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Metadata in Concept and Practice
      K R I S T I PA L M E R K L PA L M E R @ I U P U I . E D U
                F E B RUA RY 4 , 2 0 1 3




      http://www.niso.org/standards/resources/UnderstandingMetadata.pdf
what is metadata?

 you tell me. . .
 information about information
 “structured information that describes, explains, locates, or
  otherwise makes it easier to retrieve, use, or manage an
  information resource.”*
 “value added information that is created to
  arrange, describe, track and otherwise enhance access to
  information objects.”**
 cataloging is creating metadata. . .how is it different?
      *Understanding Metadata by NISO Press (2004), p. 1.

      ** Gillaland-Swetland, A. J. (2000). Introduction to Metadata: Setting the Stage.
      www.getty.edu/research/institute/standards/intrometadata/, p. 2.
why is metadata important?

 find what we are looking for
 find what we didn’t know we were looking for
 assembling items that have something in common
 finding out how items are different
 accessing an item
 preserving an item
 sharing an item/information easily
 tells us how an item is used
 indicates authenticity
 inform of legal issues
STANDARDIZE

 If metadata is to be effective on a broader
 scale we must. . .
    use standardize forms of metadata,

    use a standard that is specific to our purpose for creating the
     information,

    use a standard that considers the audience or information users.
examples of metadata

 amazon
 ebay
 art.com
 allrecipes
 google maps
 mibor
3 main types/forms of metadata

1. descriptive metadata
    describes a resource for purposes of discovery and
    identification
    it’s the words you can search by
2. structural metadata
    indicates how objects are put together, for ex. the order
    of pages in a chapter
    it’s technical, behind the scenes metadata
3 main types/forms of metadata

3. administrative metadata
  provides information to help manage a resource
  it is also often, behind the scenes metadata

      rights management metadata
      copyright, usage rights information

      preservation metadata
      archiving and preservation information
** Gillaland-Swetland, A. J. (2000). Introduction to Metadata: Setting the Stage. www.getty.edu/research/institute/standards/intrometadata/, p. 5
each metadata standard has. . .

 element set
  the list of fields (and their definition) in a metadata standard
  for example, Title is one item in a Dublin Core element set
 content rules (optional)
  the rules for constructing the elements that will be a part of this
  field
  for example, Capitalize first word in field and end with a period
  OR the Title of the item can only be taken from words written
  on the first page of the document are rules for the Title element
 syntax rules (optional)
  the rules for tagging or encoding the metadata scheme
  for example, Dublin Core schemes use XML tagging
Example metadata standards

   Dublin Core        all encompassing (descriptive)
   TEI                literature
   MARC               libraries (traditional catalog data)
   METS               libraries (structuring descriptive data)
   ONIX               publishers
   CSDGM              data sets, geospatial info. (for GIS)
   GEM                educational materials
   VRA Core           art, visual works
   EAD                archives, special collections, finding aids
   RDF                web data, characterized by triplicates, used in
               linked data, allows integration of various
        standards
example public and xml records

 public record
  https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/handle/1805/640


 METS XML with DC
  https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/metadata/handle/1805/640/mets.xml
standards: controlled vocabulary

 LCSH general, can combine terms to make more complex headings
 TGM I and II graphic materials, photos, prints
 AAT architecture, paintings, sculpture, art in general
 TGN place, geographic names
 GEM education materials
 MeSH medical terms

Extensive list of vocabularies at: Taxonomy Warehouse
metadata crosswalks


Metadata crosswalks translate one field in a particular
organizing scheme or database into another field of
another organizing scheme or database.

 http://www.getty.edu/research/publications/electronic_publicatio
 ns/intrometadata/crosswalks.html
standards: descriptive metadata schemes

 schemes or element sets
   Dublin Core    all encompassing
   TEI            literature
   MARC           libraries
   ONIX           publishers
   CSDGM          data sets, geospatial info. (for GIS)
   GEM            educational materials
   VRA Core       art, visual works
   EAD            archives, special collections, finding
                   aids
let’s examine a record at depth
let’s practice: Indianapolis Sanborn Maps


   Decide:
       Who is your audience?
       How will this audience access, search, interact?
       What elements do you want to describe?
       What DC tags will you connect to each described element?
       What public field name will you give each DC tag?
       Will you use any controlled vocabularies if so for what described element?
what did you come up with?

 What does your metadata schema and record look like?




 Example Sanborn collections
     Indianapolis http://indiamond6.ulib.iupui.edu/cdm/ref/collection/SanbornJP2/id/473
     Milwaukee http://collections.lib.uwm.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/san
     Pennsylvania http://collection1.libraries.psu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/maps1/id/2198
     Georgia http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/sanb/id:dublin_ga-1913-s-4
     Nevada http://www.delamare.unr.edu/maps/digitalcollections/nvmaps/sanborns/
Thinking about digital
                            history and going beyond
                            making paper digital…




 What datasets could
  you imagine connecting
  to these maps?
 What other ways of
  map interaction can you
  imagine?
questions?

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Lecture 4: Metadata

  • 1. Metadata in Concept and Practice K R I S T I PA L M E R K L PA L M E R @ I U P U I . E D U F E B RUA RY 4 , 2 0 1 3 http://www.niso.org/standards/resources/UnderstandingMetadata.pdf
  • 2. what is metadata?  you tell me. . .  information about information  “structured information that describes, explains, locates, or otherwise makes it easier to retrieve, use, or manage an information resource.”*  “value added information that is created to arrange, describe, track and otherwise enhance access to information objects.”**  cataloging is creating metadata. . .how is it different? *Understanding Metadata by NISO Press (2004), p. 1. ** Gillaland-Swetland, A. J. (2000). Introduction to Metadata: Setting the Stage. www.getty.edu/research/institute/standards/intrometadata/, p. 2.
  • 3. why is metadata important?  find what we are looking for  find what we didn’t know we were looking for  assembling items that have something in common  finding out how items are different  accessing an item  preserving an item  sharing an item/information easily  tells us how an item is used  indicates authenticity  inform of legal issues
  • 4. STANDARDIZE  If metadata is to be effective on a broader scale we must. . .  use standardize forms of metadata,  use a standard that is specific to our purpose for creating the information,  use a standard that considers the audience or information users.
  • 5. examples of metadata  amazon  ebay  art.com  allrecipes  google maps  mibor
  • 6. 3 main types/forms of metadata 1. descriptive metadata describes a resource for purposes of discovery and identification it’s the words you can search by 2. structural metadata indicates how objects are put together, for ex. the order of pages in a chapter it’s technical, behind the scenes metadata
  • 7. 3 main types/forms of metadata 3. administrative metadata provides information to help manage a resource it is also often, behind the scenes metadata rights management metadata copyright, usage rights information preservation metadata archiving and preservation information
  • 8. ** Gillaland-Swetland, A. J. (2000). Introduction to Metadata: Setting the Stage. www.getty.edu/research/institute/standards/intrometadata/, p. 5
  • 9. each metadata standard has. . .  element set the list of fields (and their definition) in a metadata standard for example, Title is one item in a Dublin Core element set  content rules (optional) the rules for constructing the elements that will be a part of this field for example, Capitalize first word in field and end with a period OR the Title of the item can only be taken from words written on the first page of the document are rules for the Title element  syntax rules (optional) the rules for tagging or encoding the metadata scheme for example, Dublin Core schemes use XML tagging
  • 10. Example metadata standards  Dublin Core all encompassing (descriptive)  TEI literature  MARC libraries (traditional catalog data)  METS libraries (structuring descriptive data)  ONIX publishers  CSDGM data sets, geospatial info. (for GIS)  GEM educational materials  VRA Core art, visual works  EAD archives, special collections, finding aids  RDF web data, characterized by triplicates, used in linked data, allows integration of various standards
  • 11. example public and xml records  public record https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/handle/1805/640  METS XML with DC https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/metadata/handle/1805/640/mets.xml
  • 12. standards: controlled vocabulary  LCSH general, can combine terms to make more complex headings  TGM I and II graphic materials, photos, prints  AAT architecture, paintings, sculpture, art in general  TGN place, geographic names  GEM education materials  MeSH medical terms Extensive list of vocabularies at: Taxonomy Warehouse
  • 13. metadata crosswalks Metadata crosswalks translate one field in a particular organizing scheme or database into another field of another organizing scheme or database. http://www.getty.edu/research/publications/electronic_publicatio ns/intrometadata/crosswalks.html
  • 14. standards: descriptive metadata schemes  schemes or element sets  Dublin Core all encompassing  TEI literature  MARC libraries  ONIX publishers  CSDGM data sets, geospatial info. (for GIS)  GEM educational materials  VRA Core art, visual works  EAD archives, special collections, finding aids
  • 15. let’s examine a record at depth
  • 16. let’s practice: Indianapolis Sanborn Maps  Decide:  Who is your audience?  How will this audience access, search, interact?  What elements do you want to describe?  What DC tags will you connect to each described element?  What public field name will you give each DC tag?  Will you use any controlled vocabularies if so for what described element?
  • 17. what did you come up with?  What does your metadata schema and record look like?  Example Sanborn collections  Indianapolis http://indiamond6.ulib.iupui.edu/cdm/ref/collection/SanbornJP2/id/473  Milwaukee http://collections.lib.uwm.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/san  Pennsylvania http://collection1.libraries.psu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/maps1/id/2198  Georgia http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/sanb/id:dublin_ga-1913-s-4  Nevada http://www.delamare.unr.edu/maps/digitalcollections/nvmaps/sanborns/
  • 18. Thinking about digital history and going beyond making paper digital…  What datasets could you imagine connecting to these maps?  What other ways of map interaction can you imagine?