El documento proporciona información sobre el asma. En 3 oraciones:
1) El asma es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica de las vías respiratorias que afecta a entre el 5-10% de la población mundial y cuya prevalencia varía en América Latina, siendo de entre el 5-27% en diferentes países de la región.
2) El documento describe los factores desencadenantes y de riesgo del asma, su fisiopatología, los tipos de exacerbaciones agudas y su tratamiento inicial con bron
1. STATUS ASMÁTICO DR. RENATO CASANOVA MENDOZA MÉDICO NEUMÓLOGO CENTRO MÉDICO NAVAL – CLÍNICA SAN GABRIEL – PACIFICOSALUD MIEMBRO DEL COMITÉ TBC DE LA SPN Y CONSULTOR TBC MDR MINSA
18. Fisiopatología Engrosamiento de membrana basal Hipertrofia del músculo liso Vasodilatación Tapón de moco Descamación del epitelio Hiperplasia de glándula submucosa Edema de la mucosa y submucosa, infiltración con eosinófilos, neutrófilos, mastocitos, células mononucleares y células T
34. Tipos de Broncodilatadores B 2 agonistas Anticolinérgicos Corta acción Salbutamol Terbutalina Ipratropio Oxitropio Larga acción Salmeterol Formoterol Tiotropio Reserva Teofilina y Bambuterol oral
35. Efectos adversos de los B 2 agonistas MÚSCULO ESQUELÉTICO Tremor muscular Calambres APARATO RESPIRATORIO Broncoespasmo paradójico Toxicidad del propelente Tolerancia al broncodilatador Pérdida de broncoprotección Hipoxemia SNC Agitación Mareos Ansiedad Cefalea Insomnio CARDIOVASCULAR Palpitaciones Taquicardia Prolongación QT Arritmia METABÓLICO Hipokalemia Hiperglicemia Hiperinsulinemia
36. Efectos adversos de los Anticolinérgicos OCULAR Glaucoma con drogas nebulizadas RESPIRATORIO Y DIGESTIVO Boca seca y tos Infección del tracto respiratorio superior Lengua amarga Náuseas y vómitos Taquicardia Arritmia Retención urinaria Enfermedad prostática Constipación LOCAL SISTÉMICO Efectos anticolinérgicos sistémicos farmacológicamente predecibles, pero infrecuentes
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54. SETEO INICIAL DE V.M. ASMA CASI FATAL = TET Y VENTILACIÓN MECANICA
IMPORTANCE OF EARLY TREATMENT OF ACUTE ASTHMA EXACERBATIONS Early treatment is vital in the management of acute asma episodes, including initiating treatment before the patient reaches the hospital. Patients may initiate management of an exacerbation at home to minimize treatment delay by inhaling short-acting beta agonists and, depending on the severity and response, adding an oral corticosteroid. This approach also reduces the attack’s severity. 1 When managing an acute exacerbation, the goals are to maintain adequate arterial oxygenation, relieve airflow obstruction, reduce airway inflammation, and prevent relapse. 2 National Asma Education and Prevention Program Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asma , 2007. Link at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/index.htm 2. Rodrigo GJ , Rodrigo C , Hall JB . Acute asthma in adults: a review. Chest. 2004 Mar;125(3):1081-102. Comment in: Chest. 2005 May;127(5):1867. Departamento de Emergencia, Hospital Central de las Fuerzas Armadas, Montevideo, Uruguay. gurodrig@adinet.com.uy All patients with asthma are at risk of having exacerbations. Hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits account for a large proportion of the health-care cost burden of asthma, and avoidance or proper management of acute asthma (AA) episodes represent an area with the potential for large reductions in health-care costs. The severity of exacerbations may range from mild to life threatening, and mortality is most often associated with failure to appreciate the severity of the exacerbation, resulting in inadequate emergency treatment and delay in referring to hospital. This review describes the epidemiology, costs, pathophysiology, mortality, and management of adult AA in the ED and in the ICU. PMID: 15006973 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] R1 , p 105, col 1, ¶1 R2 , p 1087, col 1, ¶2, li 2-9 NAEP, p 105, col 1, ¶1 NAEP, p 105, col 2, ¶4, li 5-6 Rodrigo, p 1087, col 1, ¶2, li 2-9 1. National Asma Education and Prevention Program Expert Panel Report 2: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asma . National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; 1997. Publication 97-4051. 2. Rodrigo GJ, Rodrigo C, Hall JB. Acute asma in adults: a review. Chest. 2004;125:1081-1102.
GLOBAL INITIATIVE FOR ASTHMA RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANAGING ASTHMA EXACERBATIONS IN ACUTE CARE SETTINGS: PART 1 Clinical guidelines have been developed for managing acute exacerbations, including these from the Iniciativa Global para el Asma. As shown in this slide, corticosteroids are recommended for all degrees of severity. GINA, p 67 top half of p. GINA, p. 67, top half of page Iniciativa Global para el Asma. Global Strategy for Asma Management and Prevention. Revisada en el 2006. Iniciativa Global para el Asma Web site. Available at: http://www.ginasthma.org/Guidelineitem.asp?l1=2&l2=1&intId=60. Accesado January 25, 2007.
GINA RECOMMENDATIONS: MANAGING ASTHMA EXACERBATIONS IN ACUTE CARE SETTINGS: PART 2 Corticosteroids should be included when the patient is admitted to the hospital and in the discharge regimen. GINA, p 67, Fig 4.4-2 lower half GINA, 67, fig. 4.4-2 Iniciativa Global para el Asma. Global Strategy for Asma Management and Prevention. Revisada en el 2006. Iniciativa Global para el Asma Web site. Available at: http://www.ginasthma.org/Guidelineitem.asp?l1=2&l2=1&intId=60. Accesado January 25, 2007.