Web accessibility is a growing priority across industries, and in light of recent lawsuits, the threat of non-compliance in higher education is very real. However, bringing an entire organization up to accessibility standards can be daunting. In this webinar, David Berman, the #1 rated speaker on the topic of web accessibility standards as well as an international expert in the field, will provide you with strategies for meeting WCAG 2.0 standards in various design platforms.
David's presentation will focus on building accessibility into your design process, with tips for web, Office, InDesign, and PDF. David provides not only a deep understanding of web standards and requirements, but also a passion for accessibility. His enthusiastic and entertaining presentation style will give you a new perspective on the importance of web accessibility, and his expert approach to developing an accessible infrastructure will provide you with a roadmap of what needs to be done to meet your accessibility goals.
This webinar will cover:
- An overview of WCAG 2.0 guidelines and conformance levels
- Current legal requirements for web accessibility
- How WCAG 2.0 will impact the Section 508 refresh
- Why accessibility matters
- Tips for creating accessible PDFs and web content
- Accessibility tips for Office, Acrobat, and InDesign
"Federated learning: out of reach no matter how close",Oleksandr Lapshyn
Demystifying WCAG 2.0: An Intro to Web, Office, InDesign, & PDF Accessibility
1.
2. Accessibility for virtual learning
@davidberman @3play
3Play Media presents
Demystifying WCAG 2.0:
An Intro to Web, Office,
InDesign, & PDF Accessibility
by David Berman, R.G.D, FGDC
June 17, 2015
3. 3
Expert Speaker
David Berman, R.G.D., FGDC
Topics (available publicly or at your location)
" Perfecting Your Web Strategy 2.0
" Accessible documents, Web, mobile, eLearning, virtual classrooms
" Management of Web Projects + Accessible Documents
" Effective Web Interface Design
Links and books:
http://www.davidberman.com/accessibility#resources
facebook: David Berman
linkedin.com/in/bermandavid
twitter.com/davidberman
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WHY SHOULD WE CARE?
“Everyone deserves the opportunity
to fulfill their potential.”
| David C. Onley, Lieutenant Governor of Ontario
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2015: legal expectations are shifting
Defendants to lawsuits brought
against them recently:
America Online
Bank of America
BMI
Connecticut Attorney General
Government of Canada
Netflix
Penn State University
Priceline
Ramada
Southwest Airlines
Target
United Airlines
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July 1, 2011: Ontario leaps ahead
Ontario’s precise Integrated
Accessibility Standards Regulation
191/11 (IASR) kicks in, objectifying the
2005 Accessibility for Ontarians With
Disabilities Act (AODA):
" Information and Communications
Standards
" Employment Standards
" Transportation Standards
" Design of Public Spaces Standards (regulation
413/12)
“making the province accessible for everyone by 2025”
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Jan 1 2014: Ontario deadlines took hold
13. 13
July 1, 2014: Norway takes a lead
Norway’s Anti-Discrimination and
Accessibility Act, Section 14
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1876: an American improves learning for the deaf
patent 174,465
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1938: hearing aid innovation
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1953: $25,000 …“1 person, 1 radio”
Akio Morita
triggers the
revolution in
commercial
radio.
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Online accessibility: it’s never been easier
" Our world has never been so
accessible
" By helping build a more accessible
Web, you are part of the largest
liberation in human history
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21. Dexterity/mobility difficulties
" Loss of limb
" Risk or loss of feeling or control
" Limited reach, strength, manipulation
" Arms full, hand in a cast, pain
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23. 23
Language and speech difficulties
" Aphasia
" Delayed speech
" Lack of knowledge/skills (e.g. illiteracy)
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Cognitive and learning difficulties
" Dyslexia, dysgraphia, distraction, ADD, ADHD
" Developmental disabilities
" Being a search engine rather than a human!
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26. Assistive technologies
In a world that assumes all faculties are
available, swapping and extending senses is
the creative response…
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Instead of reading small… magnify
" Magnifier software (e.g. ZoomText)
" Large print software
" Large print keyboard
" Text size commands
" Pinch-zoom touch interfaces
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Instead of seeing unclearly… enhance
eSight Corporation’s computerized glasses reconfigures
high-definition camera images to two LED screens
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Instead of mousing… point nose and blink!
NRC’s Nouse scans head
movements and eye blinks
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Instead of swiping and scrolling… move your eyes
Tobii EyeMobile uses gaze alone with every Windows app
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Instead of typing… talk
" Voice recognition commands the device
through voice (for example, Dragon
Naturally Speaking, Siri, Google Now)
" …or augment challenged typing by
hearing what you have just typed
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Instead of typing… click, sip, puff, tap
" Alternative keyboards, input devices
" Software can assist typed input
through anticipation and filtering
" Scalable objects help too
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Instead of reading… feel
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Dynamic braille displays raise or lower
dot patterns on command … typically
12 to 80 cells.
Braille embossers print braille.
⠠⠙⠁⠧⠊⠙⠀⠠⠃⠑⠗⠍⠁⠝
⠠⠉⠕⠍⠍⠥⠝⠊⠉⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎
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The ideal accessible digital world
Usable by everyone
on any user agent (e.g. browser, app, PDF/eBook reader)
on any kind of device
with any kind of connection
in any kind of environment
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35. 1. process orientation
2. strategy
3. technical discovery
4. content outline
5. information architecture design
6. estimating (project planning)
7. graphic design
8. production (programming, testing, maintenance)
9. evaluation
35
Roadmap for accessible publishing
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Common Standards
“guidelines”, “recommendations”, “requirements”,
“success criteria”, “WCAG”, “CLF”, “AODA”, “IASR”,
“Section 508”, “W3C”, “PDF/UA”, oh my!
“ It felt like I was being forced to learn a
whole new language from someone who
was deliberately trying to confuse me…”
| Govt. employee, on WCAG 2.0
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WCAG 2.0 success criteria
W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) publishes
WCAG 2.0 (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines)
… can inoculate us against future change.
#
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WCAG 2.0 “conformance levels”
(published 2008, ratified 2010)
NOTHING LEVEL A LEVEL AA LEVEL AAA
Worst ! " Best
" Without level A: some people will find it impossible
" Without level AA: some people will find it difficult
" Without level AAA: some people will miss full impact
For your site to be Level AA compliant,
you must meet all 25 Level A and 13 Level AA standards.
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WCAG 2.0 as a legal standard is trending globally
Canada govt. CLF 2.0 Part 2 WCAG 1.0 2001
Canada govt. Standard on Web Accessibility WCAG 2.0 AA 2011
Ont. govt.+biz AODA IASR WCAG 2.0 A/AA 2012-2021
Quebec govt. SGQRI 008 ~WCAG 2.0 2011
Manitoba govt. Website Standards WCAG 1.0 2005
USA, NY govt. Section 508 WCAG 1.0 partial current
USA govt. Section 508 refresh WCAG 2.0 AA 2015
Illinois govt. IITAA ~WCAG 2.0 AA ~2015
Australia govt.+biz IPS/NTS WCAG 2.0 A/AA* 2012-2014
EU govt. Mandate M 376 WCAG 2.0 ???
France govt. RGAA 2.2.1 ~WCAG 2.0 2011
Germany govt. BITV 2 ~WCAG 2.0 2011
New Zealand govt. NZGWS 2.0 WCAG 2.0 2011
Norway UU WCAG 2.0 AA 2014
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U.S. Government “Section 508”
Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 called for
standards.
Triggered by a Congressional amendment in 1998, Section
508 Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility
Standards, includes “Part 1194.22: Web-based Intranet
and Internet Information and Applications”, which includes
16 standards named (a) through (p), issued December
2000.
The Section 508 Refresh: a second draft of the “new
Section 508” was released for public comment in 2011.
The refresh will replace the 16 Section 508 rules with
WCAG 2.0 Level AA.
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U.S. Section 508 covered by WCAG
508 WCAG 1 WCAG 2
a 1.1 1.1
b 1.4 1.2
c 2.1 1.4
d 6.1
1.3, 1.4,
2.1
e 1.2 2.1
f 9.1 1.1
g 5.1 1.3
h 5.2 1.3
508 WCAG 1 WCAG 2
i 12.1 2.4
j 11.4 2.3
k * 1.3
l * 2.1, 4.1
m * 2.4
n 5.1-5.4
1.3, 2.1,
3.2, 3.3
o * 2.4
p 7.3 2.2
* in the spirit of WCAG 1.0
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AODA Accessibility Standard
for Information and Communications
Government of Ontario, Legislative Assembly:
Jan 1 2012: content posted 2012+ to new* internet, intranet sites: AA with 2 exclusions
Jan 1 2016: content posted 2012+ to all internet sites: AA with 2 exclusions
Jan 1 2020: content posted 2012+ to all internet, intranet sites: AA
Designated public sector organizations**, organizations with 50+ employees:
Jan 1 2014: content posted 2012+ AND on new internet sites: A
Jan 1 2021: content posted 2012+ on all internet sites: AA with 2 exclusions
*“new” means a site with a new domain name (including subdomains) or where over 50%
of the content is being changed, rewritten, reorganized, redesigned, or re-managed
**“designated public sector” includes all municipalities, hospitals, boards (e.g. district
school boards), colleges, universities, public transportation organizations, commissions,
authorities, and agencies
There are additional deadlines for educational training resources and materials, that apply
to education/training institutions and libraries.
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WCAG 2.0 principles
(25 Level A, 13 Level AA, 23 Level AAA)
Principle 1: Perceivable… Information and interface must be
presentable to users in ways they can perceive. (guidelines 1.1-1.4)
Principle 2: Operable… User interface components and navigation
must be operable. (guidelines 2.1-2.4)
Principle 3: Understandable… Information and the operation of
user interface must be understandable (guidelines 3.1-3.3)
Principle 4: Robust… Content must be robust enough to be
interpreted reliably by a wide variety of user agents, including
assistive technologies. (guideline 4.1)
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“Each PDF page is a painting”...
– Duff Johnson, chair of PDF/UA committee
How do we get to a workflow and quality regimen that adds
accessibility WCAG 2.0 ideal (machine-readable) to the PDF’s long-
held position as the world’s preferred portable, stable, and trustable
document format for eyes to read?
The Lady of Shalott by JW Waterhouse (1849-1917)
“Camelot?
picture darned faithful?”
“Camelot” by John Warnock, 1991
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PDF/UA
PDF/UA: the PDF specification exclusively for universal access is an
ISO standard (ISO 14289)
Acrobat Pro X Accessibility Checker focusses on the WCAG 2.0 rules.
Acrobat Pro XI and DC Accessibility Checker focusses on PDF/UA.
The Matterhorn Protocol: 31 checkpoints (seeking 136 potential
failures… 89 of which are software detectable and 45 requiring human
judgment)
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Tagged PDF
View> Show/Hide> Navigation Panes> Tags
Acrobat Pro tagging tips (X, XI, or DC):
" turn on Tags pane > Highlight Content (and also use
its companion, the Find Tag From Selection command)
" Accessibility> Add Tags To Document
Construct HTML/XHTML PDF tag (case sensitive!)
Heading <h1> to <h6> <H1> to <H6> (and beyond!)
Paragraph <p> <P>
List <ul>, <ol> <List>, <L>, <Lbl>, <Lbody>
Table, table cells <table>, <th, <tr>,
<td>
<Table>, <TH>, <TR>, <TD>
Images <img> <Figure>, Artifact
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Sustainable PDF: go to the source {samples of their
InDesign source files and their dynamic PDF}
Build accessibility into the files (and templates) that
tagged PDF originate from, so you’ll automatically…
1. get accessibility in current (and future) exports to PDF
2. avoid repeating repairs in future version of document
3. enjoy the benefits of accessibility earlier
(inclusiveness, search)
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Sustainable PDF: typical sources
Microsoft Word | 2010 (or 2013/2016 Windows) preferred
Microsoft PowerPoint | 2010 (or 2013/2016 Windows) preferred
Microsoft Excel | 2010 (or 2013/2016 Windows) preferred
Adobe InDesign | CS5.5, CS6, or CC preferred
Adobe LiveCycle Designer | 8.2/ES SP1, 9/ES2, 10/ES3, ES4
(version ES2 included in Acrobat Pro 9 and X … none in XI or DC)
Adobe Acrobat Pro | X, XI or DC preferred
HTML (incl. converters such as EVO HTML to PDF Converter)
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Microsoft Office to PDF workflow
Office 2000-2003, 2007: either Acrobat or Microsoft PDF add-in
Office 2010/2013/2016: 32-bit alone, or 32-bit with Acrobat X,
XI, or DC add-in (on 32-bit or 64-bit Windows)
1. In Office 2010/2013/2016, File> Info> Check For Issues> Check Accessibility
… fix any errors, consider any warnings
2. Acrobat ribbon> Preferences> Settings tab:
a. check Enable Accessibility And Reflow With Tagged PDF
b. check Enable Advanced Tagging (in Word 2010, this setting is on the Word tab)
c. Advanced Settings button> Fonts section>
i. Check + set Subset Embedded Fonts When Percent... = 1%
ii. empty the Never Embed list
3. Acrobat ribbon> Create PDF
4. Acrobat Pro> Tools> Action Wizard> Make Accessible Wizard> “Set Open Options” and
“Set Tab Order Property”
5. For PDF/UA compliance (or a more accessible file), add a Document tag as the root
element above Sect, fix remaining issues flip the PDF/UA identifier (using Acrobat Pro)
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PowerPoint to PDF workflow
1. Get your master slides perfect first (or use an
accessible PowerPoint as your template) for reading
order and alternative text (see notes section of this
page for David’s recipe).
2. Run Office 2010/2013/2016 Windows Accessibility
Checker: File> Info> Prepare For Sharing> Check
Accessibility … errors, warnings, tips
3. Export to PDF (File> Save & Send (Export in
2013/2016)> Create PDF/XPS button> Options>
uncheck Bitmap…, check Accessibility)
4. Test with Acrobat Pro Full Accessibility Checker
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Adobe InDesign to PDF workflow
In InDesign CS5.5/CS6/CC (which includes PDF tags subset):
1. add alt text/figures to images (use Object> Object Export Options)
2. add tags to styles (use Paragraph Styles> Export Tagging)
3. anchor images in the text flow
4. use the Articles panel to define content order
5. use Bookmarks, TOC, Hyperlinks, cross-references as needed
6. add Document Title to File Info
7. export CS5.5: PDF Interactive, Buttons and Media = Include All, check Create Tagged PDF
CS6/CC: PDF Interactive, Forms And Media = Include All, check Create Tagged PDF, check Use Structure For Tab Order
…leaving only an Action Wizard to run in Acrobat Pro that…
1. Pages pane> all> Page Properties> Tab Order=Use Document Structure
2. File> Properties> Advanced> Language
3. File> Properties> Initial View> Show Document Title
4. run Accessibility> Full Check
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Adobe InDesign to PDF export
InDesign CS5.5
1. File> Export> Save As Type=“Adobe PDF (Interactive)”,
Buttons and Media = Include All, check Create Tagged
PDF
InDesign CS6/CC
If your document contains forms, buttons, audio, video, or
animation, do this: File> Export> Save As Type=“Adobe PDF
(Interactive)”, Forms And Media = Include All, check Create
Tagged PDF, check Use Structure For Tab Order
OTHERWISE… (why? because this provides many more settings unrelated to accessibility, and
still offers bookmarks and/or hyperlinks if you want them. The tradeoff is only that you will lose the
functionality (though optionally not the appearance) of any interactive elements)
File> Export> Save As Type=“Adobe PDF (Print)”, check
Create Tagged PDF, check Bookmarks, check Hyperlinks, with
Advanced> Subset Fonts When Percent Of Characters Used Is
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Adobe Illustrator to PDF workflow
In Adobe Illustrator:
There is no alternative text or other such structures, however…
1. group items into objects that would deserve to be one figure
2. File> File Info> Document Title
3. File> Save As> Save As Type=Adobe PDF, select Save
1. set Adobe Preset = High Quality Print
2. set Advanced>Subset Fonts When Percent of Characters
Used Is Less Than = 0%
3. choose the Save PDF button
…and then do everything else in Acrobat Pro:
1. Pages pane> all> Page Properties> Tab Order=Use Doc. Structure
2. File> Properties> Advanced> Language
3. …and > Initial View> Show Document Title
4. run Accessibility> Full Check
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Adobe LiveCycle Designer to PDF workflow
In LiveCycle Designer:
1. If importing PDF, Word, or Excel, get source file as
accessible as possible first (e.g. tagged PDF) … then check
tool tips, custom screen reader text, and reading order.
2. Only save “Dynamic XML” (aka XFA, as opposed to “static”)
if you need dynamic (not just interactive), as resulting PDF
harder to test, fix (no tags!), use (Adobe Reader 7+ only).
3. File> Form Properties> Save Options> PDF area> Generate
Accessibility Information (Tags) For Acrobat checked (note:
dynamic get MSAA instead of tags)
…leaving only an Action Wizard to run in Acrobat Pro:
1. …and > Initial View> Show Document Title
2. run Accessibility> Full Check (not possible if Dynamic XFA)
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WCAG 2.0 principles
1 of 4. Perceivable
Principle 1: Perceivable… Information and user interface
components must be presentable to users in ways they
can perceive. (guidelines 1.1-1.4)
1.1 text alternatives
1.2 time-based media
1.3 adaptable
1.4 distinguishable
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“Info and relationships”
WCAG2 1.3.1 ≈508(d,g,h,k,n)
“Information, structure, and relationships conveyed through presentation
can be programmatically determined or are available in text.”
" Tables (grids)
" Markup
" Typography structure: quotes, strong, em, capitals,
subscripts…
" Lists: ordered, unordered
" Page structure: headings (H1 to H6, …), body, regions
" Page numbers (for documents)
A
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Info and relationships: table design
Choice of soup Choice of sandwich Choice of dessert
Vegetarian Vegetarian Chocolate
French Onion Roast Beast Pumpkin Pie
Chicken Turkey Mousse
Choice of soup Vegetarian French Onion Chicken
Choice of sandwich Vegetarian Roast Beast Turkey
Choice of dessert Chocolate Pumpkin Pie Mousse
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" think about linearization
" have no empty cells (insert a non-breaking space at
minimum …or something meaningful is even better)
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Info and relationships: tables
" avoid using tables for layout (if you do, then you must:
" make sure content makes sense when linearized (easiest in a
simple grid)
" exclude elements that imply a data table: <th> and <summary>
" add an ARIA “presentation” role)
" avoid complexity within tables where feasible (for example, avoid
spanned cells)
" avoid blank cells
" avoid absolute sizing of columns: instead use relative values such
as percentage
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Info and relationships: tables vs. lists
" use a list instead of a table for simple data (tip: ask
yourself if you would use a spreadsheet or not)
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Info and relationships: HTML data tables
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1. start with an optional heading or CAPTION (use CSS
to make it your choice of visible or invisible) of a
sentence describing the table’s purpose (e.g. “Table
that categorizes cats. Navigate on row headings to
choose the species, then on column headings to find
the breed and size.”)
2. identify every row as <tr>
3. identify every cell as either <th> (header) or <td>
(data)
4. designate every <th> as either scope=row or
scope=col (column)…
Tip: you can add a terse abbr tag in header cells, to
shorten read-out-loud time
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Data tables in Word
1. use Insert Table command (not Draw Table!)
2. highlight header row, Table Tools> Design> check Header Row
checkbox
3. Table Tools> Layout> Repeat Header Rows (if 2007: instead
Table Properties> Row> Repeat As Header Row At The Top Of
Each Page)
4. you can avoid having to do further work in the resulting PDF by
using only one header row and no merged cells
5. use Insert Caption to add a “Title”
6. 2010/2013/2016: Table Properties> Alt Text> Description (e.g.
“Table that categorizes cats. Navigate on row headings to
select species then on column headings to select breed and
size.”)
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Data tables in PowerPoint, Excel
Microsoft Word: i
Table Tools> Design> Header Row
checked (and if 2010/2013/2016: Table
Properties> Alt Text> Description (e.g.
“Table that categorizes cats by temperament
and whisker length”)
Page Setup> Sheet tab> Rows To Repeat
At Top to indicate mark top row as header
row
InDesign: h
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Data tables in InDesign
1. in a text box, Table> Insert Table.
2. Use Table> Convert Rows
submenu to change a given row
to header, body, or footer as
needed (so that when you export
to PDF, they will already be
correct)
3. Plan to add a summary (which will
be invisible) to each data table,
using Acrobat Pro.
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Data tables in PDF
To fix data tables too complex to be taken care of in the source
document, choose Tags> Properties> Type: change Table Data Cell to
Table Header Cell …also use Table Inspector or the TouchUp Reading
Order’s Table Editor to fix specific complex cells (tip: right-click in Table
Editor> Table Editor Options: turn on Show Cell Type).
use Insert Table to ensure form data tables automatically get <TH>
and <TD>. Tip: you can’t achieve <TH> in data rows in LiveCycle
Designer, so instead you would tag them as <TH> using Acrobat Pro.
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“Use of colour”
WCAG2 1.4.1 ≈508(c)
Colour cannot be the sole method of
conveying content or differentiation.
Colour alone is never used to
distinguish links (unless the contrast
ratio to surrounding text is at least
3:1, AND an additional
differentiation exists …for instance,
underlining… when the link is
hovered or receives focus).
Whether user has a colour deficit
or using technology that doesn’t
show colour, don’t rely on colour as
the only cue, only as reinforcement.
A
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“Contrast (minimum)”
WCAG2 1.4.3 ≈508(c)
Foreground/background colour combinations in active text (and images
of text that are not branding) have a contrast ratio to what is next to it
(such as a background, outline, or a halo) of at least 4.5:1
…or 3:1 for 18+ point (1.5+ em) … or bold text 14+ point (1.2+ em).
AA
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Contrast minimum … quantified
AA Contrast ratio minimum: 4.5:1
(3:1 for 18+ pt. or 14+ pt. bold)
Test all files with Colour Contrast
Analyser’s luminosity algorithm, on
Windows or MacOS.
Android: run TeamViewer QuickSupport
app on a Samsung tablet … or send
screen shots
iOS: use iOS Simulator with Colour
Contrast Analyser … or send screen shots
Windows: use Colour Contrast Analyser
native
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Contrast minimum: PowerPoint
If expecting high contrast or
black and white viewing or
printing of a PowerPoint file, add
Grayscale and Black And White
alternative styles:
1. View>Slide Master> select first
master, select all objects, View>
Grayscale, Grayscale>
Grayscale (or Light Grayscale or
whichever you prefer)
2. Test: choose File>Print, flip
through slides in preview
3. Print in Grayscale mode (to PDF
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Contrast minimum: PDF reader rescue
If it’s unrealistic for you to fix the color in a PDF, then advise your
audience to use Adobe Reader or Acrobat’s user preference to show
high-contrast colors on screen:
" choose Edit> Preferences> (in Mac OS: Acrobat> Preferences),
Accessibility> check Replace Document Colors, select Use High-
Contrast Colors radio button, then choose a foreground/background
combination you prefer from the pop-up menu.
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… and the rest of WCAG 2.0 …without tradeoffs!
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90. Don’t just do good sites … do good!
Contact us for accessibility workshops,
webinars, audits, remediation, and certification:
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91. Learn more: learning guides,
coaching, on-site courses
“The New Standard on Web Accessibility”
“Accessible PDF by Design”
“Accessible Virtual Classrooms”
“Accessible Distance Learning”
“Perfecting Your Web Branding Strategy 2.0”
Available for $97 each from
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Learning guides: davidberman.com/store
Blog: davidberman.com/blog
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