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         CHOLECYSTECTOMY

         Cholecystectomy is performed most frequently through laparoscopic incisions using laser. However, traditional open
         cholecystectomy is the treatment of choice for many patients with multiple/large gallstones either because of acute
         symptomatology or to prevent recurrence of stones.

         CARE SETTING
         This procedure is usually done on a short-stay basis; however, in the presence of suspected complications, e.g.,
         empyema, gangrene, or perforation, an inpatient stay on a surgical unit is indicated.

         RELATED CONCERNS
         Cholecystitis with cholelithiasis
         Pancreatitis
         Peritonitis
         Psychosocial aspects of care
         Surgical intervention

         Patient Assessment Database/Diagnostic Studies
                                      Refer to CP: Cholecystitis with Cholelithiasis.

         TEACHING/LEARNING
                Discharge plan
                considerations:       DRG projected mean length of inpatient stay: 1 (laparoscopic)–4.3 days
                                      May require assistance with wound care/supplies, homemaker tasks
                                      Refer to section at end of plan for postdischarge considerations.

         NURSING PRIORITIES
         1. Promote respiratory function.
         2. Prevent complications.
         3. Provide information about disease, procedure(s), prognosis, and treatment needs.

         DISCHARGE GOALS
         1.   Ventilation/oxygenation adequate for individual needs.
         2.   Complications prevented/minimized.
         3.   Disease process, surgical procedure, prognosis, and therapeutic regimen understood.
         4.   Plan in place to meet needs after discharge.



                 NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Breathing Pattern, ineffective
                 May be related to
                 Pain
                 Muscular impairment
                 Decreased energy/fatigue
                 Possibly evidenced by
                 Tachypnea; respiratory depth changes, reduced vital capacity
                 Holding breath; reluctance to cough
                 DESIRED OUTCOMES/EVALUATION CRITERIA—PATIENT WILL:
                 Respiratory Status: Ventilation (NOC)
                 Establish effective breathing pattern.
                 Experience no signs of respiratory compromise/complications.
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          ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS                                         RATIONALE
          Respiratory Monitoring (NIC)
          Independent
          Observe respiratory rate/depth.                               Shallow breathing, splinting with respirations, holding
                                                                        breath may result in hypoventilation/atelectasis.

          Auscultate breath sounds.                                     Areas of decreased/absent breath sounds suggest
                                                                        atelectasis, whereas adventitious sounds (wheezes,
                                                                        rhonchi) reflect congestion.

          Assist patient to turn, cough, and deep breathe               Promotes ventilation of all lung segments and
          periodically. Show patient how to splint incision. Instruct   mobilization and expectoration of secretions.
          in effective breathing techniques.

          Elevate head of bed, maintain low-Fowler’s position.          Facilitates lung expansion. Splinting provides incisional
          Support abdomen when coughing, ambulating.                    support/decreases muscle tension to promote
                                                                        cooperation with therapeutic regimen.
          Collaborative

          Assist with respiratory treatments, e.g., incentive           Maximizes expansion of lungs to prevent/resolve
          spirometer.                                                   atelectasis.

          Administer analgesics before breathing treatments/            Facilitates more effective coughing, deep breathing, and
          therapeutic activities.                                       activity.




             NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Fluid Volume, risk for deficient
             Risk factors may include
             Losses from NG aspiration, vomiting
             Medically restricted intake
             Altered coagulation, e.g., reduced prothrombin, prolonged coagulation time
             Possibly evidenced by
             [Not applicable; presence of signs and symptoms establishes an actual diagnosis.]
             DESIRED OUTCOMES/EVALUATION CRITERIA—PATIENT WILL:
             Hydration (NOC)
             Display adequate fluid balance as evidenced by stable vital signs, moist mucous membranes, good skin
                  turgor/capillary refill, and individually appropriate urinary output.
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         ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS                                       RATIONALE
         Fluid/Electrolyte Management (NIC)
         Independent
         Monitor I&O, including drainage from NG tube, T-tube,       Provides information about replacement needs and organ
         and wound. Weigh patient periodically.                      function. Initially, 200–500 mL of bile drainage may be
                                                                     expected via the T-tube, decreasing as more bile enters
                                                                     the intestine. Continuing large amounts of bile drainage
                                                                     may be an indication of unresolved obstruction or,
                                                                     occasionally, a biliary fistula.

         Monitor vital signs. Assess mucous membranes, skin          Indicators of adequacy of circulating volume/perfusion.
         turgor, peripheral pulses, and capillary refill.

         Observe for signs of bleeding, e.g., hematemesis, melena,   Prothrombin is reduced and coagulation time prolonged
         petechiae, ecchymosis.                                      when bile flow is obstructed, increasing risk of
                                                                     bleeding/hemorrhage.

         Use small-gauge needles for injections, and apply firm      Reduces trauma, risk of bleeding/hematoma.
         pressure for longer than usual after venipuncture.

         Have patient use cotton/sponge swabs and mouthwash          Avoids trauma and bleeding of the gums.
         instead of a toothbrush.

         Collaborative

         Monitor laboratory studies, e.g., Hb/Hct, electrolytes,     Provides information about circulating volume,
         prothrombin level/clotting time.                            electrolyte balance, and adequacy of clotting factors.

         Administer IV fluids, blood products, as indicated;         Maintains adequate circulating volume and aids in
                                                                     replacement of clotting factors.

              Electrolytes;                                          Corrects imbalances resulting from excessive
                                                                     gastric/wound losses.

              Vitamin K.                                             Provides replacement of factors necessary for clotting
                                                                     process.



            NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Skin/Tissue Integrity, impaired
            May be related to
            Chemical substance (bile), stasis of secretions
            Altered nutritional state (obesity)/metabolic state
            Invasion of body structure (T-tube)
            Possibly evidenced by
            Disruption of skin/subcutaneous tissues
            DESIRED OUTCOMES/EVALUATION CRITERIA—PATIENT WILL:
            Wound Healing: Primary/Secondary Intention (NOC)
            Achieve timely wound healing without complications.
            Demonstrate behaviors to promote healing/prevent skin breakdown.
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         ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS                                     RATIONALE
         Wound Care (NIC)
         Independent
         Observe the color and character of the drainage.          Initially, drainage may contain blood and bloodstained
                                                                   fluid,normally changing to greenish brown (bile color)
                                                                   after the first several hours.

         Change dressings as often as necessary. Clean the skin    Keeps the skin around the incision clean and provides a
         with soap and water. Use sterile petroleum jelly gauze,   barrier to protect skin from excoriation.
         zinc oxide, or karaya powder around the incision.

         Apply Montgomery straps.                                  Facilitates frequent dressing changes and minimizes skin
                                                                   trauma.

         Use a disposable ostomy bag over a stab wound drain.      Ostomy appliance may be used to collect heavy drainage
                                                                   for more accurate measurement of output and protection
                                                                   of the skin.

         Place patient in low- or semi-Fowler’s position.          Facilitates drainage of bile.

         Monitor puncture sites (3–5) if endoscopic procedure is   These areas may bleed, or staples and Steri-Strips may
         done.                                                     loosen at puncture wound sites.

         Check the T-tube and incisional drains; make sure they    T-tube may remain in common bile duct for 7–10 days to
         are free flowing.                                         remove retained stones. Incision site drains are used to
                                                                   remove any accumulated fluid and bile. Correct
                                                                   positioning prevents backup of the bile in the operative
                                                                   area.

         Maintain T-tube in closed collection system.              Prevents skin irritation and facilitates measurement of
                                                                   output. Reduces risk of contamination.

         Anchor drainage tube, allowing sufficient tubing to       Avoids dislodging tube and/or occlusion of the lumen.
         permit free turning and avoid kinks and twists.

         Observe for hiccups, abdominal distension, or signs of    Dislodgment of the T-tube can result in diaphragmatic
         peritonitis, pancreatitis.                                irritation or more serious complications if bile drains into
                                                                   abdomen or pancreatic duct is obstructed.

         Observe skin, sclerae, urine for change in color.         Developing jaundice may indicate obstruction of bile
                                                                   flow.

         Note color and consistency of stools.                     Clay-colored stools result when bile is not present in the
                                                                   intestines.

         Investigate reports of increased/unrelenting RUQ pain;    Signs suggestive of abscess or fistula formation, requiring
         development of fever, tachycardia; leakage of bile        medical intervention.
         drainage around tube/from wound.




         ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS                                     RATIONALE
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         Wound Care (NIC)
         Collaborative
         Administer antibiotics as indicated.                        Necessary for treatment of abscess/infection.

         Clamp the T-tube per schedule.                              Tests the patency of the common bile duct before tube is
                                                                     removed.

         Prepare for surgical interventions as indicated.            Drainage of blocked duct or fistulectomy may be required
                                                                     to treat abscess or repair fistula.

         Monitor laboratory studies, e.g., WBC.                      Leukocytosis reflects inflammatory process, e.g., abscess
                                                                     formation or development of peritonitis/pancreatitis.




            NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Knowledge, deficient [Learning Need] regarding condition, prognosis,
                 treatment, self-care, and discharge needs
            May be related to
            Lack of exposure; information misinterpretation
            Unfamiliarity with information resources
            Lack of recall
            Possibly evidenced by
            Questions; statement of misconception
            Request for information
            Inaccurate follow-through of instructions
            DESIRED OUTCOMES/EVALUATION CRITERIA—PATIENT WILL:
            Knowledge: Illness Care (NOC)
            Verbalize understanding of disease process, surgical procedure/prognosis, and potential complications.
            Verbalize understanding of therapeutic needs.
            Correctly perform necessary procedures and explain reasons for the actions.
            Initiate necessary lifestyle changes and participate in therapeutic regimen.




         ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS                                       RATIONALE
         Teaching: Disease Process (NIC)
         Independent
         Review disease process, surgical procedure/prognosis.       Provides knowledge base on which patient can make
                                                                     informed choices.

         Demonstrate care of incisions/dressings and drains.         Promotes independence in care and reduces risk of
                                                                     complications (e.g., infection, biliary obstruction).
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         ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS                                       RATIONALE
         Teaching: Disease Process (NIC)
         Independent
         Recommend periodic drainage of T-tube collection bag        Reduces risk of reflux, strain on tube/appliance seal.
         and recording of output.                                    Provides information about resolution of ductal
                                                                     edema/return of ductal function for appropriate timing of
                                                                     T-tube removal.

         Emphasize importance of maintaining low-fat diet, eating    During initial 6 mo after surgery, low-fat diet limits need
         frequent small meals, gradual reintroduction of             for bile and reduces discomfort associated with
         foods/fluids containing fats over a 4- to 6-mo period.      inadequate digestion of fats.

         Discuss use of medication such as florantyrone (Sancho)     Oral replacement of bile salts may be required to facilitate
         or dehydrocholic acid (Decholin).                           fat absorption.

         Discuss avoiding/limiting use of alcoholic beverages.       Minimizes risk of pancreatic involvement.

         Inform patient that loose stools may occur for several      Intestines require time to adjust to stimulus of continuous
         months.                                                     output of bile.

         Advise patient to note and avoid foods that seem to         Although radical dietary changes are not usually
         aggravate the diarrhea.                                     necessary, certain restrictions may be helpful; e.g., fats in
                                                                     small amounts are usually tolerated. After a period of
                                                                     adjustment, patient usually will not have problems with
                                                                     most foods.

         Identify signs/symptoms requiring notification of           Indicators of obstruction of bile flow/altered digestion,
         healthcare provider, e.g., dark urine; jaundiced color of   requiring further evaluation and intervention.
         eyes/skin; clay-colored stools, excessive stools; or
         recurrent heartburn, bloating.

         Review activity limitations depending on individual         Resumption of usual activities is normally accomplished
         situation.                                                  within 4–6 wk.


         POTENTIAL CONSIDERATIONS following acute hospitalization (dependent on patient’s age, physical
         condition/presence of complications, personal resources, and life responsibilities)
         Diarrhea—continuous excretion of bile into bowel, changes in digestive process.
         Infection, risk for—invasive procedure (discharge with T-tube in place).

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Nursing Care Plan on Cholecystectomy

  • 1. Grab more Free Nursing Care Plans - http://1nurses.com/ncp/ CHOLECYSTECTOMY Cholecystectomy is performed most frequently through laparoscopic incisions using laser. However, traditional open cholecystectomy is the treatment of choice for many patients with multiple/large gallstones either because of acute symptomatology or to prevent recurrence of stones. CARE SETTING This procedure is usually done on a short-stay basis; however, in the presence of suspected complications, e.g., empyema, gangrene, or perforation, an inpatient stay on a surgical unit is indicated. RELATED CONCERNS Cholecystitis with cholelithiasis Pancreatitis Peritonitis Psychosocial aspects of care Surgical intervention Patient Assessment Database/Diagnostic Studies Refer to CP: Cholecystitis with Cholelithiasis. TEACHING/LEARNING Discharge plan considerations: DRG projected mean length of inpatient stay: 1 (laparoscopic)–4.3 days May require assistance with wound care/supplies, homemaker tasks Refer to section at end of plan for postdischarge considerations. NURSING PRIORITIES 1. Promote respiratory function. 2. Prevent complications. 3. Provide information about disease, procedure(s), prognosis, and treatment needs. DISCHARGE GOALS 1. Ventilation/oxygenation adequate for individual needs. 2. Complications prevented/minimized. 3. Disease process, surgical procedure, prognosis, and therapeutic regimen understood. 4. Plan in place to meet needs after discharge. NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Breathing Pattern, ineffective May be related to Pain Muscular impairment Decreased energy/fatigue Possibly evidenced by Tachypnea; respiratory depth changes, reduced vital capacity Holding breath; reluctance to cough DESIRED OUTCOMES/EVALUATION CRITERIA—PATIENT WILL: Respiratory Status: Ventilation (NOC) Establish effective breathing pattern. Experience no signs of respiratory compromise/complications.
  • 2. Grab more Free Nursing Care Plans - http://1nurses.com/ncp/ ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE Respiratory Monitoring (NIC) Independent Observe respiratory rate/depth. Shallow breathing, splinting with respirations, holding breath may result in hypoventilation/atelectasis. Auscultate breath sounds. Areas of decreased/absent breath sounds suggest atelectasis, whereas adventitious sounds (wheezes, rhonchi) reflect congestion. Assist patient to turn, cough, and deep breathe Promotes ventilation of all lung segments and periodically. Show patient how to splint incision. Instruct mobilization and expectoration of secretions. in effective breathing techniques. Elevate head of bed, maintain low-Fowler’s position. Facilitates lung expansion. Splinting provides incisional Support abdomen when coughing, ambulating. support/decreases muscle tension to promote cooperation with therapeutic regimen. Collaborative Assist with respiratory treatments, e.g., incentive Maximizes expansion of lungs to prevent/resolve spirometer. atelectasis. Administer analgesics before breathing treatments/ Facilitates more effective coughing, deep breathing, and therapeutic activities. activity. NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Fluid Volume, risk for deficient Risk factors may include Losses from NG aspiration, vomiting Medically restricted intake Altered coagulation, e.g., reduced prothrombin, prolonged coagulation time Possibly evidenced by [Not applicable; presence of signs and symptoms establishes an actual diagnosis.] DESIRED OUTCOMES/EVALUATION CRITERIA—PATIENT WILL: Hydration (NOC) Display adequate fluid balance as evidenced by stable vital signs, moist mucous membranes, good skin turgor/capillary refill, and individually appropriate urinary output.
  • 3. Grab more Free Nursing Care Plans - http://1nurses.com/ncp/ ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE Fluid/Electrolyte Management (NIC) Independent Monitor I&O, including drainage from NG tube, T-tube, Provides information about replacement needs and organ and wound. Weigh patient periodically. function. Initially, 200–500 mL of bile drainage may be expected via the T-tube, decreasing as more bile enters the intestine. Continuing large amounts of bile drainage may be an indication of unresolved obstruction or, occasionally, a biliary fistula. Monitor vital signs. Assess mucous membranes, skin Indicators of adequacy of circulating volume/perfusion. turgor, peripheral pulses, and capillary refill. Observe for signs of bleeding, e.g., hematemesis, melena, Prothrombin is reduced and coagulation time prolonged petechiae, ecchymosis. when bile flow is obstructed, increasing risk of bleeding/hemorrhage. Use small-gauge needles for injections, and apply firm Reduces trauma, risk of bleeding/hematoma. pressure for longer than usual after venipuncture. Have patient use cotton/sponge swabs and mouthwash Avoids trauma and bleeding of the gums. instead of a toothbrush. Collaborative Monitor laboratory studies, e.g., Hb/Hct, electrolytes, Provides information about circulating volume, prothrombin level/clotting time. electrolyte balance, and adequacy of clotting factors. Administer IV fluids, blood products, as indicated; Maintains adequate circulating volume and aids in replacement of clotting factors. Electrolytes; Corrects imbalances resulting from excessive gastric/wound losses. Vitamin K. Provides replacement of factors necessary for clotting process. NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Skin/Tissue Integrity, impaired May be related to Chemical substance (bile), stasis of secretions Altered nutritional state (obesity)/metabolic state Invasion of body structure (T-tube) Possibly evidenced by Disruption of skin/subcutaneous tissues DESIRED OUTCOMES/EVALUATION CRITERIA—PATIENT WILL: Wound Healing: Primary/Secondary Intention (NOC) Achieve timely wound healing without complications. Demonstrate behaviors to promote healing/prevent skin breakdown.
  • 4. Grab more Free Nursing Care Plans - http://1nurses.com/ncp/ ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE Wound Care (NIC) Independent Observe the color and character of the drainage. Initially, drainage may contain blood and bloodstained fluid,normally changing to greenish brown (bile color) after the first several hours. Change dressings as often as necessary. Clean the skin Keeps the skin around the incision clean and provides a with soap and water. Use sterile petroleum jelly gauze, barrier to protect skin from excoriation. zinc oxide, or karaya powder around the incision. Apply Montgomery straps. Facilitates frequent dressing changes and minimizes skin trauma. Use a disposable ostomy bag over a stab wound drain. Ostomy appliance may be used to collect heavy drainage for more accurate measurement of output and protection of the skin. Place patient in low- or semi-Fowler’s position. Facilitates drainage of bile. Monitor puncture sites (3–5) if endoscopic procedure is These areas may bleed, or staples and Steri-Strips may done. loosen at puncture wound sites. Check the T-tube and incisional drains; make sure they T-tube may remain in common bile duct for 7–10 days to are free flowing. remove retained stones. Incision site drains are used to remove any accumulated fluid and bile. Correct positioning prevents backup of the bile in the operative area. Maintain T-tube in closed collection system. Prevents skin irritation and facilitates measurement of output. Reduces risk of contamination. Anchor drainage tube, allowing sufficient tubing to Avoids dislodging tube and/or occlusion of the lumen. permit free turning and avoid kinks and twists. Observe for hiccups, abdominal distension, or signs of Dislodgment of the T-tube can result in diaphragmatic peritonitis, pancreatitis. irritation or more serious complications if bile drains into abdomen or pancreatic duct is obstructed. Observe skin, sclerae, urine for change in color. Developing jaundice may indicate obstruction of bile flow. Note color and consistency of stools. Clay-colored stools result when bile is not present in the intestines. Investigate reports of increased/unrelenting RUQ pain; Signs suggestive of abscess or fistula formation, requiring development of fever, tachycardia; leakage of bile medical intervention. drainage around tube/from wound. ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE
  • 5. Grab more Free Nursing Care Plans - http://1nurses.com/ncp/ Wound Care (NIC) Collaborative Administer antibiotics as indicated. Necessary for treatment of abscess/infection. Clamp the T-tube per schedule. Tests the patency of the common bile duct before tube is removed. Prepare for surgical interventions as indicated. Drainage of blocked duct or fistulectomy may be required to treat abscess or repair fistula. Monitor laboratory studies, e.g., WBC. Leukocytosis reflects inflammatory process, e.g., abscess formation or development of peritonitis/pancreatitis. NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Knowledge, deficient [Learning Need] regarding condition, prognosis, treatment, self-care, and discharge needs May be related to Lack of exposure; information misinterpretation Unfamiliarity with information resources Lack of recall Possibly evidenced by Questions; statement of misconception Request for information Inaccurate follow-through of instructions DESIRED OUTCOMES/EVALUATION CRITERIA—PATIENT WILL: Knowledge: Illness Care (NOC) Verbalize understanding of disease process, surgical procedure/prognosis, and potential complications. Verbalize understanding of therapeutic needs. Correctly perform necessary procedures and explain reasons for the actions. Initiate necessary lifestyle changes and participate in therapeutic regimen. ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE Teaching: Disease Process (NIC) Independent Review disease process, surgical procedure/prognosis. Provides knowledge base on which patient can make informed choices. Demonstrate care of incisions/dressings and drains. Promotes independence in care and reduces risk of complications (e.g., infection, biliary obstruction).
  • 6. Grab more Free Nursing Care Plans - http://1nurses.com/ncp/ ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE Teaching: Disease Process (NIC) Independent Recommend periodic drainage of T-tube collection bag Reduces risk of reflux, strain on tube/appliance seal. and recording of output. Provides information about resolution of ductal edema/return of ductal function for appropriate timing of T-tube removal. Emphasize importance of maintaining low-fat diet, eating During initial 6 mo after surgery, low-fat diet limits need frequent small meals, gradual reintroduction of for bile and reduces discomfort associated with foods/fluids containing fats over a 4- to 6-mo period. inadequate digestion of fats. Discuss use of medication such as florantyrone (Sancho) Oral replacement of bile salts may be required to facilitate or dehydrocholic acid (Decholin). fat absorption. Discuss avoiding/limiting use of alcoholic beverages. Minimizes risk of pancreatic involvement. Inform patient that loose stools may occur for several Intestines require time to adjust to stimulus of continuous months. output of bile. Advise patient to note and avoid foods that seem to Although radical dietary changes are not usually aggravate the diarrhea. necessary, certain restrictions may be helpful; e.g., fats in small amounts are usually tolerated. After a period of adjustment, patient usually will not have problems with most foods. Identify signs/symptoms requiring notification of Indicators of obstruction of bile flow/altered digestion, healthcare provider, e.g., dark urine; jaundiced color of requiring further evaluation and intervention. eyes/skin; clay-colored stools, excessive stools; or recurrent heartburn, bloating. Review activity limitations depending on individual Resumption of usual activities is normally accomplished situation. within 4–6 wk. POTENTIAL CONSIDERATIONS following acute hospitalization (dependent on patient’s age, physical condition/presence of complications, personal resources, and life responsibilities) Diarrhea—continuous excretion of bile into bowel, changes in digestive process. Infection, risk for—invasive procedure (discharge with T-tube in place).