval. In between various
activities like Liquidated Damages calculation, Spare Parts procurement terms, Guarantee in
Liability Defect period etc are undertaken. Once all the terms and conditions are formulated and
approved, the tender document preparation starts. The tender documents are issued to the
prospective bidder for a cost that starts from Rs 200 to Rs 3000. The content of the tender
document is prepared in such a manner that the prospective bidder comes to know about all the
important details about the contract. The issuance of tender document is followed by the receipt of
Bids from various vendors in the specified format. Once all the bids are received, they are opened
in presence of some nominated officials from Finance, Contracts and Materials department. The
representatives from the bidders may also be present. Then a comparative statement of the quoted
bids is prepared and the contract is awarded to the lowest quoting bidder.
During the document preparation phase, payments terms are also decided and documented in the
General Condition of Contract, which is issued to the bidder with the tender documents. Apart
from payments, there are various other issues like Arbitration, which are dealt in the tender
documents. Liquidated Damages is one of the very important clauses. Liquidated damage is a
payment to be made by the contractor in case he fails to complete the project in the stipulated
time. In case of equipment, it is related to the performance of the equipment. The purchase is
followed by the evaluation, which is done for two things, the vendor’s performance and the
purchase performance. The Vendor evaluation comes in handy for placing future orders where as
the Purchase Performance evaluation provides detailed insight into the procedures being followed
to procure the required material.
vi

7. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Primary Objective :- The objective is to study the “BIDDING AND FINANCIAL
ANALYASIS OF N.T.P.C. ” procedures followed at NTPC .
The observations were carefully analyzed and some constructive facts and figures were revealed.
On the basis of those observations some recommendations and suggestions for NTPC have been
drafted.
The research methodology comprised of secondary data collected from various NTPC records
and through NTPC website and India Infoline.com.
Sample Design:- for the research activity to turnout into a success, a careful selection of various
Project was made. All possible effort was made to choose the unbiased data to get the fruitful
result.
Scope of the Study :- This effort is to understand the procurement practices followed at NTPC and
understand what they keep in mind before awarding a particular bid contract to the specific
bidder. It will also recommend the points to NTPC to improve upon to get the maximum chunk in
the power industry.
Limitations :-
• Time factor.
•
1

8. Industry Profile
The electricity services in India were generally provided by the State Electricity Boards (SEBs),
as it was believed that being under the control of the State governments, they could protect the
consumer interests against exploitation. Over a period of time, it however, came to be realized that
because of their monolithic nature, the State Electricity Boards suffered from operational
inefficiencies on account of which they had incurred heavy losses. The services rendered by them
were also of poor quality. These factors forced the governments to think in terms of
commercialization of the services so that the additional investments necessary for infrastructure
development become available through private sector involvement and the services rendered
become globally competitive.
Central Government issued a policy resolution dated 22-10-1991 on private sector participation in
power sector. It was followed by necessary changes in the legal framework. Despite the policy of
liberalization, the entry of new players continued to be regulated by the government who
remained the final arbiter in all matters, including tariff fixation. It became necessary, therefore, to
provide a level playing field to new players and to provide for competition. It was decided to
encourage private sector participation in the generation, transmission and distribution since future
expansion could not be achieved through public resources alone. Thus, the phenomenon of private
sector involvement in power sector is a relatively modern reaction to the revealed concerns and
issues associated with complete reliance on the public sector provision of infrastructure. It should
also be decided to set up independent Central and State Regulatory Commissions.
Promotion of competition, efficiency and economy in electricity industry can be conveniently
achieved through the process of competitive bidding. The Central Government issued detailed
guidelines for competitive bidding of power projects in January 1995 whereby the competitive
procurement of power sector projects was made mandatory. These guidelines laid emphasis on
project identification, justification and development before taking up competitive bidding.
Growth of economy calls for a watching rate of growth in infrastructure facilities. Power sector is
one of the major aspects of this infrastructure building. Some prominent people like the Ex
Chairman of GE Jack Welch have gone to the extent of saying, “you don’t have a chance to stand
in the 21st century without lots of power………Without this you miss the next revolution.”
2

9. Moreover, the growth rate of demand for power in developing countries is generally higher than
that of GDP. In India, the elasticity ratio was 3.06 in 1 st plan, and peaked at 5.11 during 3rd plan
and came down to 1.65 in 80’s. For 90’s a ratio of around 1.5 was projected. Hence, in order to
support a growth of GDP of around 7% the rate of growth of power supply of 10%is required.
If we look at current scenario, electricity consumption in India has more than doubled in the last
decade, outpacing the economic growth. If we analyze the various statistics of Indian power
sector, we will find that the generating capacity has gone up tremendously from a meager
1712MW in 1950 to a whooping 112000MW today.
GROWTH OVER YEARS:
INSTALLED CAPACITY AROUND THE END OF PERIOD:
250000
212000
200000
CAPACITIES
150000
112000
100000
66000
50000
28000
13000
0 1700 4600
1950 2
1 1960 31970 1980 1990 2000 8
4 5 6 7 20129
YEARS
At the same as a result of growing installed capacity, the power produced has also gone up. In
1950, the total power produced by Indian power sector was a meager 50BU and that is now
587.3BU.
Now a days when world is transforming into a global village and economies are opening up, a
substantial and reliable infrastructure is a must for any economy to develop. Electricity is one of
the most vital parts of any economic structure. The govt. of India had realized it way back in 60’s
that to develop the economy and be economically independent, one must be independent in one’s
power generation. And hence the Indian govt. emphasized the need of independence in power
generation and in all subsequent five-year plans the allocated budget for power sector
development was increased. But despite all these efforts by our govt., there is an acute power
shortage in the country. Despite all efforts, a no.of states particularly the northern and western
region are faced with severe power shortage. The projected power consumption for next 10 years
is not very comforting either. Capacity expansion in power sector is outpaced by economic
3

10. development and hence widening the gap between the demand and supply of electricity. We can
see the projected figures for the coming years in the diagram below:
POWER DEVELOPMENT- 16TH EPS PROJECTIONS:
PEAK REQUIRMENT IN BILLION UNITS:
PEAK AND ENERGY REQUIRMENT
1800000
1600000 1574107
1400000
1200000
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
78037 85132 115705
0 507 529 719 976
MAR'01 MAR'02 MAR'07 MAR'12
YEARS
The growth rate of power sector is shown in the diagram below:
6
5 5.1 5.2
4
billion units
3.4
3
2
1
0
02-'03 03-'04 04-'05
years
Generation during the years has been as follows:
700
587
600 533 552
513
500
billion units
400 Series1
300 226 240 Series2
202 213
200
100
0
01-'02 02-'03 03-'04 04-'05
years
4

11. Power availability has been as follows:
550000
540000
530000
availability(MU)
520000
510000
500000
490000
480000
470000
460000
450000
01-'02 04-'05
years
While energy shortage during the same period has been as follows:
7.55
7.5
7.45
Shortage(%)
7.4
7.35
7.3
7.25
7.2
01-'02 04-'05
years
And peak deficit during the same period has been as follows:
12.8
12.6
12.4
deficit(%)
12.2
12
11.8
11.6
11.4
11.2
01-'02 04-'05
years
5

12. There has been an improvement in last three years with 13% increased power availability.
However, we could reduce energy shortage by a meager 0.2% while peak deficit by a meager
0.9%. We could have generated 18b units more had we not suffered gas and coal shortages.
However, we are now set to achieve 10th plan target of about 41000 MW as the projects worth
10959 MW have already been commissioned and project worth 24152 MW are under execution.
In accordance with electricity policy a substantial portion of under utilized capacity plants are
targeted to be brought under the grid.
PROFILE OF NATIONAL THERMAL POWER CORPORATION
LTD. (NTPC)
National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. (NTPC) a global giant in the power sector was set up
on 7th November 1975, with an objective to accelerate the electricity generation by planning,
promoting and organizing integrated development of thermal power in India.
Today; NTPC is the largest power generating company in India and contributes one-fourth of the
thermal energy generated in the country. It has 463 rank in the World Top Class 2000 Companies
which is improve from the last year rank i.e. 486.Over all these years NTPC has been an
organization which has delivered expected performance in all the spheres of its business activities
and meeting all the challenges for growth and operation through adoption of excellent
management system and practices.
The success of NTPC is the result of a modest but systematic beginning.
NTPC known as the NAVRATANS of PSU’S have central govt. and the finding agencies as one
of their major stakeholder. Railways are the major supplier of NTPC.
If anything which is manufactured is to be sold out. In the same manner NTPC also has some of
its buyers. The main buyer’s who purchase electricity from NTPC are the state electricity board
(SEB’S) and the state govt.
It will be much more clearly from the following diagram below:
6

13. NTPC- BACKGROUND
NTPC – a global giant in power sector
Source: www.ntpc.co.in
National Thermal Power Corporation Limited (NTPC) is the largest thermal power generating
company of India. A public sector company incorporated in the year 1975 to accelerate power
development in the country as a wholly owned company of the Government of India. At present,
Government of India holds 89.5% of the total equity shares of the company and the balance
10.5% is held by FIIs, Domestic Banks, Public and others.
Based on 1998 data, carried out by Data monitor UK, NTPC is the 6th largest in terms of thermal
power generation and the second most efficient in terms of capacity utilization amongst the
thermal utilities in the world.
NTPC's core business is engineering, construction and operation of power generating plants and
also providing consultancy to power utilities in India and abroad. As on date the installed capacity
of NTPC is 23,749 MW through its 13 coal based (19,480 MW), 7 gas based (3,955 MW) and 3
7

14. Joint Venture Projects (314 MW). NTPC acquired 50% equity of the SAIL Power Supply
Corporation Ltd. (SPSCL). This JV Company operates the captive power plants of Durgapur (120
MW), Rourkela (120 MW) and Bhilai (74 MW). NTPC is also managing Badarpur thermal power
station (705 MW) of Government of India.
Source- www.indiainfoline.com
NTPC’s share on 31 Mar 2004 in the total installed capacity of the country was 19.4% and it
contributed 27.1% of the total power generation of the country during 2003-04.
NTPC has set new benchmarks for the power industry both in the area of power plant construction
and operations. It is providing power at the cheapest average tariff in the country. With its
experience and expertise in the power sector, NTPC is extending consultancy services to various
organizations in the power business. NTPC has entered into a joint venture with Alstom, Germany
for renovation and modernizations of power plants in India.
NTPC has taken proactive steps for ash utilization. In 1991, it set up Ash Utilization Division to
manage efficient use of the ash produced at its coal stations. This quality of ash produced is ideal
for use in cement, concrete, cellular concrete, and building material.
8

15. STAKE HOLDERS
CENTRA
L GOVT
FUNDING
AGENCIE
S S
U OIL
B
P SUPPLY
U
P Y
L E
I R
E SEB’ S
R S
S
NTPC
COAL
SUPPLY
STATE
GOVT
RAILWAYS
EQUIPMEN
T
SUPPLY
9

16. NTPC’s share on 31 Mar 2004 in the total installed capacity of the country was 19.4% and
it contributed 27.1% of the total power generation of the country during 2003-04.
CORPORATE PLAN
The company has formulated a long term Corporate Plan for 15 years upto 2017. The
Corporate Plan seeks to integrate the Company’s vision, mission and strategies for growth
with the national plans and to provide the company the cutting edge in the emerging
competitive environment. NTPC is targeting to become a ’46 000 MW Plus’ company by 2012.
(A) Projects under construction Total Capacity - 10990 MW
Project Capacity Fuel Commission Schedule
(State) (MW)
Vindhayachal - III 1000 Coal Unit – IX Feb 2007
(Madhya Pradesh) (2x500) Unit – X Aug 2007
Unchahar III 210 Coal Unit – I Sep 2006
(Uttar Pradesh) (1x210)
Kahalgaon Phase II 1000 Coal Unit – V Nov 2006
Stage I (Bihar) (2x500) Unit – VI May 2007
Kahalgaon Phase II 500 Coal Unit – VII Mar 2007
Stage II (Bihar) (1x500)
Sipat - I 1980 Coal Unit – I Apr 2008
(Chhattisgarh) (3x660) Unit – II Feb 2009
Unit – III Dec 2009
Sipat - II 1000 Coal Unit – I Jun 2007
(Chhattisgarh) (2x500) Unit – II Dec 2007
Koldam 800 Hydro Unit – I Nov 2008
(Himachal Pradesh) (2x400) Unit – II Jan 2008
Unit – III Mar 2009
Unit – IV Apr 2009
Barh 1980 Coal Unit – I Mar 2009
(Bihar) (3x660) Unit – II Jan 2110
Unit – III Nov 2010
Bhilai Exp. Power 500 Coal Unit – I July 2007
Project, (2x250) Unit – II Oct 2007
JV with SAIL
10

17. (Chhattisgarh)
Total 8970
MW
(B) New projects being pursued for capacity addition for Eleventh Plan and Beyond
In addition to the above, a host of new power projects as given below are being pursued for
further capacity addition in the 11th plan and beyond:
S. No. Project / State Capacity (MW)
1. Kawas - II, Gujarat 1,300
2. Jhanor Gandhar - II, Gujarat 1,300
3. Nabinagar - JV with Railways, Bihar 1,000
4. Loharinag Pala, HEP Uttaranchal 600
5. Tapovan Vishnugad, HEP Uttaranchal 520
6. Lata Tapovan, HEP Uttaranchal * 171
7. North Karanpura, Jharkhand 1,980
8. Rajiv Gandhi CCPP-II, Kerala 1,950
9. Ennore (JV with TNEB ), Tamil Nadu 1,000
10. Farakka III, West Bengal 500
11. Lara, Integrated Power Chhattisgarh 4,000
Generation project,
12. Darlipalli, Integrated Power 3,200
Orissa
Generation Project,
13. Rammam III HEP, West Bengal * 120
14. Hutong II HEP, Arunachal Pradesh 1,250
15. Kalai II HEP, Arunachal Pradesh 1,200
*(To be implemented by NTPC Hydro Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of NTPC Ltd.)
AN OVERVIEW
Commissioned
Projects No. of Projects Capacity
(MW)
NTPC OWNED
COAL 14 20, 685
GAS/LIQ. FUEL 07 3,955
TOTAL 21 24,640
11

18. OWNED BY JVCs
Coal 3 314*
GRAND TOTAL 24 24,954
* Captive Power Plant under JV with SAIL
@Additional capacity under implementation
• Vindhyachal Stage III 1000 MW
• Unchahar Stage III 210 MW
• Kahalgaon Stage II
- Phase I 1000 MW
- Phase II 500 MW
Korba Stage III 500 MW
VISION OF NTPC:
"To be one of the world's largest and best power utilities, powering India's growth".
To realize this vision, NTPC has drawn up a detailed Corporate Plan for the period 1997-2012
which represents the company's collective optimism and enthusiasm, inspired by a glorious past, a
vibrant present and a brilliant future. The Plan has been prepared in-house in consultation the
committed, competent and confident members of the NTPC family. The road map that has been
charted out was after a thorough scan of the strengths and weaknesses within the organization as
well as opportunities and threats in the environment.
Considering multidimensional opportunities in the energy sector, NTPC will adopt a multi-
pronged growth strategy for capacity addition through Greenfield sites, expansion of existing
stations, takeovers and joint ventures.
The capacity addition plans that we have drawn up for the fifteen-year period using all the above
strategies to enable the corporation to become a 40,000 MW company by 2012 A.D.
In addition to the above, NTPC also has plans to venture into the following areas:
• Renovation & Modernization of old power stations through a separate joint venture
company;
• Investment in LNG terminal;
• Investment in coal mining and washeries;
• Setting up of power plants abroad;
• Joint ventures for ash-based industries;
12

19. • Setting up of small pilot plants using renewable energy sources;
• Setting up of hydel power plants to facilitate techno-economic operation of thermal-hydro
mix of NTPC stations;
Setting up of associated extra high voltage transmission lines / inter-regional EHV transmission
lines so as to ensure evacuation of power from NTPC stations.
NTPC CORE VALUES: -
Known as one of the NAVRATAN’S of the PSU’S NTPC has its following core values. They are:
• CUSTOMER FOCUS
• ORGANISATIONAL PRIDE
• MUTUAL RESPECT & TRUST
• INITIATIVE & SPEED
• TOTAL QUALITY
Every firm, be it a manufacturing concern or a trading concern has to buy something either to
trade it as it is or add some value to it. In both the cases the firm is buying and selling the goods
or services generated. The value generated between two points in the value chain is the profit
generated by that particular chain partner. These values. Be in terms of place, time, quantity of
form etc. in the case of NTPC. NTPC buys coal, diesel, and other capital goods and converts it
into electricity. Since the raw material is changing form during the value addition process hence
NTPC is a manufacturing firm. For every manufacturing concern, the raw material is the cost
center after the initial expenditure relating to the capital goods. It is also the most important factor
affecting the quality of the product and in case of NTPC the performance. A low-grade coal may
not only reduce the efficiency of the plant but may also make it malfunction or might even lead to
a sudden breakdown. Hence the plant but may make it malfunction or might even lead to a
sudden breakdown. Hence the right quality of fuel is not only desired but is required.
Similarly the plants and equipment required to generate the electricity is also to be procured and
hence one more purchasing comes into picture. Once the plant is erected and commissioned,
during its normal operations the plant may require some spare parts as well as some replacement
and maintenance parts. Hence for that also the firm has to maintain a constant supply. So for all
this purchase system is another big question. To get an appropriate purchase system structure we
13

20. must identify the actual requirement NTPC has some plants as old as 25 years old, which are
using a very aged or aging technology; on the other hand some of its required for these two plants
will obviously be different. Similarly some of the plants are located in a well-connected city like
Delhi, others are located in very distant places where even the transport is a big problem. So these
two types of plant may require different amount of the same material for the same time period.
The purchasing procedures at NTPC should be such that it can take care of such extreme
differences and provide both the locations with the required material at the right time,. If NTPC
procure all the material through a centralized purchasing division which will club all the
requirements of various projects together and order on the basis of his clubbed requirement, of
various projects together and order on the basis of the clubbed requirement, then NTPC can
achieve economies of scale as the quantity bought will be significantly high considering that it has
more than 20 projects running in its fold this trade of between the economic efficiency and
response is very important as all the plants of NTPC run on 365x24 basis.
FINANCIAL
STATEMENT
ANALYSIS
14

21. A financial statement analysis consists of application of analytical tools and techniques to the data
in financial statement in order to derive from these measurement and relationships that are
significant and useful for decision making.
Financial analysis can be used as the preliminary screening tool in selection of stock in secondary
market .It can be used as a forecasting tool of future financial condition and results. It may be
used as a process of evaluation and diagnosis of managerial, operating, or other problem areas.
The principal tool for the analysis of financial statement is RATIO ANALYSIS.
ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS :-
A ratio gives the mathematical relationship between one variable and another. Ratio analysis
mainly helps in valuing the firm in quantitative terms.
Financial tool can be grouped as
1) Profitability or efficiency ratio
2) Ownership ratio
 Earning ratio
 Leverage ratio
 Capital structure ratio
 Coverage ratio
 Dividend ratio
15

22. LIQUIDITY RATIO
Liquidity is firm’s ability to pay its debt in short term. Short-term liquidity involves the
relationship between the current asset and current liability. If the firm has sufficient net working
capital (excess current asset over the current liability) the firm is said to be highly liquid.
Current Ratio
Current Asset
It is define as
Current liability
Current asset includes cash; marketable securities, debtors, inventories, loan and advances, and
pre-paid expenses, current liability includes loan and advances taken, creditors, accrued expenses,
and provisions.
In operating cycle the current assets are converted into cash to provide the payment for current
liabilities. So higher the current asset higher the short term liquidity.
Quick Ratio
Quick test is also defined as the acid-test ratio
Quick Asset
It is define as
Current liability
Current asset – inventories
=
Current liability
The quick ratio is more stringent measure of liquidity, because the inventory which are liquid of
current asset, and exclude from the ratio.
Inventory Turnover Ratio
The liquidity of firm’s inventory may be calculated by dividing the cost of good sold, by the
firm‘s inventory The inventory turnover measure that how fast the inventory is moving through
the firm and generating sales,
16

23. Inventory turnover ratio
Cost of good sold
=
Average inventory
Higher the ratio the greater the efficiency of inventory management.
Presence of inventory involves two risks:
1 Running out the inventory due to low inventory (high turnover), which may indicate
future shortage.
2 Excess inventory causes the blockage of capital.
PROFITABILITY RATIO
These ratios measure the firm’s ability to generate profits. These are of two types. These are:-
1) Profit in relation to sales:
It is important from the profit standpoint the how much the firm is able to generate the profit
with the sales of each unit. Two popular ratios in this category is operating profit margin, net
profit margin.
2) Profit in relation to asset
It is important that the profit be compared to the capital invested by the owners and creditors,
if the firm cannot produce a satisfactory profit on its asset base, it might be misusing its assets.
They are also referred to as rate of return. Ratio like asset turnover ratio, earning power, and
return on equity fall in this category.
Operating Profit Margin
Operating profit is basically earning before interest and taxes, it profit generated by operation.
Operating profit margin
EBIT
17

24. =
Net sales
Net sales = sales - excise duty
Net Profit Margin
It is defined as Net profit
Net sales
This ratio shows the earning left for the shareholders as a percentage of net sales .It measures the
overall efficiency of production , administration , selling , financing, pricing, and tax
management,
Asset Turnover Ratio
Asset turnover ratio defined as
Sales
Average asset
It highlights the amount of assets the firm used to generate its total sales. The ability to generate a
large volume of sales on a small asset base is an important part of the firm’s profit picture .Idle or
improperly used asset increase the firm’s need for costly financing and the expense for
maintenance and upkeep.
Return on Equity
The return on equity (ROE) is an important indicator to shareholders of the firm. It is calculated
by the formula:
Net Income
Average Equity
The return on equity measure the profitability of equity fund invested in the firm. It reflects the
productivity of capital employed in the firm. It is influenced by several factors: earning power,
debt-equity ratio, average cost of debt fund, and tax rate.
18

25. EARNING RATIO
The earning ratios are earning per share (EPS), Price-earning ratio (P/E) and capitalization rate.
From the earning ratios we can get information on the firm and their effect on price of common
stock.
Earning Per Share
Shareholders are concerned with the earnings of the firm in two ways, one the availability of
dividends and other to expand their interest in the firm with the retained earning. EPS can be
defined as
Net Income (PAT)
Number of outstanding share
Price–Earning Ratio
The price –earning ratio is also called P/E multiple.
Market price of share
Price-earning multiple =
Earning per share
This ratio gives the relationship between the market price of the stock and its earnings by
revealing how the earning of a firm affects the price of its stock. If a P/E ratio of the stock is very
small say 3/1 it may be considered as undervalued stock .If the P/E value of firm is 80/1 it may be
considered as overvalued firm .
The Capitalization Rate
Earning per share
Capitalization rate =
Market price of share
The reciprocal of P/E ratio gives the return the investors generally expect before buying shares.
For example if a stock has Rs. 12 EPS and sell for Rs. 100, the market place expect a return of
12/100, i.e. 12% .this is called stock’s capitalization rate. A 12% capitalization rate implies that
the firm is required to earn 12 % on the common stock value. If the investor expects less than 12%
they will be ready to pay more than current value and the capitalization rate of stock drops.
19

26. LEVERAGE RATIO
Debt-Equity
The debt-equity ratio indicates the relative contribution of creditors and owners, it can be defined
as
Debt
Equity
Depending on the type of business and the pattern of cash flow the component of debt-equity ratio
will vary .Normally the debt component consists of all liability including current. The equity
component consists of net worth and preference capital. It is the screening device in the financial
analysis .If the D/E ratio is relatively high, the owner is putting less money and that is the danger
signal for the creditors .If the project of such firm fails the loss is major shared by the creditors
and the owner may act irresponsibly .high portion of debt can affect the operation of firm because
the creditors can interfere in the operational as well as managerial decision.
Debt-Asset Ratio
The debt-asset ratio measures the extent to which borrowed fund support the firm’s asset. It is
defined as
Debt
Asset
The asset here indicates total of all asset in balance sheet.
It is usually held that fixed asset and long term asset should not be financed by short term loans.
The most appropriate kind of fund for financing of this kind of assets is equity capital.
Interest Coverage Ratio
One measure of a firm’s ability to handle financial burden is the interest coverage ratio, also
referred to as the times interest –coverage ratio. This ratio tells us how many times the firm can
cover or meet the interest payments associated with debt.
EBIT
Interest coverage ratio =
Interest expenses
The greater the interest coverage ratio, the higher the ability of the firm to pay its interest expense.
20

27. Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL)
Operating leverage examine the effect of the change in the quantity produced on the EBIT
of company.
Percentage change in EBIT
DOL =
Percentage change in output
Greater the DOL, the more sensitive is EBIT to a given change in unit sales, DOL is therefore
indicates the business risk.
Degree of financial leverage (DFL)
Financial leverage results from the presence of fixed financial charges in firm’s income stream
.These fixed charges do not vary with the EBIT. It is defined as the ability of a firm to use fixed
financial charges to magnify the effect of change in EBIT on firm’s EPS.
Percentage change in EPS
DFL =
Percentage change in EBIT
There will be no financial leverage if there is no fixed-charged financing.
Degree of total leverage (DTL)
It is combination of operating leverage and financial leverage .The degree of total leverage is the
measure of the output and EPS of company .DTL is product of DOL and DFL and can be
calculated as follows:
Percentage change in EPS
DTL =
Percentage change in output
Or
DTL= DOL*DFL.
At the break-even point of output the DTL is undefined.
At the output less than output DTL is negative.
At the output more than output DTL is positive.
DIVIDEND RATIO
21

28. Dividend Payout Ratio
This is the ratio of dividend per share and earning per share (EPS).It indicates how much of the
earnings of company is being disbursed as dividend .If the company believes in high pay-out ratio
then it can be said that firm is retaining less that may hamper future growth of company .If the
firm need money for financing any project it can retain more and pay less dividend.
Dividend Yield
This is the ratio of dividend per share and market price of share.
DPS
Dividend yield =
Market price of share
The ratio gives the current return on one’s investment .this is mainly interest of investor.
GROWTH
Growth of firm = retention ratio * ROE.
This value gives the annual growth of company taking assumption that whatever
firm is retaining is investing and getting the rate of return equals to ROE.
COST OF CAPITAL
It is the cost of acquiring the fund required to finance the project .i.e. cost of capital is the
borrowing rate of the firm, alternatively cost of capital in terms of lending rates may refer to the
opportunity cost of the funds to the firm .i.e. what the firm could be earned by investing funds
elsewhere.
NTPC (Rs. Millions)
Years 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001
LIQUIDITY RATIO
Current Assets,
Loans & Advances 129073 135468 194132 177771.98 160751.7
Current Liabilities &
Provisions 67467 80942 45851 58153.09 67324.34
Secured Loans 44407 45844 41226 16455 19655
Current ratio( incl.
ST loans) 1.15 1.07 2.23 2.38 1.85
Current ratio 1.91 1.67 4.23 3.06 2.39
Quick ratio 1.65 1.46 3.85 2.71 2.12
inventory 17777 17380 17712 20142 18356
22

29. Operating Income
(turnover ) 225402 188491 190475 177697 189449
Inventory Turnover
Ratio 12.68 10.85 10.75 8.82 10.32
Fixed asset (after
depreciation ) 223148 212545 198650 176781 184657
FIXED ASSET
TURNOVER RATIO 1.010 0.890 0.960 1.010 1.030
INVESTORS
RATIO
Retained Earnings 35600 40398 28600 28317 29106
Reported Net Profit 58070 52608 36075 35396 37338
RETENTION
RATIO (RE/PAT) 0.613 0.768 0.793 0.8 0.78
ROE (%) 14.16 15.02 11.59 12.44 14.59
GROWTH
g=RETENTION
RATIO*ROE 8.68 11.535 9.191 9.952 11.38
Equity Dividend 19790 10823 7080 7079 7470
Number of Equity
shares outstanding 8245464400 7812549400 7812549400 78125494 78125494
DPS
(DIV./OUT.SHARE
S) 2.4 1.385 0.906 90.611 95.615
EPS (PROFIT/
OUT.SHARES) 7.043 6.734 4.618 453.066 477.923
DIV.PAYOUT
RATIO (%) 34.08 20.57 19.62 20 20.01
D+E 515404 447555 402336.61 356255.12 329877.86
TOTAL EQUITY (E) 410077 350167 311306 284621 255933
TOTAL DEBT (D) 170878 154528 132157 115812 98048
INTERST PAID (I) 16955 33697 9916 10414 12485
COST OF DEBT
(Kd=I/D*100)%(1-t) 6.59 14.48 4.98 5.97 8.46
COST OF EQUITY
CAPITAL (Ke)
%=ROE 14.16 15.02 11.59 12.44 14.59
OVERALL COST OF CAPITAL = Kd*(D/D+E)
+Ke*(E/D+E)
OVEALL COST OF
CAPITAL(Ko) % 11.93 14.85 9.62 10.57 12.89
MARKET VALUE
OF FIRM=EBIT/Ko 713185.25 639643.1 595072.77 530832.5 490768
WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPITAL
WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPITAL
23

30. WACC (FOR 2005)
average price of stock 2005(P) 86.32
dividend paid (D) 2.4
ygrowth (g) 8.68
expected dividend next year D1=D*(1+g) 2.60832
REQUIRED RATE OF RETURN =D1/P+g
REQUIRED RATE OF RETURN (%) 8.71
CAPITAL PROPORTION(P CAPITAL
Equity Share Capital 82455 0.14193 Ke=14.16
Reserves & Surplus 327622 0.56394 Ke=14.16
Unsecured & Secured Loans 170878 0.29413 Kd=6.59
TOTAL 580955
WACC=P1*Ke+P2*Ke+P3*Kd
P*COST
OF
PROPORTION (P) COST OF CAPITAL CAPITAL
P1 0.142 14.16 2.01
P2 0.564 14.16 7.99
P3 0.294 6.59 1.94
WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPITAL 11.94
24

31. PROCUREMENT MANAGEMENT AT
NTPC LIMITED
INTRODUCTION
Procurement activities to be taken by NATIONAL THERMAL POWER CORPORATION
(NTPC) are to satisfy varying project requirement of equipment, materials and services. Any
procurement-requiring adherence to the IDA procurement procedure, long equipment delivery
periods, intense engineering co-ordination or specialized engineering knowledge during
procurement etc. would be classified as category “A” contracts. All other procurement contracts
pertaining to a project will be classified as category “B” contracts.
Procurement at NTPC is initiated on the basis of approved indents/requisitions and indicating
budget and project estimate provisions. The contract services/materials management services
receive the requisition/indent for the procurement of materials/equipment/services duly approved
by the competent authority and then plan and organize the procurement action.
OBJECTIVE
The basic objective of procurement management at NTPC is to make available, the needed
equipment, material, works and services in the right quality and quantity, at the right time and at
the right price after giving fair and equal chance to tenderers, so as to obtain the optimum value
for each unit of expenditure.
25

32. PROCEDURE
DOP (DELEGATION OF POWER)
All the activities undertaken at NTPC are regulated by a guideline called “DELEGATION OF
POWERS” or “DOP” in short. The guideline lays down the responsibility and authority of various
level executives in the PSE (Public Sector Enterprises). Based on this guideline the following
major procedure’s have been identified.
However, procurement of any material for any plant or the office of NTPC is done by two
processes. These processes are:-
• Procurement through tenders.
• Emergent Procurement
Though in case of urgency the respective department is allowed to make procurement through
cash up to the limit of Rs. 10,000 only. But in case of the normal procurement that is done by
tendering, a standard procedure is followed where the intender sends the procurement list to the
finance department for the goods valued over Rs. 10,000 for vetting.
Once the finance department clears the cost aspect of the tender it is send for the required
approval from the competent authority as described in the DOP. After getting the required
authorization the indent is forwarded to materials, contracts or HR services as is suitable. From
there a tender notice is issued and the procurement process starts.
TENDERING PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
AT NATIONAL THERMAL POWER
CORPORATION LTD.
26

33. (NTPC)
PROCEDURE FOR INDENTING:
INDENT
COST ESTIMATION
FINANCE
CONTRACT MATERIAL HR
27

34. For the purpose of indenting, material planning is required. It is nothing but classifying the
materials into various categories to facilitate a speedy and efficient procurement. In this process
all the materials which may be required at any of the NTPC projects or offices are classified in to
five major categories and their procurement is to be done on the basis predefined for them.
1.Stock item (Automatic Recoupment items/AR)
2.Insurance Items (I)
3. Unit Replacement item (UR)
4. Capital Item (P)
5 Other non-stock items (Not falling under any of the above category)
But since this classification is very vague and unspecific, a further classification is done to
exercise selective control over all Material Management activities. This classification is known
as the ABC analysis.
A- Class items: Items having Annual Consumption over Rs 1 lakhs are classified as class A
Items.
There are few points worth noting about the indenting process. The estimated value of the indent
should be as far as practicable. Basis of estimates should be either on the last purchase price with
escalation if any or market trend or on the basis of technical specification e.g. size weight etc. In
case of new items detailed justification & working sheet of estimated cost shall be furnished,
wherever possible. Similarly in case of proprietary items, PAC/OEM/DES or standardization
certificate must be furnished by the competent authority that should be DGM or above. After these
details are checked and satisfied, the indent may be registered and further procurement process
may be started.
B- Class items: Items having Annual Consumption over Rs. 10000/- but less than Rs. 1 lakhs are
classified as B class item.
C- Class items: Items having annual consumption of less than Rs. 10000/- fall
under this category.
Cost estimation: Cost estimation process is the most important financial activity in the process of
budgeting and procurement. Whenever NTPC procures some material, it is either financed from
the budget allocated to the particular department requesting for the material or it will be financed
from the central fund. The procurement of the second kind requires financial clearance from the
Finance Concurrence department. For the purpose, cost estimate is made before forwarding the
indent document to the Finance department. There are various methods of cost estimation, which
are used at NTPC. Some of the methods use very technical details and procedures whereas others
are simple to implement and uses market rate to prepare a cost estimate.
a)Historical Cost Method: In this method of cost estimation. The cost engineering department
28

35. at NTPC uses the latest cost incurred for a similar kind of project. For example, if a cost
estimate has to be prepared for· a new Thermal Power Plant, the latest executed Thermal
Power Plant rates will be used not any other. Hence the rates thus obtained are very near to
the actual that might be prevalent in the market at present. But to smoothen the effect of
inflation and various other financial components in the price at the time of the execution of
that project, an escalation factor is used. All the prices of previous projects are multiplied by
this factor and a very close estimation of market rate is thus obtained. The escalation factor
calculation is discussed separately in the report.
b) Market Rate Method: Market rate method is used for the procurements that are not in
very large numbers and value. In this method once an indent is prepared, some of the
vendors registered at NTPC or listed in trade journals are sent a request for quoting the
prices of a particular good. This enquiry is not a tender and the rates provided by the
vendors are not part of the bid. After the information is received, the rates quoted by various
vendors are compared and the lowest quoted price is taken as base rate for calculation.
However if the difference in the price quoted by two vendors are reasonably high an average
of the two may be taken as the base. However for civil works component of the contract, the
wages rates are taken from the government gazettes and similarly for some homogeneous
products like cement, steel etc a standard market prevailing rate is used.
TENDERING PROCEDURES
Purchasing at NTPC is not a very simple process. As we have discussed earlier, the purchasing
process is not same for all kind of materials and equipments. The urgently required materials are
procured through cash purchase and single tendering, the routine purchase are routed through
Material Management Services and are procured by bidding. As we had seen the classification or
the materials, the value frequency of purchase decides the mode of procurement. But as a policy,
all the items worth more than Rs. I lakhs must be procured through tenders. The materials
department or the HR Services department usually initiates the tender process .In case of
construction and civil works; the tender is initiated by Contracts Services. Tendering process is the
most important activity during the entire acquisition process and hence this is the main focus
during the project. Close monitoring of tendering process is required because there are lots of
chances or fraud, Mis-representation of facts and various other legal and procedural
misrepresentations. To simplify the study of tendering process we have divided the topic in sub-
parts, which will he discussed subsequently. But before we go any further we wi1I see a graphical
representation of the tendering process.
29

36. Tender Notification
Issuance of Tender
Document
Received Quotation
No Has Tender
Evoked
Response?
Yes
Award of contract
I) TYPE OF TENDERS: Based on the materials classification and DOP, there are three types
of tenders
l.Open tender: Procurements or value Rs I lakh and above must be done through open
tendering. All the plant packages are procured through Open Tender. Open tender is accessible
to all known, reliable and proven sources of particular equipment/material. For the purpose, a
notice inviting tenders must appear in two or more newspapers of all India repute in addition
to one or more local newspaper where the material/equipment is to be delivered. However to
avoid frivolous tenders, a pre-qualification procedure may be adopted. this process will take
place once in every three years by advertising in two or more newspapers of all India repute in
addition to one or more local newspaper where the material/equipment is to be delivered. The
criteria for pre-qualification will inter-alia consist of past performance, financial soundness,
technical competence, organizational capability etc. But for the items valued less than Rs 1
lakh the pre-qualification can be done on the basis of data available in Trade Journals,
Manufacturer's Directory, or approved vendors list of State Government/Central Government/
DGS&D vendors to whom enquiries were floated in past.
2.Limited Tender: Limited tender is a type of tender where instead of sending bid enquiry to all
the possible vendors through newspapers, a limited number of vendors arc intimated through
30

37. post or fax. But a Limited Tender may be invited only for the procurements worth less than Rs.
50000/-. In limited tender, a minimum of four bidders are invited to quote the prices for the
required equipment/material /services and these four bidders must be from the approved list of
vendors mentioned in the open tender. However a Limited Tender is a special case and cannot
be issued without proper explanation and requirement. In case of urgency, items worth more
than Rs. 50000/- may also be procured with authorization of competent authority and the
reason must be recorded in the indent documents. However the next higher authority of the
procurement department will decide the number and names of supplier.
3.Single Tender: This type of tendering is the easiest and fastest to acquire a good but requires
lot of paper work and authorization before the acquisition can be initiated. These acquisitions
take place on the ground of proprietary items or standardization. To initiate a single tender, a
Proprietary Article Certificate must be issued by a competent authority and the purchase will
not be made without authorization of a Genial Manager or to whom the power is delegated.
This type of tendering is monopolistic in nature and is avoided to the extent possible. However
Single Tendering is done in many other cases which are not mentioned anywhere in the DOP.
4. E-Procurement at NTPC : E-Procurement is very important to achieve e-governance and for
applicability of uniform procurement process to all units. It has ability to reduce procurement cost
by reduction in the lead time, reduction in transaction cost and cycle time etc. E-Procurement also
help in building collaborative relationship with suppliers. E-Procurement enables greater
transparency, it also enables best practices and increase vendor base. E-Procurement also reduce
the possibility of cartel formation and generate responsible competition. It also achieves saving in
administrative and process cost. E-Procurement enhance the security and it is also a step towards
ERP systems for the organization.
E-Procurement further promises the following gains to the supplier/ vendor community,
• No geographical barriers: Sales/Marketing time reduction , which otherwise is spent on
price negotiations, follow up etc., as this will lead to the quicker order finalisation at our
end.
• Reduction in venders cost as they need not to travel our offices and there is not need to
make those umpteen calls (communication cost).
• Complete transparency in the process/ the operating community, leading to sound
decisions.
In pursuance to achieve e-governance, in the recent past Government of India has issued
necessary guidelines for implementation of e-business and Government is keen for
31

38. implementation of e-business in all the areas. It has been informed that many of public sector
Organisations as well as Government Department have been benefited with E-Procurement.
Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) vide office order no 46/9/03 dated 11/09/03 has issued the
guidelines for procurement through E-Procurement /Reverse Auction.
CONCEPT AND SCOPE: E-Procurement is purchase and sales of supplies and services and
management of procurement process over internet. E-Procurement website allow qualified and
registered users to look for buyers or sellers for goods and services.
E-Procurement is an integrated system and can be adopted uniformly at all the units of NTPC, to
help reduce the procurement cost, procurement lead time and shall enhance the increased
transparency.
POLICY: NTPC is spread over all parts of the country and therefore a uniform system is
envisaged which shall be efficient, economic and transparent. The E-Procurement shall be
applicable to all the NTPC stations/ Projects / Regions and at Corporate Center. Procurement
process shall gradually be taken electronically so that we achieve all possible procurement
through electronic media.
The present policy is for adaptation of procurement process through electronic media, therefore
the existing DOP shall remain same. THIS POLICY IS EFFCTIVE FROM 1-04-2006.
TARGETS: Implementation of e-procurement at all stations/regions have been targeted as
detailed below:
• 60% of e-procurable items by Dec 2006.
• 100% of e-procurable items by Dec 2007.
E-TENDERING: The concerned executive C&M department shall examine the indent with
reference to type of items, complexity, technical specifications and other aspects and may decide
for e-tendering. Depending upon the type of items and value etc. It will be decided as single part
bidding or double part bidding.
SECURITY CONCERN: In order to assure confidentiality, security and authenticity and non-
repudiation, following techniques shall be used. Security is not restricted to these but if felt
appropriate, at any time, additional features shall be applied.
• Public key Infrastructure
• Digital Signature
• SSL/Passwords
• Digital Certificate
• Tender preparation & Release….Work flow based
• Bid preparation-data resides on server only bidder is able to view
• Bid submission-with HASH and Encryption
32

39. • Bid opening- can be viewed only upon Un-encryption
PROCESS: The process of e-procurement shall be taken up at Contracts & Materials department
after receipt of the requisition or the indent from the user department. The indent duly approved
by the competent authority as per DOP, is a pre-requisite to initiate e-procurement actions. The
indent complete in all respect along with the all required information, documents, specifications,
quality plan shall be forwarded by indentor to Materials department.
The main steps involved are:
• Mode of tendering
• Nomination of tender committee
• Defining tender documents
• Defining auction rules
• Obtaining digital certificates for each T.C member
• Generation of passwords
• Defining of Server timing of clock
• Hosting of tender documents
• Release and Uploading of documents
• Defining tender schedule
• Allowing download of tender documents
• Clarification on tender documents on line
• On line price bid clarification / Amendments
• Preparation of bids on line
• Submission of bids online
• Up-loading of bids
• Submission of EMD-off-line(online possible where e-payment facility is available)
• Opening of bids- online (upon applying individual digital certificate and passwords by
Tender committee)
• Opening of envelope –1..EMD
• Opening of envelope –2 ..QR (in case of open tender)
• Opening of envelope –3 ..Technical details & data sheets
• Opening of envelope –4 …Technical deviation details
• Online evaluation of technical bids and QR
• Online technical & QR clarifications
• Arriving at technical loading off line
• In corporation of loading logic
33

40. • Assessment of NEW vendor
• Opening of envelope –5 …Price bid schedule
• Online generation of comparative statement
• Defining Auction Strategy/ date/ Time/Rules
• Intimation of Reverse Auction date & time to vendors
• Conducting reverse auction
• Providing of item wise break up by L1 bidder in the event of composite tender
DETAILS OF PILOT PROJECTS ,UNDERTAKEN BY VARIOUS PROJECT:
1.Badarpur Forged steel balls Completed
2. Dadri Laptops & PCs Completed
3.Simhadri Conveyor Belts Under completions
4. Farraka Conveyor Belts Work in Progess
VALIDITY OF THE POLICY:
This policy document is valid for the period of one year w.e.f 1-04-2006. In the mean time any
suggestions / recommendation may be forwarded to corporate materials for review.
II) Tender Documents: Every time when an open tender is invited, the bidders are provided with
a set of documents, which provides various required information and terms and condition of the
contract The documents also contains the various contract forms which the bidder is expected to
sign and return to NTPC to acknowledge the acceptance of the terms and condition of the contract.
The document also contains the guidelines for bidders for bank guarantee. Earnest
money and the like, this document is issued for a cost that is decided on the basis of
the total estimated value of the indent the costs of the documents are as follows:
COST OF TENDER
ESTIMATED VALUE OF INDENT DOCUMENT
1 Up to Rs. 10 lakhs 200
2 Above Rs 10 lakhs and up to 25 lakhs 300
3 Above Rs 25 lakhs and up to Rs 50 lakhs 500
4 Above Rs 50 lakhs and up to Rs 100 lakhs 750
5 Above Rs 100 lakhs and up to Rs 500 lakhs 1500
6 Above Rs 500 lakhs 3000
Every time a new tender is notified, a set of tender documents is issued against a payment of
stipulated fee according to the price list given above. This set of tender document consists of many
different documents meant for different purposes. The documents may vary from project to
project. Here we will see what the documents that are generally issued to bidders are.
A)Instruction to Bidder (1TB): This document is meant to provide the bidders the vital
34

41. information required to understand and evaluate the tender offer. The document contains the
general instructions like the Terms of Payment, Bid Security, Contract Performance Security,
Liquidated Damages, Currencies conversion, Defects Liability and Work Schedule. The
document also specifics the Qualifying/Eligibility requirements of the bidder and the
goods/services supplied. The ITB also contains information for the foreign bidders.
Additionally the ITB contains various references to clauses of GCC (General Condition of
Contract) and SCC (Special Condition of Contract). Finally the document specify about the
language and interpretation and implied terms and condition of all the documents provided
with the bid. ITB also contains information about how to modify and withdraw the bids
already submitted to NTPC. Hence in short we can identify this document as the guidelines
and information brochure to bidders before they submit their quotation for the notified work.
B)Bid Proposal Sheet or Bid Data Sheet: Bid proposal sheet is a set of documents, which
contains the formats for bidding, Summary price proposal, Break up of Bid. Price, Equipment
wise price break-up, civil works price break-up, commercial deviation, Technical deviations,
Guarantee declaration, Price Adjustment data, Price break up of recommended spares,
Construction Equipments, Special Maintenance Tools, QR Data and capacity data, Work
completion Schedule, Declaration of Import content, Check list, Information regarding value
addition and Type test charges. This document is nothing but a standard format providing the
bidder to -Furnish the details required by the NTPC in a standard format used at NTPC.
c)General condition of Contract: The document titled General Condition of Contract of
GCC is a document that takes care of the legal aspect of the contract between the
bidder and NTPC. This document also is an integral part of all the bid documents
with some minor changes or no changes at all. The document starts with the
definition for The terms used in various tender documents. This is worth noting that all the
terms used in the bid document are predefined and have one and only meaning which is
defined in the GCC. The document also contains different formulae that are to be used on
some future dates to calculate the LD or the Price Escalation. Finally the document also
refers to the unforeseen events like Out Break of a War, Bankruptcy of the contractor or any
other Force Majeure. The GCC also has a clause called RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES that
specifies the procedures to be followed if any dispute occurs, arising out of or in connection
with the Contract.
D)Special Conditions of Contract: Special Condition of Contract or SCC is not a standard
document that is issued with all the tender documents. The document takes care of the
special issues that have come up or may come up in the course of the execution of that
particular contract and has not been covered in the General Condition of Contract. The very
first clause of the document is TIME-THE ESSENCE OF CONTRACT. The document also
talks about the detailed Manufacturing plan and Master Schedule of the execution of the
contract. It is the SCC where we mention the issues related to Liquidated Damage Clause.
35

42. This is mentioned in the document itself that "The following Special Condition (if Contract
shall supplement the General Condition of Contract. Wherever there is a conflict. The
provisions herein shall prevail over those in the General Conditions of contract. Hence the
document may also be considered as the amendments to the GCC.
E)Erection Condition of Contract: This document again is specific document which may not
be issued with all the tenders. As the name itself suggests. The document deals with the
erection component of the contract (if any). In the document some particular issues
pertaining to the erection component of the contract is dealt with. Typically, an Erection
Condition of Contract deals with the civil construction works undertaken at the site where
the equipment is to be installed and commissioned. This also takes into consideration the
statutory and local authority who may be in charge of monitoring the work in progress and
whose permission may be required. Hence this document is a must for all the work where
there is an erection component.
F)Technical Specification: The document is the thickest document or any bid document.
This document contains all the specification required for that particular project. The document
is prepared by the Project Engineering department and contains the technical specifications of
the equipments and spares to be procured. It may also contain the drawings of the equipment
or layout of the project. Similarly the document will also enlist all other possible alternatives
to the already mentioned specifications (if any). Since there are no financial aspects associated
with this document, a detailed study of this document is out of the scope of this report.
III) Tender Committee: As we have mentioned earlier, Delegation of Power has a very
important role to play in purchasing process At NTPC. For every purchase value of
exceeding Rs 50000/-.
The committee consists of three members, one representative each from the Indenting
department, Materials Department and Finance (Concurrence). The representatives are
nominated by competent authority varying from Senior Manager to DGM depending upon the
value of the contract. This committee will take into consideration every possible aspect of the
terms and conditions, prices, inspection procedures, phasing delivery if required etc. This
committee also formulates the QR (Qualifying Requirements) for the bidders of that particular
tender.
.
IV) Tender opening: Tender opening is the penultimate step in the purchasing process. Tenders
are opened on the due date and time mentioned in the tender notification without fail. If the data
mentioned is declared holiday, the next working day will be considered as the opening date but
the time will remain the same. The sealed envelopes containing the bid will be opened by the
purchase and finance executives nominated by their Head of the Department. The representatives
36

43. of the bidders may also present themselves if they wish so however their absence will not hinder
the process. The name and rates quoted by all the present bidders will be read out and any
omission or irregularity will be pointed out on the spot.
Alterations or erasures (if any) will be initiated by the officers present at the time or the opening
of the tenders. All the quoted figures should also be encircled and will be written in words if the
bidder have not done so already and will be attested. Total number of erasures and correction will
also be written and attested. These all activities are done to ensure proper and transparent
procurement process.
V) Late and Delayed Tender: Though the last dates for receipt of tender and tender opening dates
are mentioned in the bid invitation notice and all the bidders are expected to adhere to them, some
times some tender documents posted by the bidders get delayed in the post and reach the NTPC
office later than the date specified in the tender invitation notice. It can be caused by several
reasons within bidder's control or out of one's control. All such tenders are classified into two
categories, Late Tenders and Delayed Tenders.
a) Late tender: The tenders that have been posted on or after the due date and received
subsequently are considered to be Late Tenders. Similarly all the tenders posted through courier
before the due date but received after the due date is also considered to be Late Tenders. As a
policy All the Late Tenders are rejected out right.
b) Delayed tender: When a tender document is posted before the due date but is received after the
due date. For such tenders which are posted through Registered Post/Speed Post before the due
date and is received within 6 working days of bids due date may be opened and considered with
the approval of competent authority. But this consideration has a condition that the date of
posting of the bids documents must be clearly visible On the postal stamp on the
envelope containing the documents. Tender those is posted by ordinary post and
are received after the due date and time will not be opened and will be returned to the party after
finalization of bid except in case where:-
.
1) The number of acceptance offers is less than three
2) Lowest and acceptable tender is unreasonably high when compared with Lowest Purchase
Price.
3) Artificial manipulation of rates by forming a ring is suspected.
4) All the tenderers are providing the make of only one manufacturer.
5) If a substantial savings in foreign exchange is possible.
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44. VI) Negotiation: When adequate competition exists, the negotiation should and must be avoided.
This competition may be in form of many manufacturers making the same good or a single
manufacturer providing the goods through many retailers/suppliers and all the retailers/suppliers
are free to quote individually. However if it's found that the price quoted by all individual bidders
are unreasonably high in comparison to the last purchase price/estimate or in case of some
ambiguous technical/commercial terms and conditions, negotiations can be done with the
approval of competent authority as per DOP. In normal circumstances, the negotiation should take
place with the technically and commercially evaluated lowest (Lt) vendor only. However,
depending upon the situation the negotiation may be carried out with more than one party at a
time. Normally the negotiation is carried out by the TC (Tender Committee). But in case a tender
committee is absent i.e. no committee was formed to monitor the procurement, representatives
from finance and purchase may complete the task of negotiation. However, negotiation process is
not always for negotiating the prices of equipment/material/services supplied but it may also
involve terms and conditions of supply, future commitments for supply of spare parts and
consumables and many other aspect of the contract. For example a lowest price bidder may not
get the contract if it’s found that another bidder who is quoting higher than him but is offering
lower priced spares. Hence in this case a negotiation may be conducted with the L 1 to make him
offer the spares at the same rate as being offered by his competitor. Once the negotiation process
is finished and the two parties involved in the negotiation reach a consensus, the committee's
purchase proposal/recommendation will be put up to the competent authority for approval and
subsequently the letter of intent may be faxed to the party.
6) Security Deposits: A refundable security deposit may be asked at the time of submission of the
bid. This deposit is taken to ensure that the vendor who is awarded the contract will not refuse to
undertake the contract. If the bidder after successful bid refuses to undertake the contract, the
earnest money deposited by him will be forfeited. However there arc various instances where this
deposit may be waived off. For example for all the purchases valued less than Rs 50000/- the
EMD may be waived off. Similarly for the PSUs, NSICs and SSI parties, the EMD can be waived
also. On successful completion of bidding the earnest money may either be returned to the bidder
or may be adjusted towards the security deposit to be provided by the bidder. Another
major deposit is in form of performance guarantee or Liquidity damage (LD) the
equipments provided by the vendor fail to perform as per the specification, the cost
for this shortfall may be recovered from the vendor. This guarantee is generally 10% of the
awarded value and is generally in form of bank guarantee. However in cases of procurement from
OEM/OES or proprietary· vendor the same may be waived depending upon the merit of case.
However in case of procurement of equipment/material/services there is a contract for
providing spares for the next three years. In case the prices of these spare parts goes up in the
future and the vendor refuses to supply the spares at the same rate this guarantee deposit will
be forfeited. As a matter of fact, this guarantee is taken just to make sure that the contractor
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45. does not refuse to honor the contract in future after he realizes that the prices have gone up or
for some similar reasons.
Post Purchase Activities:
Vendor Evaluation:
Once a vendor has supplied some material to NTPC, the vendor is registered with the NTPC
and it is given a performance rating which may be used in future to award of contracts in case of
limited tender and single tender. This rating system is not very complex but some formulae are
used:
Parameter Measure Weightage
A) Quality Performance Rejection 4
B) Delivery Performance
Ratio of contracted
delivery to actual delivery
1. Time schedule Delivery in weeks 2
2. Quantity schedule delivery Deviation in qty. 2
Pre-post award
C) Commercial and contractual performance 2
Per formance
Calculation of vendor ratings will be done as follows:
Rejected Quantity
a) Quality performance = 1 - * weightage
Supplied Quantity
Contract delivery in week
b) 1. Time Schedule =1 - * Weightage
Actual delivery in week
QTY received (acceptable)
2. Quantity Schedule = * weightage
QTY. ordered
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46. Parameter Min % Score
Quality 70%
Delivery 50%
Commercial Contractual Terms 50%
On the basis of points scored against each parameter categorization of vendor shall be done as
follows:
Vendor Rating Point Score
a) Outstanding 8 and above
b) Very Good/Good 6-8
c) Unacceptable less than 6
Indices of performance
A)Adherence to lead-time: Against each purchase order the supplies arc to be affected as per the
declared lead-time with a cushion+I0%. In case the actual lead-time differs by more than +10%
from the declared lead-time then the total lead time slippage shall be taken into account for rating
calculation.
Declared Lead Time Slippage
RATING =
Declared Lead -Time
B)Extent of Rejection: Supplier as per specification and without rejection should be the
aim of all the purchase executives. But at times the rejection is possible due to non –
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47. conformance of the specification or performance slippage. Hence a rating system is
developed to take care of that
Value of Material Supplied – Value of Material Rejected
RATING =
Value of Material Supplied
B) Budget Compliance: The responsibility of each purchase personnel is to keep the procurement
within the allocated budget. The additional responsibility is in form of maintaining the quality also
at the same time. The rating for budget compliance will be done as follows:
Budget allocated– Excess over budget
RATING =
Budget Allocation
And the overall rating will be done on following basis:
Sum of above rating X 100
OVERALL RATING =
3
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48. A. INTRODUCTION
Source of Funds
National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. (herein after called 'NTPC' or 'Employer)
intends to finance the Package named in the Bid Data Sheet (BDS), through external
commercial borrowings, internal and other sources.
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49. NTPC intends to make financing arrangements for the subject package by means of Buyers
Credit from International Banks through the Export Credit Agencies of the country
concerned to the extent the goods and services covered in the package are imported from
OECO countries. For the above purpose the Export Credit Agencies require certain. Procedure
formalities to be completed by the equipment supplier of their country. The bidder shall, in case of
award of contract, facilitate completion of such formalities as may be required by the respective
export credit agency to enable NTPC to avail Buyers Credit for funding eligible goods and
services covered in the package. The aforesaid option of funding is also intended to be availed by
NTPC for supply of goods and services from OECD countries by the sub-vendors/sub-contractor
of the bidder. The bidder shall make similar compliance in respect of its sub-vendors/ sub-
contractors to the extent the goods are imported from concerned OECD country
ELIGIBLE PLANT, EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES
For the purposes of these bidding documents, the word "facilities" means the plant and equipment
to be supplied and installed, together with the services to be carried out by the contractor under
the contract. The words "plant and equipment,” "installation services," etc., shall be construed in
accordance with the respective definitions given to them in the General Conditions of Contract.
All countries and areas are the eligible source countries for goods and services to be supplied
under this contract and accordingly goods and services to be supplied under this contract may
have their origin in any country and area
For purposes of this clause, "origin" means the place where the plant and equipment or component
parts thereof are mined, grown, or produced. Plant and equipment are produced when, through
manufacturing, processing or substantial and major assembling of components, a commercially
recognized product results that is substantially different in basic characteristics or in purpose or
utility from its components.
The origin of the plant, equipment and services is distinct from the nationality of the Bidder.
BID PRICES
Unless otherwise specified in the Technical Specifications. Bidders shall quote for the entire
facilities on a "single responsibility" basis such that the total bid price covers all the Contractor's
obligations mentioned in or to be reasonably inferred from the bidding documents in respect of the
design, manufacture, including procurement and subcontracting (if any), delivery, construction,
installation and Completion of the facilities including supply of mandatory spares (if any). This
includes all requirements under the Contractor's responsibilities for testing, pre-commissioning
and commissioning of the facilities and, where so required by the bidding documents, the
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50. acquisition of all permits, approvals and licenses, etc.; the operation, maintenance and training
services and such other items and services as may be specified in the bidding documents, all in
accordance with the requirements of the General Conditions of Contract and Technical
Specification.
Bidders are required to quote the price for the commercial, contractual and technical obligations
outlined in the bidding documents. If a Bidder wishes to make a deviation to the provisions of the
bidding documents save those listed, such deviations shall be listed in Attachment 6 of its bid.
Bidders shall give a breakdown of the prices in the manner and detail called for in the Price
Schedules. The Bidders shall present their prices in the following manner:
Separate numbered Schedules shall be used for each of the following elements. The total amount
from each Schedule (1 to 4) shall be summarized in a Grand Summary (Schedule 5) giving the
total bid price (s} to be entered in the Bid Form.
Schedule No. 1
Plant· and Equipment including Type Tests charges and Mandatory Spare Parts supplied from
Abroad
Schedule No. 2
Plant and Equipment including Type Tests charges and Mandatory Spare Parts to be manufactured
within Employer's Country
Schedule No. 3
Local Transportation including port handling, port clearance, port charges, Inland transit
Insurance and other local cost incidental to delivery of Plant & Equipment and Mandatory Spares
Schedule No. 4
Installation Services including Erection Works, insurance covers other than inland transit
insurance and other services as specified in the bidding document
Schedule No. 5 Grand Summary (Schedules Nos. 1 to 4)
Schedule No. 6 Recommended Spare Parts
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51. Schedule No. 7 Taxes and Duties not included in Bid Price
Schedule No. 8A Break up of type test charges quoted in Schedule -1
Schedule No. 8B Break up of type test charges quoted in Schedule -2.
BID SECURITY
The bidder shall furnish, as part of its bid, a bid security in a separate sea/ed envelope in the
amount and currency as stipulated in the Bid Data Sheet
The bid security shall, at the Bidder's option, be in the form of a Banker's cheque irrevocable letter
of credit or a bank guarantee. , In case of domestic bidders the Bank Guarantee shall be from- a
Bank as specified in the Bid Data Sheets. In case of foreign bidders, the Bank Guarantee can be
from any other bank also in addition to the banks specified in Bid Data Sheet and if the Bank
Guarantee is from a Bank not specified in the Bid Data Sheet, then the Bank Guarantee shall be
confined by any such Bank as specified in the Bid Data Sheet. The format of the bank guarantee
or letter of credit shall be in accordance with the' form of bid security included in the bidding
documents. Bid security shall remain valid for a period of forty five (45) days.
The bid security shall be furnished in a separate sealed envelope. Any bid not accompanied by an
acceptable bid security, in a separate sealed envelope, shall be rejected by the Employer as being
non-responsive and returned to the Bidder without being opened. The bid security of a joint
venture must be in the name of all the partners in the joint venture submitting the bid.
The bid securities of unsuccessful bidders will be returned as promptly as possible, but not later
than twenty-eight (28) days after the expiration of the bid Validity period.
THE BID SECURITY MAY BE FORFEITED
(a) If the Bidder withdraws its bid during the period of bid validity specified by the Bidder in
the Bid Form
(b) If the Bidder does not accept the correction of its Bid Price pursuant
(c) If the Bidder does not withdraw any deviations listed in Anachment-6 at the cost of withdrawal
indicated by him
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52. (d) If the Bidder refuses to withdraw, without any cost to the Employer,
Any deviation not listed in Attachment 6 but found else...where in the bid.
In case of successful bidder, if the bidder fails within the specified time limit
To sign the contract agreement, in accordance with ITB.
To furnish the required performance security in accordance with ITB.
CONVERSION TO SINGLE CURRENCY
To facilitate evaluation and comparison, the Employer will convert all bid prices expressed in the
amounts in various currencies in which the bid price is payable to a single currency. The currency
selected for converting bid prices to a common base for the purpose of evaluation, along with the
source and date of the exchange rate.
TECHNICAL EVALUATION
The Employer will carry out a detailed evaluation of the bids previously determined to be
substantially responsive in order to determine whether the technical aspects are in accordance with
the requirements set forth in the bidding documents. In order to reach such a determination, the
Employer will examine and compare the technical aspects of the bids on the basis of the
information supplied by the bidders, taking into account the following factors:
a) Overall completeness and compliance with the Technical Specifications
And Drawings; deviations from the Technical Specifications as identified in Attachment 6 to the
bid; suitability of the facilities offered in relation to the environmental and climatic conditions
prevailing at the site; and quality, function and operation of any process control concept included
in the bid. The bid that does not meet minimum acceptable standards of completeness, consistency
and detail will be rejected for non-responsiveness.
Achievement of specified performance criteria by the facilities
(c) Type, quantity and long-term availability of mandatory and recommended Spare parts and
maintenance services.
(d) Any other relevant factors, if any, listed in the Bid Data Sheet, or that
the Employer deems necessary or prudent to take into consideration.
COMMERCIAL EVALUATION
46