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Accessibility for virtual learning
@davidberman @3play
3Play Media presents
Demystifying WCAG 2.0:
An Intro to Web, Office,
InDesign, & PDF Accessibility
by David Berman, R.G.D, FGDC
June 17, 2015
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Expert Speaker
David Berman, R.G.D., FGDC
Topics (available publicly or at your location)
"  Perfecting Your Web Strategy 2.0
"  Accessible documents, Web, mobile, eLearning, virtual classrooms
"  Management of Web Projects + Accessible Documents
"  Effective Web Interface Design
Links and books:
http://www.davidberman.com/accessibility#resources
facebook: David Berman
linkedin.com/in/bermandavid
twitter.com/davidberman
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Click2Speak
Gal Sont: unstoppable
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Gazespeaker
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The Rolling Rabbi: unstoppable
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WHY SHOULD WE CARE?
“Everyone deserves the opportunity
to fulfill their potential.”
| David C. Onley, Lieutenant Governor of Ontario
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5 reasons to care about accessibility
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2015: legal expectations are shifting
Defendants to lawsuits brought
against them recently:
America Online
Bank of America
BMI
Connecticut Attorney General
Government of Canada
Netflix
Penn State University
Priceline
Ramada
Southwest Airlines
Target
United Airlines
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Leadership: Ontario, Canada
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Leadership: Ontario, Canada
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Leadership: Canada
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July 1, 2011: Ontario leaps ahead
Ontario’s precise Integrated
Accessibility Standards Regulation
191/11 (IASR) kicks in, objectifying the
2005 Accessibility for Ontarians With
Disabilities Act (AODA):
"  Information and Communications
Standards
"  Employment Standards
"  Transportation Standards
"  Design of Public Spaces Standards (regulation
413/12)
“making the province accessible for everyone by 2025”
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Jan 1 2014: Ontario deadlines took hold
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July 1, 2014: Norway takes a lead
Norway’s Anti-Discrimination and
Accessibility Act, Section 14
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1876: an American improves learning for the deaf
patent 174,465
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1938: hearing aid innovation
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1947: Bell Labs + quantum physics
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1953: $25,000 …“1 person, 1 radio”
Akio Morita
triggers the
revolution in
commercial
radio.
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Online accessibility: it’s never been easier
"  Our world has never been so
accessible
"  By helping build a more accessible
Web, you are part of the largest
liberation in human history
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DIFFICULTIES AND TECHNOLOGIES:
AVOIDING TRADEOFFS
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Kinds of disabilities and online challenges
EXAMPLES
1.  Permanent face blindness since birth
2.  Episodic cast, driving, eye drops, tipsy, flu, PTSD,
smoke-filled room, noisy place, pregnant, distance
3.  Acquired ageing-related
4.  Societal left-handedness
Impairments
"  Visual…
"  Dexterity (mobility)…
"  Hearing…
"  Language and speech…
"  Cognitive…
"  Social…
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Visual difficulties
Conditions:
"  Low or constrained vision
"  Colorblindness
"  Blindness
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Dexterity/mobility difficulties
"  Loss of limb
"  Risk or loss of feeling or control
"  Limited reach, strength, manipulation
"  Arms full, hand in a cast, pain
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Hearing difficulties
From slight hearing loss
to complete deafness
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Language and speech difficulties
"  Aphasia
"  Delayed speech
"  Lack of knowledge/skills (e.g. illiteracy)
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Cognitive and learning difficulties
"  Dyslexia, dysgraphia, distraction, ADD, ADHD
"  Developmental disabilities
"  Being a search engine rather than a human!
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Cognitive and learning difficulties: dyslexia
Dyslexia
db
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Assistive technologies
In a world that assumes all faculties are
available, swapping and extending senses is
the creative response…
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Instead of reading small… magnify
"  Magnifier software (e.g. ZoomText)
"  Large print software
"  Large print keyboard
"  Text size commands
"  Pinch-zoom touch interfaces
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Instead of seeing unclearly… enhance
eSight Corporation’s computerized glasses reconfigures
high-definition camera images to two LED screens
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Instead of mousing… point nose and blink!
NRC’s Nouse scans head
movements and eye blinks
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Instead of swiping and scrolling… move your eyes
Tobii EyeMobile uses gaze alone with every Windows app
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Instead of typing… talk
"  Voice recognition commands the device
through voice (for example, Dragon
Naturally Speaking, Siri, Google Now)
"  …or augment challenged typing by
hearing what you have just typed
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Instead of typing… click, sip, puff, tap
"  Alternative keyboards, input devices
"  Software can assist typed input
through anticipation and filtering
"  Scalable objects help too
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Instead of reading… feel
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Dynamic braille displays raise or lower
dot patterns on command … typically
12 to 80 cells.
Braille embossers print braille.
⠠⠙⠁⠧⠊⠙⠀⠠⠃⠑⠗⠍⠁⠝
⠠⠉⠕⠍⠍⠥⠝⠊⠉⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎
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The ideal accessible digital world
Usable by everyone
on any user agent (e.g. browser, app, PDF/eBook reader)
on any kind of device
with any kind of connection
in any kind of environment
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1.  process orientation
2.  strategy
3.  technical discovery
4.  content outline
5.  information architecture design
6.  estimating (project planning)
7.  graphic design
8.  production (programming, testing, maintenance)
9.  evaluation
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Roadmap for accessible publishing
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Common Standards
“guidelines”, “recommendations”, “requirements”,
“success criteria”, “WCAG”, “CLF”, “AODA”, “IASR”,
“Section 508”, “W3C”, “PDF/UA”, oh my!
“ It felt like I was being forced to learn a
whole new language from someone who
was deliberately trying to confuse me…”
| Govt. employee, on WCAG 2.0
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WCAG 2.0 success criteria
W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) publishes
WCAG 2.0 (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines)
… can inoculate us against future change.
#
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WCAG 2.0 “conformance levels”
(published 2008, ratified 2010)
NOTHING LEVEL A LEVEL AA LEVEL AAA
Worst ! " Best
"  Without level A: some people will find it impossible
"  Without level AA: some people will find it difficult
"  Without level AAA: some people will miss full impact
For your site to be Level AA compliant,
you must meet all 25 Level A and 13 Level AA standards.
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WCAG 2.0 as a legal standard is trending globally
Canada govt. CLF 2.0 Part 2 WCAG 1.0 2001
Canada govt. Standard on Web Accessibility WCAG 2.0 AA 2011
Ont. govt.+biz AODA IASR WCAG 2.0 A/AA 2012-2021
Quebec govt. SGQRI 008 ~WCAG 2.0 2011
Manitoba govt. Website Standards WCAG 1.0 2005
USA, NY govt. Section 508 WCAG 1.0 partial current
USA govt. Section 508 refresh WCAG 2.0 AA 2015
Illinois govt. IITAA ~WCAG 2.0 AA ~2015
Australia govt.+biz IPS/NTS WCAG 2.0 A/AA* 2012-2014
EU govt. Mandate M 376 WCAG 2.0 ???
France govt. RGAA 2.2.1 ~WCAG 2.0 2011
Germany govt. BITV 2 ~WCAG 2.0 2011
New Zealand govt. NZGWS 2.0 WCAG 2.0 2011
Norway UU WCAG 2.0 AA 2014
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U.S. Government “Section 508”
Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 called for
standards.
Triggered by a Congressional amendment in 1998, Section
508 Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility
Standards, includes “Part 1194.22: Web-based Intranet
and Internet Information and Applications”, which includes
16 standards named (a) through (p), issued December
2000.
The Section 508 Refresh: a second draft of the “new
Section 508” was released for public comment in 2011.
The refresh will replace the 16 Section 508 rules with
WCAG 2.0 Level AA.
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U.S. Section 508 covered by WCAG
508 WCAG 1 WCAG 2
a 1.1 1.1
b 1.4 1.2
c 2.1 1.4
d 6.1
1.3, 1.4,
2.1
e 1.2 2.1
f 9.1 1.1
g 5.1 1.3
h 5.2 1.3
508 WCAG 1 WCAG 2
i 12.1 2.4
j 11.4 2.3
k * 1.3
l * 2.1, 4.1
m * 2.4
n 5.1-5.4
1.3, 2.1,
3.2, 3.3
o * 2.4
p 7.3 2.2
* in the spirit of WCAG 1.0
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AODA:
Ontario’s accessibility legislation
Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (2005)
pertains to both government and private sector
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AODA Accessibility Standard
for Information and Communications
Government of Ontario, Legislative Assembly:
Jan 1 2012: content posted 2012+ to new* internet, intranet sites: AA with 2 exclusions
Jan 1 2016: content posted 2012+ to all internet sites: AA with 2 exclusions
Jan 1 2020: content posted 2012+ to all internet, intranet sites: AA
Designated public sector organizations**, organizations with 50+ employees:
Jan 1 2014: content posted 2012+ AND on new internet sites: A
Jan 1 2021: content posted 2012+ on all internet sites: AA with 2 exclusions
*“new” means a site with a new domain name (including subdomains) or where over 50%
of the content is being changed, rewritten, reorganized, redesigned, or re-managed
**“designated public sector” includes all municipalities, hospitals, boards (e.g. district
school boards), colleges, universities, public transportation organizations, commissions,
authorities, and agencies
There are additional deadlines for educational training resources and materials, that apply
to education/training institutions and libraries.
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WCAG 2.0 principles
(25 Level A, 13 Level AA, 23 Level AAA)
Principle 1: Perceivable… Information and interface must be
presentable to users in ways they can perceive. (guidelines 1.1-1.4)
Principle 2: Operable… User interface components and navigation
must be operable. (guidelines 2.1-2.4)
Principle 3: Understandable… Information and the operation of
user interface must be understandable (guidelines 3.1-3.3)
Principle 4: Robust… Content must be robust enough to be
interpreted reliably by a wide variety of user agents, including
assistive technologies. (guideline 4.1)
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September 2013: WCAG 2.0 for Non-Web ICT
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“Each PDF page is a painting”...
– Duff Johnson, chair of PDF/UA committee
How do we get to a workflow and quality regimen that adds
accessibility WCAG 2.0 ideal (machine-readable) to the PDF’s long-
held position as the world’s preferred portable, stable, and trustable
document format for eyes to read?
The Lady of Shalott by JW Waterhouse (1849-1917)
“Camelot?
picture darned faithful?”
“Camelot” by John Warnock, 1991
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PDF/UA
PDF/UA: the PDF specification exclusively for universal access is an
ISO standard (ISO 14289)
Acrobat Pro X Accessibility Checker focusses on the WCAG 2.0 rules.
Acrobat Pro XI and DC Accessibility Checker focusses on PDF/UA.
The Matterhorn Protocol: 31 checkpoints (seeking 136 potential
failures… 89 of which are software detectable and 45 requiring human
judgment)
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Tagged PDF
View> Show/Hide> Navigation Panes> Tags
Acrobat Pro tagging tips (X, XI, or DC):
"  turn on Tags pane > Highlight Content (and also use
its companion, the Find Tag From Selection command)
"  Accessibility> Add Tags To Document
Construct HTML/XHTML PDF tag (case sensitive!)
Heading <h1> to <h6> <H1> to <H6> (and beyond!)
Paragraph <p> <P>
List <ul>, <ol> <List>, <L>, <Lbl>, <Lbody>
Table, table cells <table>, <th, <tr>,
<td>
<Table>, <TH>, <TR>, <TD>
Images <img> <Figure>, Artifact
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Accessible PDF graphically rich
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Accessible PDF:
fillable, submittable, and dynamic layouts
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Sustainable PDF: go to the source {samples of their
InDesign source files and their dynamic PDF}
Build accessibility into the files (and templates) that
tagged PDF originate from, so you’ll automatically…
1.  get accessibility in current (and future) exports to PDF
2.  avoid repeating repairs in future version of document
3.  enjoy the benefits of accessibility earlier
(inclusiveness, search)
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Sustainable PDF: typical sources
Microsoft Word | 2010 (or 2013/2016 Windows) preferred
Microsoft PowerPoint | 2010 (or 2013/2016 Windows) preferred
Microsoft Excel | 2010 (or 2013/2016 Windows) preferred
Adobe InDesign | CS5.5, CS6, or CC preferred
Adobe LiveCycle Designer | 8.2/ES SP1, 9/ES2, 10/ES3, ES4
(version ES2 included in Acrobat Pro 9 and X … none in XI or DC)
Adobe Acrobat Pro | X, XI or DC preferred
HTML (incl. converters such as EVO HTML to PDF Converter)
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Microsoft Office to PDF workflow
Office 2000-2003, 2007: either Acrobat or Microsoft PDF add-in
Office 2010/2013/2016: 32-bit alone, or 32-bit with Acrobat X,
XI, or DC add-in (on 32-bit or 64-bit Windows)
1.  In Office 2010/2013/2016, File> Info> Check For Issues> Check Accessibility
… fix any errors, consider any warnings
2.  Acrobat ribbon> Preferences> Settings tab:
a.  check Enable Accessibility And Reflow With Tagged PDF
b.  check Enable Advanced Tagging (in Word 2010, this setting is on the Word tab)
c.  Advanced Settings button> Fonts section>
i.  Check + set Subset Embedded Fonts When Percent... = 1%
ii.  empty the Never Embed list
3.  Acrobat ribbon> Create PDF
4.  Acrobat Pro> Tools> Action Wizard> Make Accessible Wizard> “Set Open Options” and
“Set Tab Order Property”
5.  For PDF/UA compliance (or a more accessible file), add a Document tag as the root
element above Sect, fix remaining issues flip the PDF/UA identifier (using Acrobat Pro)
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Berman Accessibility Ribbon for Word
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Testers welcome:
davidberman.com/ribbon
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PowerPoint to PDF workflow
1.  Get your master slides perfect first (or use an
accessible PowerPoint as your template) for reading
order and alternative text (see notes section of this
page for David’s recipe).
2.  Run Office 2010/2013/2016 Windows Accessibility
Checker: File> Info> Prepare For Sharing> Check
Accessibility … errors, warnings, tips
3.  Export to PDF (File> Save & Send (Export in
2013/2016)> Create PDF/XPS button> Options>
uncheck Bitmap…, check Accessibility)
4.  Test with Acrobat Pro Full Accessibility Checker
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Adobe InDesign to PDF workflow
In InDesign CS5.5/CS6/CC (which includes PDF tags subset):
1.  add alt text/figures to images (use Object> Object Export Options)
2.  add tags to styles (use Paragraph Styles> Export Tagging)
3.  anchor images in the text flow
4.  use the Articles panel to define content order
5.  use Bookmarks, TOC, Hyperlinks, cross-references as needed
6.  add Document Title to File Info
7.  export CS5.5: PDF Interactive, Buttons and Media = Include All, check Create Tagged PDF
CS6/CC: PDF Interactive, Forms And Media = Include All, check Create Tagged PDF, check Use Structure For Tab Order
…leaving only an Action Wizard to run in Acrobat Pro that…
1. Pages pane> all> Page Properties> Tab Order=Use Document Structure
2. File> Properties> Advanced> Language
3. File> Properties> Initial View> Show Document Title
4. run Accessibility> Full Check
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Adobe InDesign to PDF export
InDesign CS5.5
1.  File> Export> Save As Type=“Adobe PDF (Interactive)”,
Buttons and Media = Include All, check Create Tagged
PDF
InDesign CS6/CC
If your document contains forms, buttons, audio, video, or
animation, do this: File> Export> Save As Type=“Adobe PDF
(Interactive)”, Forms And Media = Include All, check Create
Tagged PDF, check Use Structure For Tab Order
OTHERWISE… (why? because this provides many more settings unrelated to accessibility, and
still offers bookmarks and/or hyperlinks if you want them. The tradeoff is only that you will lose the
functionality (though optionally not the appearance) of any interactive elements)
File> Export> Save As Type=“Adobe PDF (Print)”, check
Create Tagged PDF, check Bookmarks, check Hyperlinks, with
Advanced> Subset Fonts When Percent Of Characters Used Is
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Adobe Illustrator to PDF workflow
In Adobe Illustrator:
There is no alternative text or other such structures, however…
1.  group items into objects that would deserve to be one figure
2.  File> File Info> Document Title
3.  File> Save As> Save As Type=Adobe PDF, select Save
1.  set Adobe Preset = High Quality Print
2.  set Advanced>Subset Fonts When Percent of Characters
Used Is Less Than = 0%
3.  choose the Save PDF button
…and then do everything else in Acrobat Pro:
1. Pages pane> all> Page Properties> Tab Order=Use Doc. Structure
2. File> Properties> Advanced> Language
3.  …and > Initial View> Show Document Title
4. run Accessibility> Full Check
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Adobe LiveCycle Designer to PDF workflow
In LiveCycle Designer:
1.  If importing PDF, Word, or Excel, get source file as
accessible as possible first (e.g. tagged PDF) … then check
tool tips, custom screen reader text, and reading order.
2.  Only save “Dynamic XML” (aka XFA, as opposed to “static”)
if you need dynamic (not just interactive), as resulting PDF
harder to test, fix (no tags!), use (Adobe Reader 7+ only).
3.  File> Form Properties> Save Options> PDF area> Generate
Accessibility Information (Tags) For Acrobat checked (note:
dynamic get MSAA instead of tags)
…leaving only an Action Wizard to run in Acrobat Pro:
1. …and > Initial View> Show Document Title
2. run Accessibility> Full Check (not possible if Dynamic XFA)
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WCAG 2.0 principles
1 of 4. Perceivable
Principle 1: Perceivable… Information and user interface
components must be presentable to users in ways they
can perceive. (guidelines 1.1-1.4)
1.1 text alternatives
1.2 time-based media
1.3 adaptable
1.4 distinguishable
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“Info and relationships”
WCAG2 1.3.1 ≈508(d,g,h,k,n)
“Information, structure, and relationships conveyed through presentation
can be programmatically determined or are available in text.”
"  Tables (grids)
"  Markup
"  Typography structure: quotes, strong, em, capitals,
subscripts…
"  Lists: ordered, unordered
"  Page structure: headings (H1 to H6, …), body, regions
"  Page numbers (for documents)
A
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Info and relationships: table design
Choice of soup Choice of sandwich Choice of dessert
Vegetarian Vegetarian Chocolate
French Onion Roast Beast Pumpkin Pie
Chicken Turkey Mousse
Choice of soup Vegetarian French Onion Chicken
Choice of sandwich Vegetarian Roast Beast Turkey
Choice of dessert Chocolate Pumpkin Pie Mousse
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"  think about linearization
"  have no empty cells (insert a non-breaking space at
minimum …or something meaningful is even better)
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Info and relationships: tables
"  avoid using tables for layout (if you do, then you must:
"  make sure content makes sense when linearized (easiest in a
simple grid)
"  exclude elements that imply a data table: <th> and <summary>
"  add an ARIA “presentation” role)
"  avoid complexity within tables where feasible (for example, avoid
spanned cells)
"  avoid blank cells
"  avoid absolute sizing of columns: instead use relative values such
as percentage
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Info and relationships: tables vs. lists
"  use a list instead of a table for simple data (tip: ask
yourself if you would use a spreadsheet or not)
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Info and relationships: HTML data tables
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1. start with an optional heading or CAPTION (use CSS
to make it your choice of visible or invisible) of a
sentence describing the table’s purpose (e.g. “Table
that categorizes cats. Navigate on row headings to
choose the species, then on column headings to find
the breed and size.”)
2. identify every row as <tr>
3. identify every cell as either <th> (header) or <td>
(data)
4. designate every <th> as either scope=row or
scope=col (column)…
Tip: you can add a terse abbr tag in header cells, to
shorten read-out-loud time
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Data tables in Word 
1.  use Insert Table command (not Draw Table!)
2.  highlight header row, Table Tools> Design> check Header Row
checkbox
3.  Table Tools> Layout> Repeat Header Rows (if 2007: instead
Table Properties> Row> Repeat As Header Row At The Top Of
Each Page)
4.  you can avoid having to do further work in the resulting PDF by
using only one header row and no merged cells
5.  use Insert Caption to add a “Title”
6.  2010/2013/2016: Table Properties> Alt Text> Description (e.g.
“Table that categorizes cats. Navigate on row headings to
select species then on column headings to select breed and
size.”)
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Data tables in PowerPoint, Excel
Microsoft Word: i
Table Tools> Design> Header Row
checked (and if 2010/2013/2016: Table
Properties> Alt Text> Description (e.g.
“Table that categorizes cats by temperament
and whisker length”)
Page Setup> Sheet tab> Rows To Repeat
At Top to indicate mark top row as header
row
InDesign: h
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Data tables in InDesign
1.  in a text box, Table> Insert Table.
2.  Use Table> Convert Rows
submenu to change a given row
to header, body, or footer as
needed (so that when you export
to PDF, they will already be
correct)
3.  Plan to add a summary (which will
be invisible) to each data table,
using Acrobat Pro.
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Data tables in PDF
To fix data tables too complex to be taken care of in the source
document, choose Tags> Properties> Type: change Table Data Cell to
Table Header Cell …also use Table Inspector or the TouchUp Reading
Order’s Table Editor to fix specific complex cells (tip: right-click in Table
Editor> Table Editor Options: turn on Show Cell Type).
use Insert Table to ensure form data tables automatically get <TH>
and <TD>. Tip: you can’t achieve <TH> in data rows in LiveCycle
Designer, so instead you would tag them as <TH> using Acrobat Pro.
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colorblind = life + death70
colorblind = life + death
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color + shape + how many
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color + shape + how many
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“Use of colour”
WCAG2 1.4.1 ≈508(c)
Colour cannot be the sole method of
conveying content or differentiation.
Colour alone is never used to
distinguish links (unless the contrast
ratio to surrounding text is at least
3:1, AND an additional
differentiation exists …for instance,
underlining… when the link is
hovered or receives focus).
Whether user has a colour deficit
or using technology that doesn’t
show colour, don’t rely on colour as
the only cue, only as reinforcement.
A
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Avoid using colour as a primary cue
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Avoid using colour as the only cue
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Avoid colour solely providing meaning
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“Contrast (minimum)”
WCAG2 1.4.3 ≈508(c)
Foreground/background colour combinations in active text (and images
of text that are not branding) have a contrast ratio to what is next to it
(such as a background, outline, or a halo) of at least 4.5:1
…or 3:1 for 18+ point (1.5+ em) … or bold text 14+ point (1.2+ em).
AA
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Avoid poor colour contrast
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Avoid poor colour contrast printed
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Contrast exploration:
aDesigner’s Low Vision Simulation
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Contrast minimum … quantified
AA Contrast ratio minimum: 4.5:1
(3:1 for 18+ pt. or 14+ pt. bold)
Test all files with Colour Contrast
Analyser’s luminosity algorithm, on
Windows or MacOS.
Android: run TeamViewer QuickSupport
app on a Samsung tablet … or send
screen shots
iOS: use iOS Simulator with Colour
Contrast Analyser … or send screen shots
Windows: use Colour Contrast Analyser
native
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Contrast (and size) controls
Consider offering persistent contrast controls and size controls.
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Contrast minimum: PowerPoint
If expecting high contrast or
black and white viewing or
printing of a PowerPoint file, add
Grayscale and Black And White
alternative styles:
1.  View>Slide Master> select first
master, select all objects, View>
Grayscale, Grayscale>
Grayscale (or Light Grayscale or
whichever you prefer)
2.  Test: choose File>Print, flip
through slides in preview
3.  Print in Grayscale mode (to PDF
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Contrast minimum: PDF reader rescue
If it’s unrealistic for you to fix the color in a PDF, then advise your
audience to use Adobe Reader or Acrobat’s user preference to show
high-contrast colors on screen:
"  choose Edit> Preferences> (in Mac OS: Acrobat> Preferences),
Accessibility> check Replace Document Colors, select Use High-
Contrast Colors radio button, then choose a foreground/background
combination you prefer from the pop-up menu.
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… and the rest of WCAG 2.0 …without tradeoffs!
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Testing, auditing, reporting investment
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Global thinking, starting at home.
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June 29 2015, Toronto
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Don’t just do good sites … do good!
Contact us for accessibility workshops,
webinars, audits, remediation, and certification:
wcag2.com
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Upcoming events:
"  New Standard On Web Accessibility course | Toronto or online | June 29
2015
"  Accessibility and Social Justice | Dublin, Ireland | September 19 2015
"  New Standard On Web Accessibility course | Ottawa | October 2 2015
"  New Standard on Web Accessibility course | Vancouver, Victoria | November
2015
"  More: davidberman.com/courses/schedule
Need to reach me?
berman@davidberman.com / +1-613-728-6777
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SOURCES/CREDITS: Sources for quotes,
statistics, images available on request.
Some material reproduced with
permission. © 2001-2015 David
Berman. All rights reserved. No
reproduction, in whole or part, without
written permission. Many Images
courtesy of Shutterstock. Full
Intellectual property credits, sources
and available upon request or in the full
event or the full learning guide for the
full-day version of this event. E&OE
Demystifying WCAG 2.0: An Intro to Web, Office, InDesign, & PDF Accessibility

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Demystifying WCAG 2.0: An Intro to Web, Office, InDesign, & PDF Accessibility

  • 1.
  • 2. Accessibility for virtual learning @davidberman @3play 3Play Media presents Demystifying WCAG 2.0: An Intro to Web, Office, InDesign, & PDF Accessibility by David Berman, R.G.D, FGDC June 17, 2015
  • 3. 3 Expert Speaker David Berman, R.G.D., FGDC Topics (available publicly or at your location) "  Perfecting Your Web Strategy 2.0 "  Accessible documents, Web, mobile, eLearning, virtual classrooms "  Management of Web Projects + Accessible Documents "  Effective Web Interface Design Links and books: http://www.davidberman.com/accessibility#resources facebook: David Berman linkedin.com/in/bermandavid twitter.com/davidberman davidberman.com
  • 6. 6 WHY SHOULD WE CARE? “Everyone deserves the opportunity to fulfill their potential.” | David C. Onley, Lieutenant Governor of Ontario davidberman.com
  • 7. 7 5 reasons to care about accessibility davidberman.com
  • 8. 8 2015: legal expectations are shifting Defendants to lawsuits brought against them recently: America Online Bank of America BMI Connecticut Attorney General Government of Canada Netflix Penn State University Priceline Ramada Southwest Airlines Target United Airlines davidberman.com
  • 12. 12 July 1, 2011: Ontario leaps ahead Ontario’s precise Integrated Accessibility Standards Regulation 191/11 (IASR) kicks in, objectifying the 2005 Accessibility for Ontarians With Disabilities Act (AODA): "  Information and Communications Standards "  Employment Standards "  Transportation Standards "  Design of Public Spaces Standards (regulation 413/12) “making the province accessible for everyone by 2025” davidberman.com Jan 1 2014: Ontario deadlines took hold
  • 13. 13 July 1, 2014: Norway takes a lead Norway’s Anti-Discrimination and Accessibility Act, Section 14 davidberman.com
  • 14. 14 1876: an American improves learning for the deaf patent 174,465 davidberman.com 1938: hearing aid innovation
  • 15. 15 1947: Bell Labs + quantum physics davidberman.com
  • 16. 16 1953: $25,000 …“1 person, 1 radio” Akio Morita triggers the revolution in commercial radio. davidberman.com
  • 17. 17 Online accessibility: it’s never been easier "  Our world has never been so accessible "  By helping build a more accessible Web, you are part of the largest liberation in human history davidberman.com
  • 18. 18 DIFFICULTIES AND TECHNOLOGIES: AVOIDING TRADEOFFS davidberman.com
  • 19. 19 Kinds of disabilities and online challenges EXAMPLES 1.  Permanent face blindness since birth 2.  Episodic cast, driving, eye drops, tipsy, flu, PTSD, smoke-filled room, noisy place, pregnant, distance 3.  Acquired ageing-related 4.  Societal left-handedness Impairments "  Visual… "  Dexterity (mobility)… "  Hearing… "  Language and speech… "  Cognitive… "  Social… davidberman.com
  • 20. 20 Visual difficulties Conditions: "  Low or constrained vision "  Colorblindness "  Blindness davidberman.com
  • 21. Dexterity/mobility difficulties "  Loss of limb "  Risk or loss of feeling or control "  Limited reach, strength, manipulation "  Arms full, hand in a cast, pain davidberman.com 20
  • 22. 22 Hearing difficulties From slight hearing loss to complete deafness davidberman.com
  • 23. 23 Language and speech difficulties "  Aphasia "  Delayed speech "  Lack of knowledge/skills (e.g. illiteracy) davidberman.com
  • 24. 24 Cognitive and learning difficulties "  Dyslexia, dysgraphia, distraction, ADD, ADHD "  Developmental disabilities "  Being a search engine rather than a human! davidberman.com
  • 25. 25 Cognitive and learning difficulties: dyslexia Dyslexia db davidberman.com
  • 26. Assistive technologies In a world that assumes all faculties are available, swapping and extending senses is the creative response… davidberman.com
  • 27. 27 Instead of reading small… magnify "  Magnifier software (e.g. ZoomText) "  Large print software "  Large print keyboard "  Text size commands "  Pinch-zoom touch interfaces davidberman.com
  • 28. 28 davidberman.com Instead of seeing unclearly… enhance eSight Corporation’s computerized glasses reconfigures high-definition camera images to two LED screens
  • 29. 29 Instead of mousing… point nose and blink! NRC’s Nouse scans head movements and eye blinks davidberman.com
  • 30. 30 Instead of swiping and scrolling… move your eyes Tobii EyeMobile uses gaze alone with every Windows app davidberman.com
  • 31. 31 Instead of typing… talk "  Voice recognition commands the device through voice (for example, Dragon Naturally Speaking, Siri, Google Now) "  …or augment challenged typing by hearing what you have just typed davidberman.com
  • 32. 32 Instead of typing… click, sip, puff, tap "  Alternative keyboards, input devices "  Software can assist typed input through anticipation and filtering "  Scalable objects help too davidberman.com
  • 33. 33 Instead of reading… feel davidberman.com Dynamic braille displays raise or lower dot patterns on command … typically 12 to 80 cells. Braille embossers print braille. ⠠⠙⠁⠧⠊⠙⠀⠠⠃⠑⠗⠍⠁⠝ ⠠⠉⠕⠍⠍⠥⠝⠊⠉⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎
  • 34. 34 The ideal accessible digital world Usable by everyone on any user agent (e.g. browser, app, PDF/eBook reader) on any kind of device with any kind of connection in any kind of environment davidberman.com
  • 35. 1.  process orientation 2.  strategy 3.  technical discovery 4.  content outline 5.  information architecture design 6.  estimating (project planning) 7.  graphic design 8.  production (programming, testing, maintenance) 9.  evaluation 35 Roadmap for accessible publishing davidberman.com
  • 36. 36 Common Standards “guidelines”, “recommendations”, “requirements”, “success criteria”, “WCAG”, “CLF”, “AODA”, “IASR”, “Section 508”, “W3C”, “PDF/UA”, oh my! “ It felt like I was being forced to learn a whole new language from someone who was deliberately trying to confuse me…” | Govt. employee, on WCAG 2.0 davidberman.com
  • 37. 37 WCAG 2.0 success criteria W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) publishes WCAG 2.0 (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) … can inoculate us against future change. # davidberman.com
  • 38. 38 WCAG 2.0 “conformance levels” (published 2008, ratified 2010) NOTHING LEVEL A LEVEL AA LEVEL AAA Worst ! " Best "  Without level A: some people will find it impossible "  Without level AA: some people will find it difficult "  Without level AAA: some people will miss full impact For your site to be Level AA compliant, you must meet all 25 Level A and 13 Level AA standards. davidberman.com
  • 39. 39 WCAG 2.0 as a legal standard is trending globally Canada govt. CLF 2.0 Part 2 WCAG 1.0 2001 Canada govt. Standard on Web Accessibility WCAG 2.0 AA 2011 Ont. govt.+biz AODA IASR WCAG 2.0 A/AA 2012-2021 Quebec govt. SGQRI 008 ~WCAG 2.0 2011 Manitoba govt. Website Standards WCAG 1.0 2005 USA, NY govt. Section 508 WCAG 1.0 partial current USA govt. Section 508 refresh WCAG 2.0 AA 2015 Illinois govt. IITAA ~WCAG 2.0 AA ~2015 Australia govt.+biz IPS/NTS WCAG 2.0 A/AA* 2012-2014 EU govt. Mandate M 376 WCAG 2.0 ??? France govt. RGAA 2.2.1 ~WCAG 2.0 2011 Germany govt. BITV 2 ~WCAG 2.0 2011 New Zealand govt. NZGWS 2.0 WCAG 2.0 2011 Norway UU WCAG 2.0 AA 2014 davidberman.com
  • 40. 40 U.S. Government “Section 508” Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 called for standards. Triggered by a Congressional amendment in 1998, Section 508 Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility Standards, includes “Part 1194.22: Web-based Intranet and Internet Information and Applications”, which includes 16 standards named (a) through (p), issued December 2000. The Section 508 Refresh: a second draft of the “new Section 508” was released for public comment in 2011. The refresh will replace the 16 Section 508 rules with WCAG 2.0 Level AA. davidberman.com
  • 41. 41 U.S. Section 508 covered by WCAG 508 WCAG 1 WCAG 2 a 1.1 1.1 b 1.4 1.2 c 2.1 1.4 d 6.1 1.3, 1.4, 2.1 e 1.2 2.1 f 9.1 1.1 g 5.1 1.3 h 5.2 1.3 508 WCAG 1 WCAG 2 i 12.1 2.4 j 11.4 2.3 k * 1.3 l * 2.1, 4.1 m * 2.4 n 5.1-5.4 1.3, 2.1, 3.2, 3.3 o * 2.4 p 7.3 2.2 * in the spirit of WCAG 1.0 davidberman.com
  • 42. 42 AODA: Ontario’s accessibility legislation Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (2005) pertains to both government and private sector davidberman.com
  • 43. 43 AODA Accessibility Standard for Information and Communications Government of Ontario, Legislative Assembly: Jan 1 2012: content posted 2012+ to new* internet, intranet sites: AA with 2 exclusions Jan 1 2016: content posted 2012+ to all internet sites: AA with 2 exclusions Jan 1 2020: content posted 2012+ to all internet, intranet sites: AA Designated public sector organizations**, organizations with 50+ employees: Jan 1 2014: content posted 2012+ AND on new internet sites: A Jan 1 2021: content posted 2012+ on all internet sites: AA with 2 exclusions *“new” means a site with a new domain name (including subdomains) or where over 50% of the content is being changed, rewritten, reorganized, redesigned, or re-managed **“designated public sector” includes all municipalities, hospitals, boards (e.g. district school boards), colleges, universities, public transportation organizations, commissions, authorities, and agencies There are additional deadlines for educational training resources and materials, that apply to education/training institutions and libraries. davidberman.com
  • 44. 44 WCAG 2.0 principles (25 Level A, 13 Level AA, 23 Level AAA) Principle 1: Perceivable… Information and interface must be presentable to users in ways they can perceive. (guidelines 1.1-1.4) Principle 2: Operable… User interface components and navigation must be operable. (guidelines 2.1-2.4) Principle 3: Understandable… Information and the operation of user interface must be understandable (guidelines 3.1-3.3) Principle 4: Robust… Content must be robust enough to be interpreted reliably by a wide variety of user agents, including assistive technologies. (guideline 4.1)
  • 45. 45 September 2013: WCAG 2.0 for Non-Web ICT davidberman.com
  • 46. 46 “Each PDF page is a painting”... – Duff Johnson, chair of PDF/UA committee How do we get to a workflow and quality regimen that adds accessibility WCAG 2.0 ideal (machine-readable) to the PDF’s long- held position as the world’s preferred portable, stable, and trustable document format for eyes to read? The Lady of Shalott by JW Waterhouse (1849-1917) “Camelot? picture darned faithful?” “Camelot” by John Warnock, 1991 davidberman.com
  • 47. 47 PDF/UA PDF/UA: the PDF specification exclusively for universal access is an ISO standard (ISO 14289) Acrobat Pro X Accessibility Checker focusses on the WCAG 2.0 rules. Acrobat Pro XI and DC Accessibility Checker focusses on PDF/UA. The Matterhorn Protocol: 31 checkpoints (seeking 136 potential failures… 89 of which are software detectable and 45 requiring human judgment) davidberman.com
  • 48. 48 Tagged PDF View> Show/Hide> Navigation Panes> Tags Acrobat Pro tagging tips (X, XI, or DC): "  turn on Tags pane > Highlight Content (and also use its companion, the Find Tag From Selection command) "  Accessibility> Add Tags To Document Construct HTML/XHTML PDF tag (case sensitive!) Heading <h1> to <h6> <H1> to <H6> (and beyond!) Paragraph <p> <P> List <ul>, <ol> <List>, <L>, <Lbl>, <Lbody> Table, table cells <table>, <th, <tr>, <td> <Table>, <TH>, <TR>, <TD> Images <img> <Figure>, Artifact davidberman.com
  • 49. 49 Accessible PDF graphically rich davidberman.com
  • 50. 50 Accessible PDF: fillable, submittable, and dynamic layouts davidberman.com
  • 51. 51 Sustainable PDF: go to the source {samples of their InDesign source files and their dynamic PDF} Build accessibility into the files (and templates) that tagged PDF originate from, so you’ll automatically… 1.  get accessibility in current (and future) exports to PDF 2.  avoid repeating repairs in future version of document 3.  enjoy the benefits of accessibility earlier (inclusiveness, search) davidberman.com
  • 52. 52 Sustainable PDF: typical sources Microsoft Word | 2010 (or 2013/2016 Windows) preferred Microsoft PowerPoint | 2010 (or 2013/2016 Windows) preferred Microsoft Excel | 2010 (or 2013/2016 Windows) preferred Adobe InDesign | CS5.5, CS6, or CC preferred Adobe LiveCycle Designer | 8.2/ES SP1, 9/ES2, 10/ES3, ES4 (version ES2 included in Acrobat Pro 9 and X … none in XI or DC) Adobe Acrobat Pro | X, XI or DC preferred HTML (incl. converters such as EVO HTML to PDF Converter) davidberman.com
  • 53. 53 Microsoft Office to PDF workflow Office 2000-2003, 2007: either Acrobat or Microsoft PDF add-in Office 2010/2013/2016: 32-bit alone, or 32-bit with Acrobat X, XI, or DC add-in (on 32-bit or 64-bit Windows) 1.  In Office 2010/2013/2016, File> Info> Check For Issues> Check Accessibility … fix any errors, consider any warnings 2.  Acrobat ribbon> Preferences> Settings tab: a.  check Enable Accessibility And Reflow With Tagged PDF b.  check Enable Advanced Tagging (in Word 2010, this setting is on the Word tab) c.  Advanced Settings button> Fonts section> i.  Check + set Subset Embedded Fonts When Percent... = 1% ii.  empty the Never Embed list 3.  Acrobat ribbon> Create PDF 4.  Acrobat Pro> Tools> Action Wizard> Make Accessible Wizard> “Set Open Options” and “Set Tab Order Property” 5.  For PDF/UA compliance (or a more accessible file), add a Document tag as the root element above Sect, fix remaining issues flip the PDF/UA identifier (using Acrobat Pro) davidberman.com
  • 54. Berman Accessibility Ribbon for Word davidberman.com Testers welcome: davidberman.com/ribbon 53
  • 55. 55 PowerPoint to PDF workflow 1.  Get your master slides perfect first (or use an accessible PowerPoint as your template) for reading order and alternative text (see notes section of this page for David’s recipe). 2.  Run Office 2010/2013/2016 Windows Accessibility Checker: File> Info> Prepare For Sharing> Check Accessibility … errors, warnings, tips 3.  Export to PDF (File> Save & Send (Export in 2013/2016)> Create PDF/XPS button> Options> uncheck Bitmap…, check Accessibility) 4.  Test with Acrobat Pro Full Accessibility Checker davidberman.com
  • 56. 56 Adobe InDesign to PDF workflow In InDesign CS5.5/CS6/CC (which includes PDF tags subset): 1.  add alt text/figures to images (use Object> Object Export Options) 2.  add tags to styles (use Paragraph Styles> Export Tagging) 3.  anchor images in the text flow 4.  use the Articles panel to define content order 5.  use Bookmarks, TOC, Hyperlinks, cross-references as needed 6.  add Document Title to File Info 7.  export CS5.5: PDF Interactive, Buttons and Media = Include All, check Create Tagged PDF CS6/CC: PDF Interactive, Forms And Media = Include All, check Create Tagged PDF, check Use Structure For Tab Order …leaving only an Action Wizard to run in Acrobat Pro that… 1. Pages pane> all> Page Properties> Tab Order=Use Document Structure 2. File> Properties> Advanced> Language 3. File> Properties> Initial View> Show Document Title 4. run Accessibility> Full Check davidberman.com
  • 57. 57 Adobe InDesign to PDF export InDesign CS5.5 1.  File> Export> Save As Type=“Adobe PDF (Interactive)”, Buttons and Media = Include All, check Create Tagged PDF InDesign CS6/CC If your document contains forms, buttons, audio, video, or animation, do this: File> Export> Save As Type=“Adobe PDF (Interactive)”, Forms And Media = Include All, check Create Tagged PDF, check Use Structure For Tab Order OTHERWISE… (why? because this provides many more settings unrelated to accessibility, and still offers bookmarks and/or hyperlinks if you want them. The tradeoff is only that you will lose the functionality (though optionally not the appearance) of any interactive elements) File> Export> Save As Type=“Adobe PDF (Print)”, check Create Tagged PDF, check Bookmarks, check Hyperlinks, with Advanced> Subset Fonts When Percent Of Characters Used Is davidberman.com
  • 58. 58 Adobe Illustrator to PDF workflow In Adobe Illustrator: There is no alternative text or other such structures, however… 1.  group items into objects that would deserve to be one figure 2.  File> File Info> Document Title 3.  File> Save As> Save As Type=Adobe PDF, select Save 1.  set Adobe Preset = High Quality Print 2.  set Advanced>Subset Fonts When Percent of Characters Used Is Less Than = 0% 3.  choose the Save PDF button …and then do everything else in Acrobat Pro: 1. Pages pane> all> Page Properties> Tab Order=Use Doc. Structure 2. File> Properties> Advanced> Language 3.  …and > Initial View> Show Document Title 4. run Accessibility> Full Check davidberman.com
  • 59. 59 Adobe LiveCycle Designer to PDF workflow In LiveCycle Designer: 1.  If importing PDF, Word, or Excel, get source file as accessible as possible first (e.g. tagged PDF) … then check tool tips, custom screen reader text, and reading order. 2.  Only save “Dynamic XML” (aka XFA, as opposed to “static”) if you need dynamic (not just interactive), as resulting PDF harder to test, fix (no tags!), use (Adobe Reader 7+ only). 3.  File> Form Properties> Save Options> PDF area> Generate Accessibility Information (Tags) For Acrobat checked (note: dynamic get MSAA instead of tags) …leaving only an Action Wizard to run in Acrobat Pro: 1. …and > Initial View> Show Document Title 2. run Accessibility> Full Check (not possible if Dynamic XFA) davidberman.com
  • 60. 60 WCAG 2.0 principles 1 of 4. Perceivable Principle 1: Perceivable… Information and user interface components must be presentable to users in ways they can perceive. (guidelines 1.1-1.4) 1.1 text alternatives 1.2 time-based media 1.3 adaptable 1.4 distinguishable davidberman.com
  • 61. 61 “Info and relationships” WCAG2 1.3.1 ≈508(d,g,h,k,n) “Information, structure, and relationships conveyed through presentation can be programmatically determined or are available in text.” "  Tables (grids) "  Markup "  Typography structure: quotes, strong, em, capitals, subscripts… "  Lists: ordered, unordered "  Page structure: headings (H1 to H6, …), body, regions "  Page numbers (for documents) A davidberman.com
  • 62. 62 Info and relationships: table design Choice of soup Choice of sandwich Choice of dessert Vegetarian Vegetarian Chocolate French Onion Roast Beast Pumpkin Pie Chicken Turkey Mousse Choice of soup Vegetarian French Onion Chicken Choice of sandwich Vegetarian Roast Beast Turkey Choice of dessert Chocolate Pumpkin Pie Mousse davidberman.com "  think about linearization "  have no empty cells (insert a non-breaking space at minimum …or something meaningful is even better)
  • 63. 63 Info and relationships: tables "  avoid using tables for layout (if you do, then you must: "  make sure content makes sense when linearized (easiest in a simple grid) "  exclude elements that imply a data table: <th> and <summary> "  add an ARIA “presentation” role) "  avoid complexity within tables where feasible (for example, avoid spanned cells) "  avoid blank cells "  avoid absolute sizing of columns: instead use relative values such as percentage davidberman.com
  • 64. 64 Info and relationships: tables vs. lists "  use a list instead of a table for simple data (tip: ask yourself if you would use a spreadsheet or not) davidberman.com
  • 65. 65 Info and relationships: HTML data tables davidberman.com 1. start with an optional heading or CAPTION (use CSS to make it your choice of visible or invisible) of a sentence describing the table’s purpose (e.g. “Table that categorizes cats. Navigate on row headings to choose the species, then on column headings to find the breed and size.”) 2. identify every row as <tr> 3. identify every cell as either <th> (header) or <td> (data) 4. designate every <th> as either scope=row or scope=col (column)… Tip: you can add a terse abbr tag in header cells, to shorten read-out-loud time
  • 66. 66 Data tables in Word  1.  use Insert Table command (not Draw Table!) 2.  highlight header row, Table Tools> Design> check Header Row checkbox 3.  Table Tools> Layout> Repeat Header Rows (if 2007: instead Table Properties> Row> Repeat As Header Row At The Top Of Each Page) 4.  you can avoid having to do further work in the resulting PDF by using only one header row and no merged cells 5.  use Insert Caption to add a “Title” 6.  2010/2013/2016: Table Properties> Alt Text> Description (e.g. “Table that categorizes cats. Navigate on row headings to select species then on column headings to select breed and size.”) davidberman.com
  • 67. 67 Data tables in PowerPoint, Excel Microsoft Word: i Table Tools> Design> Header Row checked (and if 2010/2013/2016: Table Properties> Alt Text> Description (e.g. “Table that categorizes cats by temperament and whisker length”) Page Setup> Sheet tab> Rows To Repeat At Top to indicate mark top row as header row InDesign: h davidberman.com
  • 68. 68 Data tables in InDesign 1.  in a text box, Table> Insert Table. 2.  Use Table> Convert Rows submenu to change a given row to header, body, or footer as needed (so that when you export to PDF, they will already be correct) 3.  Plan to add a summary (which will be invisible) to each data table, using Acrobat Pro. davidberman.com
  • 69. 69 Data tables in PDF To fix data tables too complex to be taken care of in the source document, choose Tags> Properties> Type: change Table Data Cell to Table Header Cell …also use Table Inspector or the TouchUp Reading Order’s Table Editor to fix specific complex cells (tip: right-click in Table Editor> Table Editor Options: turn on Show Cell Type). use Insert Table to ensure form data tables automatically get <TH> and <TD>. Tip: you can’t achieve <TH> in data rows in LiveCycle Designer, so instead you would tag them as <TH> using Acrobat Pro. davidberman.com
  • 71. colorblind = life + death davidberman.com 71
  • 72. 72 color + shape + how many davidberman.com
  • 73. color + shape + how many davidberman.com 73
  • 74. 74 “Use of colour” WCAG2 1.4.1 ≈508(c) Colour cannot be the sole method of conveying content or differentiation. Colour alone is never used to distinguish links (unless the contrast ratio to surrounding text is at least 3:1, AND an additional differentiation exists …for instance, underlining… when the link is hovered or receives focus). Whether user has a colour deficit or using technology that doesn’t show colour, don’t rely on colour as the only cue, only as reinforcement. A davidberman.com
  • 75. 75 Avoid using colour as a primary cue davidberman.com
  • 76. 76 Avoid using colour as the only cue davidberman.com
  • 77. 77 Avoid colour solely providing meaning davidberman.com
  • 78. 78 “Contrast (minimum)” WCAG2 1.4.3 ≈508(c) Foreground/background colour combinations in active text (and images of text that are not branding) have a contrast ratio to what is next to it (such as a background, outline, or a halo) of at least 4.5:1 …or 3:1 for 18+ point (1.5+ em) … or bold text 14+ point (1.2+ em). AA davidberman.com
  • 79. 79 Avoid poor colour contrast davidberman.com
  • 80. 80 Avoid poor colour contrast printed davidberman.com
  • 81. 81 Contrast exploration: aDesigner’s Low Vision Simulation davidberman.com
  • 82. 82 Contrast minimum … quantified AA Contrast ratio minimum: 4.5:1 (3:1 for 18+ pt. or 14+ pt. bold) Test all files with Colour Contrast Analyser’s luminosity algorithm, on Windows or MacOS. Android: run TeamViewer QuickSupport app on a Samsung tablet … or send screen shots iOS: use iOS Simulator with Colour Contrast Analyser … or send screen shots Windows: use Colour Contrast Analyser native davidberman.com
  • 83. 83 Contrast (and size) controls Consider offering persistent contrast controls and size controls. davidberman.com
  • 84. 84 Contrast minimum: PowerPoint If expecting high contrast or black and white viewing or printing of a PowerPoint file, add Grayscale and Black And White alternative styles: 1.  View>Slide Master> select first master, select all objects, View> Grayscale, Grayscale> Grayscale (or Light Grayscale or whichever you prefer) 2.  Test: choose File>Print, flip through slides in preview 3.  Print in Grayscale mode (to PDF davidberman.com
  • 85. 85 Contrast minimum: PDF reader rescue If it’s unrealistic for you to fix the color in a PDF, then advise your audience to use Adobe Reader or Acrobat’s user preference to show high-contrast colors on screen: "  choose Edit> Preferences> (in Mac OS: Acrobat> Preferences), Accessibility> check Replace Document Colors, select Use High- Contrast Colors radio button, then choose a foreground/background combination you prefer from the pop-up menu. davidberman.com
  • 86. 86 … and the rest of WCAG 2.0 …without tradeoffs! davidberman.com
  • 87. Testing, auditing, reporting investment davidberman.com 86
  • 88. 88 Global thinking, starting at home. davidberman.com
  • 89. 89 davidberman.com/next $150 off full ticket June 29 2015, Toronto Prefer to join us in person or online? Type your discount code for June 29 2015 at davidberman.com/register Coupon code for 3Play webinar guests: 3PLAY Want More? davidberman.com/register davidberman.com
  • 90. Don’t just do good sites … do good! Contact us for accessibility workshops, webinars, audits, remediation, and certification: wcag2.com facebook.com/davidbermancommunications twitter.com/davidberman … or +1-613-728-6777 Do Good Design editions: Chinese, English, Indonesian, Korean, Malay, Russian, Spanish, and braillex …read the first 40 pages free at Google Books:xx www.davidberman.com/dogoodgooglebook 90 davidberman.com
  • 91. Learn more: learning guides, coaching, on-site courses “The New Standard on Web Accessibility” “Accessible PDF by Design” “Accessible Virtual Classrooms” “Accessible Distance Learning” “Perfecting Your Web Branding Strategy 2.0” Available for $97 each from davidberman.com/store Learning guides: davidberman.com/store Blog: davidberman.com/blog davidberman.com
  • 92. Thank you! facebook.com/davidbermancommunications linkedin.com/in/bermandavid twitter.com/davidberman Subscribe to our notices: davidberman.com/subscribe Evaluation? davidberman.com/evaluation Upcoming events: "  New Standard On Web Accessibility course | Toronto or online | June 29 2015 "  Accessibility and Social Justice | Dublin, Ireland | September 19 2015 "  New Standard On Web Accessibility course | Ottawa | October 2 2015 "  New Standard on Web Accessibility course | Vancouver, Victoria | November 2015 "  More: davidberman.com/courses/schedule Need to reach me? berman@davidberman.com / +1-613-728-6777 davidberman.com SOURCES/CREDITS: Sources for quotes, statistics, images available on request. Some material reproduced with permission. © 2001-2015 David Berman. All rights reserved. No reproduction, in whole or part, without written permission. Many Images courtesy of Shutterstock. Full Intellectual property credits, sources and available upon request or in the full event or the full learning guide for the full-day version of this event. E&OE