1. Types of manufacturing/production
system
Types of Production system
Manufacturing System Service System
Continuous Production Intermittent Production
Batch Production Job Production
Mass production( Flow) Processing Production

2. Basic Types of Production Processes
(1) Intermittent Production System
Production is performed on a start-and-stop basis, such as for the
manufacture of made-to-order products.
Batch Production System
•Highly specialized Human resource is required
•Highly specialized multi tasking machines
•Machines are shared.
•Production in batches
•Production lots are based on customer demand or order.
•No single sequence of operation
Finished goods are heterogeneous
Job production system
In this system, the goods are produced according to definite
customers order and all manufacturing set ups depend on the
receipt of specific item in printing of example many different jobs go
on at any one time.
(2) Continuous Production Processes
–A production process, such as those used by chemical plants or
refineries, that runs for very long periods without the start-and-stop
behavior associated with intermittent production.
–Enormous capital investments are required for highly automated
facilities that use special-purpose equipment designed for high
volumes of production and little or no variation in the type of
outputs.

3. Mass Production
A special type of intermittent production process using
standardized methods and single-use machines to produce long
runs of standardized items.
Mass Production System (Flow)
Continuous Production
•Anticipation of demand
•May not have uniform production
•Standardized Raw material
•Big volume of limited product line
•Standard facility- high standardization.
•Fixed sequence of operation
•Material handling is easier
•High skilled operator not required
•More Human problem is foreseen
•Huge investment.
•High raw material inventory.
Processing Production System
In this process are inter linked production is carried on
continuously through a uniform and standardized sequence of
operation. This type of production is used in bulk processing of
crude oil into petroleum, kerosene and diesel etc.

4. Operation scheduling
Master Production scheduling, detailed scheduling, facility loading
sequencing operations, priority sequencing techniques, line
balancing and line of balance (LOB),
(Problems in Priority sequencing, Johnson’s rule and Line
Balancing)
Scheduling
• Scheduling: Establishing the timing of the use of equipment,
facilities and human activities in an organization
• Effective scheduling can yield
– Cost savings
– Increases in productivity
Objectives
• customer satisfaction
• optimization of cost
• increase in efficiency
• reduced variances in the transformation process
• employee focus in scheduling
Types of scheduling
1. master scheduling
2. parts scheduling
3. machine loading scheduling
Principles of scheduling
Principle of optimum task size
Principle of the optimum production plan
Principle of the optimum operation sequence

5. Gantt chart
Gantt chart - used as a visual aid for loading and scheduling
Work Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri.
Center
1 Job 3 Job 4
2 Job 3 Job 7
3 Job 1 Job 6 Job 7
4 Job 10
Job Sequencing Rules
• Sequencing: Determine the order in which jobs at a work
center will be processed.
• Workstation: An area where one person works, usually with
special equipment, on a specialized job.
• Priority rules: Simple heuristics used to select the order in
which jobs will be processed.
• Job time: Time needed for setup and processing of a job.
Priority Rules
• FCFS - first come, first served
• SPT - shortest processing time
• EDD - earliest due date
• CR - critical ratio
• S/O - slack per operation
• Rush - emergency

6. Average
Average Average Number of
Flow Time Tardiness Jobs at the
Rule (days) (days) Work Center
FCFS 20.00 9.00 2.93
SPT 18.00 6.67 2.63
EDD 18.33 6.33 2.68
CR 22.17 9.67 3.24
Two Work Center Sequencing
• Johnson’s Rule: technique for minimizing completion time for
a group of jobs to be processed on two machines or at two
work centers.
• Minimizes total idle time
• Several conditions must be satisfied
Johnson’s Rule Conditions
• Job time must be known and constant
• Job times must be independent of sequence
• Jobs must follow same two-step sequence
• Job priorities cannot be used
• All units must be completed at the first
work center before moving to second
Rule Optimum Sequence
1. List the jobs and their times at each work center
2. Select the job with the shortest time
3. Eliminate the job from further consideration
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until all jobs have been scheduled