2. Coat of arms of Moscow Tretyakov Gallery.
Church of the Holy
Mandylion Moscow
3. History of Moscow
The timber fort na Moskvě "on the Moscow River" was inherited by Daniel, the youngest son of
Alexander Nevsky, in the 1260s, at the time considered the least valuable of his father's possessions.
Daniel was still a child at the time, and the big fort was governed by tiuns (deputies), appointed by
Daniel's paternal uncle, Yaroslav of Tver.
Daniel came of age in the 1270s and became involved in the power struggles of the principality with
lasting success, siding with his brother Dmitry in his bid for the rule of Novgorod. From 1283 he acted as
the ruler of an independent principality alongside Dmitry, who became Grand Duke of Vladimir. Daniel
has been credited with founding the first Moscow monasteries, dedicated to the Lord's Epiphany and to
Saint Daniel.
Daniil Aleksandrovich (Russian: Даниил Александрович; 1261 – 5 March 1303), also
known as Daniil of Moscow, was the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky and
forefather of all Princes of Moscow. His descendants are known as the
Daniilovichi. Daniil played a significant role in various political struggles and
territorial acquisitions.
Daniel ruled Moscow as Grand Duke until 1303 and established it as a
prosperous city that would eclipse its parent principality of Vladimir by
the 1320s.
4. History of Moscow
The first known reference to
Moscow dates from 1147 as a
meeting place of Yuri Dolgoruky
and Sviatoslav Olgovich. At the
time it was a minor town on the
western border of Vladimir-
Suzdal Principality. The chronicle
says, "Come, my brother, to
Moskov" (Приди ко мне, брате, в
Москов).
In 1156, Knyaz Yuri Dolgorukiy
fortified the town with a timber
fence and a moat. In the course
of the Mongol invasion of Kievan
Rus', the Mongols under Batu
Khan burned the city to the
ground and killed its inhabitants.
5. History of Moscow
Kremlenagrad Castellum Urbis Moskvae: the first
detailed map of the Moscow Kremlin, created
during the reign of Alexis Mikhailovich
Неизвестный русский
художник второй половины
17 века. Школа Оружейной
палаты. Портрет царя
Алексея Михайловича. Конец
1670 - начало 1680 годов
Поступил в 1924 году из ГТГ
До 1917 года находился в
собрании князя Б.А. Куракина
в имении Куракино
Орловской губернии ГИМ инв.
55384 ИI-3462
6. History of Moscow
Alexis of Russia
March [O.S. 9 March] 1629 – 8 February [O.S. 29 January] 1676), also known as Alexis, was Tsar of all
Russia from 1645 until his death in 1676.
He was the first tsar to sign laws on his own authority and his council passed the Sobornoye Ulozheniye
of 1649, which strengthened the bonds between autocracy and the lower nobility.
In religious matters, he sided closely with Patriarch Nikon during the schism in the Russian Orthodox
Church which saw unpopular liturgical reforms.
While finding success in foreign affairs, his reign saw several wars with Iran, Poland and Sweden, as well
as internal instabilities such as the Salt Riot in Moscow and the Cossack revolt of Stenka Razin in
southern Russia. At the time of his death, Russia spanned almost 8,100,000 square kilometres
(3,100,000 sq mi).
Born in Moscow on 29 March [O.S. 19 March] 1629, the son of Tsar Michael and Eudoxia Streshneva, the
sixteen-year-old Alexis acceded to the throne after his father's death on 12 July 1645. In August, the
Tsar's mother died, and following a pilgrimage to Sergiyev Posad he was crowned on 28 September in
the Dormition Cathedral. He was committed to the care of his tutor Boris Morozov, a shrewd boyar open
to Western ideas.
7. History of Moscow
Morozov pursued a peaceful foreign policy, securing a
truce with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and
carefully avoiding complications with the Ottoman
Empire. His domestic policy aimed at limiting the
privileges of foreign traders and abolishing useless and
expensive court offices. On 17 January 1648, Morozov
procured the marriage of the tsar with Maria
Miloslavskaya, himself marrying her sister Anna, ten days
later, both the daughters of Ilya Danilovich Miloslavsky.
Alexis empowered Morozov to conduct reforms in
reducing social tensions, however his measure of tripling
the tax burden (arrears for the two years preceding 1648
was demanded) saw heightened popular discontent.
Morozov was regarded as a corrupt, self-seeking boyar
and was accused of sorcery and witchcraft.
In May 1648 Muscovites rose against his faction in the Salt
Riot, and the young Tsar was compelled to dismiss them
and exile Morozov to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery.
Four months later, Morozov secretly returned to Moscow
to regain some of his power.
8. History of Moscow
On the right bank of the Moskva River, at a distance of eight kilometres (5 mi) from the Kremlin, not
later than in 1282, Daniel founded the first monastery with the wooden church of St. Daniel-Stylite,
which is now the Danilov Monastery. Daniel died in 1303, at the age of 42. Before his death, he
became a monk and, according to his will, was buried in the cemetery of the St. Daniel Monastery.
Moscow was quite stable and prosperous for many years and attracted a large number of refugees
from across Russia. The Rurikids maintained large landholdings by practicing primogeniture, whereby
all land was passed to the eldest sons, rather than dividing it up among all sons. By 1304, Yury of
Moscow contested with Mikhail of Tver for the throne of the principality of Vladimir. Ivan I eventually
defeated Tver to become the sole collector of taxes for the Mongol rulers, making Moscow the capital
of Vladimir-Suzdal. By paying high tribute, Ivan won an important concession from the Khan.
Yuriy Danilovich, Yuri Daniilovich or Georgiy Danilovich (Russian: Юрий Данилович)
(1281 – 21 November 1325) was Prince of Moscow (1303–1325) and Grand Prince of
Vladimir (from 1318).Yury was the oldest son of Daniil or Daniel of Moscow, the first
prince of Moscow and progenitor of the Daniilovichi. His first military action was to
defend Pereslavl-Zalessky against grand prince of Vladimir Andrey of Gorodets. After
his father Daniel died in 1303, Yury became prince of Moscow, and contended over the
title of grand prince of Vladimir (the supreme position among Rus' princes in the
northeast) with his uncle Mikhail of Tver.
9. History of Moscow
Spassky Cathedral
(Moscow's oldest extant
building), built c. 1357
While the Khan of the Golden Horde initially attempted to
limit Moscow's influence, when the growth of the Grand
Duchy of Lithuania began to threaten all of Russia, the Khan
strengthened Moscow to counterbalance Lithuania, allowing
it to become one of the most powerful cities in Russia. In
1380, prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow led a united
Russian army to an important victory over the Mongols in the
Battle of Kulikovo. Afterward, Moscow took the leading role
in liberating Russia from Mongol domination. In 1480, Ivan
III had finally broken the Russians free from Tatar control,
and Moscow became the capital of an empire that would
eventually encompass all of Russia and Siberia, and parts of
many other lands.
In 1462 Ivan III, (1440–1505) became Grand Prince of
Moscow (then part of the medieval Muscovy state). He
began fighting the Tatars, enlarged the territory of Muscovy,
and enriched his capital city. By 1500 it had a population of
100,000 and was one of the largest cities in the world.
10. History of Moscow
The Spasskaya Tower,
built in 1491
He conquered the far larger principality of Novgorod to the north, which
had been allied to the hostile Lithuanians. Thus he enlarged the territory
sevenfold, from 430,000 to 2,800,000 square kilometres (170,000 to
1,080,000 square miles). He took control of the ancient "Novgorod
Chronicle" and made it a propaganda vehicle for his regime.
The original Moscow Kremlin was built in the 14th century. It was
reconstructed by Ivan, who in the 1480s invited architects from
Renaissance Italy, such as Petrus Antonius Solarius, who designed the new
Kremlin wall and its towers, and Marco Ruffo who designed the new
palace for the prince. The Kremlin walls as they now appear are those
designed by Solarius, completed in 1495. The Kremlin's Great Bell Tower
was built in 1505–08 and augmented to its present height in 1600.
A trading settlement, or posad, grew up to the east of the Kremlin, in the
area known as Zaradye (Зарядье). In the time of Ivan III, the Red Square,
originally named the Hollow Field (Полое поле) appeared.
In 1508–1516, the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin (Novy) arranged for the
construction of a moat in front of the eastern wall.
11. History of Moscow
The Cathedral of Vasily the Blessed (Russian:
Собо́р Васи́лия Блаже́нного, tr. Sobór Vasíliya
Blazhénnogo), commonly known as Saint
Basil's Cathedral, is an Orthodox church in
Red Square of Moscow, and is one of the
most popular cultural symbols of Russia. The
building, now a museum, is officially known
as the Cathedral of the Intercession of the
Most Holy Theotokos on the Moat, or
Pokrovsky Cathedral. It was built from 1555
to 1561 on orders from Ivan the Terrible and
commemorates the capture of Kazan and
Astrakhan. It was the city's tallest building
until the completion of the Ivan the Great
Bell Tower in 1600.
The original building, known as Trinity
Church and later Trinity Cathedral, contained
eight chapels arranged around a ninth,
central chapel dedicated to the Intercession;
17. History of Moscow
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the three circular defenses were built: Kitay-gorod (Китай-город), the
White City (Белый город) and the Earthen City (Земляной город). However, in 1547, two fires destroyed
much of the town, and in 1571 the Crimean Tatars captured Moscow, burning everything except the
Kremlin. The annals record that only 30,000 of 200,000 inhabitants survived.
The Crimean Tatars attacked again in 1591, but this time were held back by new defense walls, built
between 1584 and 1591 by a craftsman named Fyodor Kon. In 1592, an outer earth rampart with 50
towers was erected around the city, including an area on the right bank of the Moscow River. As an
outermost line of defense, a chain of strongly fortified monasteries was established beyond the ramparts
to the south and east, principally the Novodevichy Convent and Donskoy, Danilov, Simonov,
Novospasskiy, and Andronikov monasteries, most of which now house museums. From its ramparts, the
city became poetically known as Bielokamennaya, the "White-Walled." The city's limits as marked by the
ramparts built in 1592 are now marked by the Garden Ring.
Three square gates existed on the eastern side of the Kremlin wall, which in the 17th century, were
known as Konstantino-Eleninsky, Spassky, Nikolsky (owing their names to the icons of Constantine and
Helen, the Saviour and St. Nicholas that hung over them). The last two were directly opposite the Red
Square, while the Konstantino-Elenensky gate was located behind Saint Basil's Cathedral.
18. History of Moscow
"Sigismundian" Plan of Moscow
(1610), named after Sigismund III of
Poland, is the last city plan compiled
before the destruction of the city in
1612 by retreating Polish troops and
subsequent changes to the street
network. Orientation: north is at the
right, west at the top
19. History of Moscow
Three square gates existed on the eastern side of the Kremlin wall, which in the 17th century, were
known as Konstantino-Eleninsky, Spassky, Nikolsky (owing their names to the icons of Constantine and
Helen, the Saviour and St. Nicholas that hung over them). The last two were directly opposite the Red
Square, while the Konstantino-Elenensky gate was located behind Saint Basil's Cathedral.
"Sigismundian" Plan of Moscow (1610), named after Sigismund III (Relatives line Vasa Kings of Sweden)
of Poland, is the last city plan compiled before the destruction of the city in 1612 by retreating Polish
troops and subsequent changes to the street network. Orientation: north is at the right, west at the top
The Russian famine of 1601–03 killed perhaps 100,000 in Moscow. From 1610 through 1612, troops of
the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth occupied Moscow, as its ruler Sigismund III tried to take the
Russian throne. In 1612, the people of Nizhny Novgorod and other Russian cities conducted by prince
Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin rose against the Polish occupants, besieged the Kremlin, and
expelled them. In 1613, the Zemsky sobor elected Michael Romanov tsar, establishing the Romanov
dynasty. The 17th century was rich in popular risings, such as the liberation of Moscow from the Polish–
Lithuanian invaders (1612), the Salt Riot (1648), the Copper Riot (1662), and the Moscow Uprising of
1682.
During the first half of the 17th century, the population of Moscow doubled from roughly 100,000 to
200,000. It expanded beyond its ramparts in the later 17th century.
20. History of Moscow
King of Sweden
Grand Duke of Finland
Reign 17 November 1592 – 24 July 1599
Gustav I, born Gustav
Eriksson of the Vasa noble
family and later known as
Gustav Vasa (12 May 1496 –
29 September 1560), was
King of Sweden from 1523
until his death in 1560,
House of Vasa
In Sweden and
Poland
21. History of Moscow
During the first half of the 17th century, the population of Moscow doubled from roughly 100,000 to
200,000. It expanded beyond its ramparts in the later 17th century. It is estimated, that in the middle of
the 17th century, 20% of Moscow suburb's inhabitants were from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania,
practically all of them being driven from their homeland to Moscow by Muscovite invaders. By 1682,
there were 692 households established north of the ramparts, by Ukrainians and Belarusians abducted
from their hometowns in the course of the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667). These new outskirts of the
city came to be known as the Meshchanskaya sloboda, after Ruthenian meshchane "town people". The
term meshchane (мещане) acquired pejorative connotations in 18th-century Russia and today means
"petty bourgeois" or "narrow-minded philistine".
The entire city of the late 17th century, including the slobodas that grew up outside the city ramparts,
are contained within what is today Moscow's Central Administrative Okrug.
Numerous disasters befell the city. The plague epidemics ravaged Moscow in 1570–1571, 1592 and
1654–1656. The plague killed upwards of 80% of the people in 1654–55. Fires burned out much of the
wooden city in 1626 and 1648. In 1712 Peter the Great moved his government to the newly built Saint
Petersburg on the Baltic coast. Moscow ceased to be Russia's capital, except for a brief period from
1728 to 1732 under the influence of the Supreme Privy Council.
22. History of Moscow
Map showing the spread of
the Black Death in Europe
between 1346 and 1353.
The plague killed upwards of
80% of the people in 1654–55.
24. History of Moscow
After losing the status as the capital of the empire, the population of Moscow at first decreased, from
200,000 in the 17th century to 130,000 in 1750. But after 1750, the population grew more than tenfold
over the remaining duration of the Russian Empire, reaching 1.8 million by 1915. The 1770–1772 Russian
plague killed up to 100,000 people in Moscow.
By 1700, the building of cobbled roads had begun. In November 1730, the permanent street light was
introduced, and by 1867 many streets had a gaslight. In 1883, near the Prechistinskiye Gates, arc lamps
were installed. In 1741 Moscow was surrounded by a barricade 40 kilometres (25 mi) long, the Kamer-
Kollezhskiy barrier, with 16 gates at which customs tolls were collected. Its line is traced today by a
number of streets called val ("ramparts").
Between 1781 and 1804 the Mytischinskiy water pipe (the first in Russia) was built. In 1813, following
the destruction of much of the city during the French occupation, a Commission for the Construction of
the City of Moscow was established. It launched a great program of rebuilding, including a partial
replanning of the city-centre. Among many buildings constructed or reconstructed at this time was the
Grand Kremlin Palace and the Kremlin Armoury, the Moscow University, the Moscow Manege (Riding
School), and the Bolshoi Theatre. In 1903 the Moskvoretskaya water supply was completed.
25. History of Moscow
In the early 19th century, the Arch of Konstantino-Elenensky gate
was paved with bricks, but the Spassky Gate was the main front
gate of the Kremlin and used for royal entrances. From this gate,
wooden and (following the 17th-century improvements) stone
bridges stretched across the moat. Books were sold on this bridge
and stone platforms were built nearby for guns – "raskats". The
Tsar Cannon was located on the platform of the Lobnoye mesto.
The road connecting Moscow with St. Petersburg, now the M10
highway, was completed in 1746, its Moscow end following the
old Tver road, which had existed since the 16th century. It became
known as Peterburskoye Schosse after it was paved in the 1780s.
Petrovsky Palace was built in 1776–1780 by Matvey Kazakov.
When Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812, the Moscovites were
evacuated. It is suspected that the Moscow fire was principally the
effect of Russian sabotage. Napoleon's Grande Armée was forced
to retreat and was nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian
winter and sporadic attacks by Russian military forces. As many as
400,000 of Napoleon's soldiers died during this time.
28. History of Moscow
The Battle of Borodino, fought
on 7 September 1812, was the
largest battle of the French
invasion of Russia, involving
more than 250,000 troops and
resulting in at least 70,000
casualties.
The battle ended with the
Russian Army, while out of
position, still offering
resistance. On 10 September
the main quarter of the
Russian army was situated at
Bolshiye Vyazyomy. Kutuzov
settled in a Vyazyomy Manor
on the high road to Moscow.
29. History of Moscow
On 10 September the main quarter of the Russian army was
situated at Bolshiye Vyazyomy. Kutuzov settled in a manor on
the high road to Moscow. The owner was Dmitry Golitsyn,
who entered military service again. The next day September
11th [O.S. August 30th] 1812 Tsar Alexander signed a
document that Kutuzov was promoted General Field Marshall,
the highest military rank. Russian sources suggest Kutuzov
wrote a number of orders and letters to Rostopchin, the
Moscow military governor, about saving the city or the army.
On 12 September [O.S. 31 August] 1812, the main forces of
Kutuzov departed from the village, now Golitsyno and
camped near Odintsovo, 20 km to the west, followed by
Mortier and Joachim Murat's vanguard. On Sunday afternoon
the Russian military council at Fili discussed the risks and
agreed to abandon Moscow without fighting.
32. History of Moscow 1812
On September 14, 1812, Napoleon moved into Moscow. However, he was surprised to have received no
delegation from the city. Before the order was received to evacuate Moscow, the city had a population of
approximately 270,000 people. 48 hours later three quarters of Moscow was reduced to ashes by arson.
Although Saint Petersburg was the political capital at that time, Napoleon had occupied Moscow, the
spiritual capital of Russia, but Tsar Alexander I decided that there could not be peaceful coexistence with
Napoleon. On 3 October Kutuzov and his entire staff arrived at Tarutino and camped there for two weeks.
33. History of Moscow
Kutuzov on the far
left, with his
generals at the talks
deciding to
surrender Moscow
to the French
36. History of Moscow
Moscow State
University was
established in 1755.
Its main building was
reconstructed
after the 1812 fire
by Domenico Giliardi.
The Moskovskiye
Vedomosti
newspaper appeared
from 1756,
originally in weekly
intervals, and from
1859 as a daily
newspaper.
Moscow state University
37. History of Moscow
By 1700, the building of cobbled roads had begun. In November 1730, the permanent street light was
introduced, and by 1867 many streets had a gaslight. In 1883, near the Prechistinskiye Gates, arc lamps
were installed. In 1741 Moscow was surrounded by a barricade 40 kilometres (25 mi) long, the Kamer-
Kollezhskiy barrier, with 16 gates at which customs tolls were collected. Its line is traced today by a
number of streets called val ("ramparts"). Between 1781 and 1804 the Mytischinskiy water pipe (the first
in Russia) was built. In 1813, following the destruction of much of the city during the French occupation,
a Commission for the Construction of the City of Moscow was established. It launched a great program of
rebuilding, including a partial replanning of the city-centre. Among many buildings constructed or
reconstructed at this time was the Grand Kremlin Palace and the Kremlin Armoury, the Moscow
University, the Moscow Manege (Riding School), and the Bolshoi Theatre. In 1903 the Moskvoretskaya
water supply was completed.
In the early 19th century, the Arch of Konstantino-Elenensky gate was paved with bricks, but the Spassky
Gate was the main front gate of the Kremlin and used for royal entrances. From this gate, wooden and
(following the 17th-century improvements) stone bridges stretched across the moat. Books were sold on
this bridge and stone platforms were built nearby for guns – "raskats". The Tsar Cannon was located on
the platform of the Lobnoye mesto. The road connecting Moscow with St. Petersburg, now the M10
highway, was completed in 1746, its Moscow end following the old Tver road, which had existed since
the 16th century. It became known as Peterburskoye Schosse after it was paved in the 1780s. Petrovsky
Palace was built in 1776–1780 by Matvey Kazakov.
38. History of Moscow
When Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812, the Moscovites were evacuated. It is suspected that the Moscow
fire was principally the effect of Russian sabotage. Napoleon's Grande Armée was forced to retreat and
was nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter and sporadic attacks by Russian military forces.
As many as 400,000 of Napoleon's soldiers died during this time.
Napoleons Grand Army defeated by The Winter and fire
39. History of Moscow
In the 1830s, general Alexander Bashilov planned the first regular grid of city streets north from
Petrovsky Palace. Khodynka field south of the highway was used for military training. Smolensky Rail
station (forerunner of present-day Belorussky Rail Terminal) was inaugurated in 1870. Sokolniki Park, in
the 18th century the home of the tsar's falconers well outside Moscow, became contiguous with the
expanding city in the later 19th century and was developed into a public municipal park in 1878. The
suburban Savyolovsky Rail Terminal was built in 1902. In January 1905, the institution of the City
Governor, or Mayor, was officially introduced in Moscow, and Alexander Adrianov became Moscow's first
official mayor.
Khodynka Field Park in Moscow
Crowds at Khodynka Field, 1896
40. History of Moscow
City plan of Moscow, 1917 In November 1917, upon learning of the uprising happening in
Petrograd, Moscow's Bolsheviks also began their uprising. On
November 2 (15), 1917, after heavy fighting, Soviet power was
established in Moscow.
Then Vladimir Lenin, fearing possible foreign invasion, moved the
capital from Petrograd (Saint Petersburg) back to Moscow on
March 12, 1918. The Kremlin once again became the seat of
power and the political centre of the new state.
After the capture of
the Winter Palace.
Petrograd. 26
October 1917. Photo
by P. Novitsky
41. History of Moscow
Saint Petersburg
(Russia), Nevsky
Prospekt.
Russia abolish its monarchy
and adopt a socialist form of
government following two
successive revolutions and a
bloody civil war. The Russian
Revolution can also be seen
as the precursor for the other
European revolutions that
occurred during or in the
aftermath of World War I,
such as the German
Revolution of 1918–1919.
42. History of Moscow
The Russian Revolution was inaugurated with the
February Revolution in 1917. This first revolt focused
in and around the then-capital Petrograd (now Saint
Petersburg). After major military losses during the
war, the Russian Army had begun to mutiny. Army
leaders and high ranking officials were convinced
that if Tsar Nicholas II abdicated, the domestic unrest
would subside. Nicholas agreed and stepped down,
ushering in a new government led by the Russian
Duma (parliament) which became the Russian
Provisional Government. This government was
dominated by the interests of prominent capitalists,
as well as the Russian nobility and aristocracy.
Date 8 March 1917 – 16 June 1923
(6 years, 3 months and 8 days)
43. History of Moscow
The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a major factor contributing to the cause of the Revolutions of
1917. The events of Bloody Sunday triggered nationwide protests and soldier mutinies. A council of
workers called the St. Petersburg Soviet was created in this chaos. While the 1905 Revolution was
ultimately crushed, and the leaders of the St. Petersburg Soviet were arrested, this laid the
groundwork for the later Petrograd Soviet and other revolutionary movements during the lead up to
1917. The 1905 Revolution also led to the creation of a Duma (parliament), that would later form the
Provisional Government following February 1917
Russia's poor performance in 1914-1915 prompted growing complaints directed at Tsar Nicholas II
and the Romanov family. A short wave of patriotic nationalism ended in the face of defeats and poor
conditions on the Eastern Front of World War I. The Tsar made the situation worse by taking personal
control of the Imperial Russian Army in 1915, a challenge far beyond his skills. He was now held
personally responsible for Russia's continuing defeats and losses. In addition, Tsarina Alexandra, left to
rule in while the Tsar commanded at the front, was German born, leading to suspicion of collusion,
only to be exacerbated by rumors relating to her relationship with the controversial mystic Grigori
Rasputin. Rasputin's influence led to disastrous ministerial appointments and corruption, resulting in a
worsening of conditions within Russia.
44. History of Moscow
In November 1917, upon learning of the uprising
happening in Petrograd, Moscow's Bolsheviks also
began their uprising. On November 2 , 1917, after
heavy fighting, Soviet power was established in
Moscow.
Then Vladimir Lenin, fearing possible foreign
invasion, moved the capital from Petrograd (Saint
Petersburg) back to Moscow on March 12, 1918.
The Kremlin once again became the seat of power and
the political centre of the new state.
With the change in values imposed by communist
ideology, the tradition of preservation of cultural
heritage was broken. Independent preservation
societies, even those that defended only secular
landmarks such as Moscow-based OIRU were
disbanded by the end of the 1920s.
45. History of Moscow
During Stalin's era,
approximately 22 million
people were killed. More than
because of Adolf Hitler's rule
47. Alexander Nevsky, in
the 1260s, at the time
considered the least
valuable of his father's
possessions.
T H E D E L A G A R D I E C A M PA I G N W A S A J O I N T
M I L I TA R Y C A M PA I G N B Y T H E T S A R D O M O F R U S S I A
A N D S W E D E N D U R I N G T H E P O L I S H – M U S C O V I T E W A R
F R O M A P R I L 1 6 0 9 T O J U N E 1 6 1 0 . S W E D E N A R M Y
B R O K E T H E R E B E L S I E G E O F M O S C O W A N D
C O N Q U E R E D T H E C I T Y.
Alexis of Russia
also known as Alexis,
was Tsar of all Russia
from 1645 until his
death in 1676.
1645
Moscow at first
decreased, from
200,000 in the 17th
century to 130,000 in
1750.
When Napoleon
invaded Russia in 1812,
the Moscovites were
evacuated.
1260 1750 1812
1620
Sweden in
Moscow
48. World War I Revolution
1917
The end of Revolution
events
Stalin Era kills
Aprox 22 million people
1914-18 1923 1922-53
