This document summarizes a study on the impact of parking supply and demand management strategies in the Miami and Fort Lauderdale central business districts. The study found that (1) expanding parking supply does not solve congestion issues, (2) managing parking pricing and availability can reduce traffic by decreasing circling for parking and reflecting true travel costs, and (3) parking policy should support congestion management and community goals like economic development, quality of life, and sustainability. The document outlines the study methodology, analysis of parking supply and demand, the relationship between parking and transit performance, parking revenue options, land use policy recommendations, and topics for verification with local stakeholders.

1. Parking as a Smart Growth Strategy
Ruth Steiner, Ph.D.
Andres Blanco, Ph.D.
Dawn Jourdan, esq., Ph.D.

2. Conventional Policy
• Widen Roads • Widen Spaces
• Add Lanes • Add Spaces
• Free • Free
• Cannot Build our way • Cannot continue to
out of congestion on
roads oversupply parking
• Transport Demand • Parking Management
Management

3. Why are we doing this?
Congestion levels↑
in the Miami and Fort Lauderdale metropolitan statistical (MSA) area
The average peak-period traveler in Miami MSA Aggregation of 146 million hrs of travel delay and 102
experienced an additional 47 hours extra in travel time million gallons of wasted fuel, a monetary cost of $2.95
and consumed an additional 33 gallons of fuel due to billion, up from a cost of $2.05 million in 1982
congestion. (TTI, 2007)
FDOT District 4 and 6:
To better understand the extent to which congestion management investments in
Central Business Districts (CBDs)
Delay of Economic
Reduction
Fort Lauderdale Miami Development
Capacity Quality of Life &
Utilization Sustainability
Travel time GHG
Reliability Transit Emissions
Performance
Parking should be a larger congestion management solution
and other community objectives.

4. Task 1
Task 2
Task 3
Task 4
Task 5
Task 6
Task 7
A Study of the
Impact of Parking Supply and Demand Management:
Miami and Ft. Lauderdale CBDs

5. Methodology
Field Survey:
Parking Supply
Pricing/ Rates
Data Collection : Interview South Florida
Agencies:
Parking inventory
Planning Departments
Transit Agencies
Parking Authorities
Field Observation Private Parking Providers
Public Officials
Working with Practitioner
Review:
Literature
Technical advisory Public Documents
committee
Peer Cities:
Interview
Review best practices

6. Study Area
Image Source: UF – URP Image Source: UF – URP

7. Parking Supply/Demand
Management
Broward 2035 LRTP Project Traffic Congestion
 Parking pricing
and management
can impact
 Cruising for
parking
 Under-pricing of
travel costs
Image Source:
http://www.broward.org/mpo/2035lrtp/broward20
35lrtp_finalplan_web.pdf

8. Parking Supply/Demand
Management
TDM/TSM Strategy Miami Fort Lauderdale
Park and Ride X X
Shared Parking X X
Bicycle Parking X X
Reduce Parking Supply X X
Pre-trip parking information X X
Price Parking X X
Lot-specific Information X X
Navigation via Internet-connected Device
Address Variable Demand
Marketing, Education, Cooperation X X
Commercial Parking Tax X
Per-Space Tax Levies
Commuter Benefits X X
Residential Benefit Districts
Reservation System X
Multi-space Meters X X
Pay-by-Phone System X X

9. Parking Information &
Technology
• Navigation through internet-connected devices
• LED-Based Variable Message Signs
• Lot Specific Information
• How else can we improve user information?

10. Parking and Transit
Performance
 San Francisco – single agency for transit
and parking management
 Provide options for various groups
 Employees, Tourists/Visitors, Residents
 Commuters are responsive to parking
policies

11. Parking and Transit
Performance
MDT
MetroMover
 Transit Markets
and other TDM
Options
 Perception of
Transit in South Image Source:
http://www.miamidade.gov/transit/mover.asp
Florida Tri-
Rail
Image Source: http://www.tri-
rail.com/

12. Parking and Revenue Streams
 The objective of a parking authority:
 Should not be revenue maximization
 It is the provision of adequate and
convenient parking
 In addition, it must support transit and
transportation policies

13. Parking and Revenue Streams
 In off-street parking, the objective is to recover
costs and provide a reserve for future capital
improvements through proper pricing.

14. Parking and Revenue Streams
 In on-street parking, the objective is to
achieve 85% occupancy through variable
pricing according to the demand.

15. Parking and Revenue Streams
 In terms of fines:
 59% of revenue is not collected
 Fines between twice to 5 times the average
parking daily rate decrease violations but are
politically acceptable
 Allocating revenues from fines to parking
authorities (instead to the general fund) can
improve enforcement.

16. Parking and Revenue Streams
 More on revenue allocation:
 Sharing revenue with neighborhood
associations through „Parking Benefit
Districts’ increase political acceptance,
maximize revenue, and improve
enforcement.
 Municipal revenues could be maintained
through „Parking Increment Finance
Districts‟

17. Parking and Revenue Streams
 Taxes on Commercial Parking Providers:
 Taxes can help to regulate the provision of
parking preventing mismatches of supply
and demand.
 In addition, they can provide important
revenues ($100 million in downtown Miami in
the last 10 years)
 Commercial operators tend to be more
accepting if governments are already
maximizing income from public parking
facilities

18. Parking and Revenue Streams
 Decreasing un-priced parking supply,
increases demand for priced parking:
 Parking in lieu: developers pay a fee
instead of providing the required spaces
 Unbundling parking: developers sell
parking spaces separated from residential
units
 Max caps: developers face a maximum of
parking spaces

19. Parking and Revenue Streams
 New technologies for revenue collection could
decrease the incidence of purposeful non-
payment and reduce administration cost:
 Pay-and-display meters
 Pay-by-space meters
 Personal in-vehicle meters
 Pay-by-phone

20. Sustainable Land Use and
Transportation Planning
 Land Use regulations have created “seas of
empty parking spaces.”
 So, we correct our regulations….
 Regulations reformation may not be enough.
 Lenders must be helped to understand that
over-supply is not an asset.
 Individual behavior must be modified so that
consumers no longer demand storefront
parking.

21. Stakeholder Verification
 Empirical reality v. perception
 Driving question:
 This is what our research has revealed about
existing conditions, what do you think?
 Thisis what we have identified as best
practices. Would these tools work here?
What are the barriers to implementation?

22. Information for parking policy
 Parking Inventory
 Facility locations
 Type of facility
 Number of spaces (estimated and
actual)
 Operators
 Hours of enforcement
 Pricing Schemes

23. Information for parking policy
 Parking Inventory

24. Information for parking policy
 In terms of parking agencies
 Parking agency financial budgets
 Municipality budgets
 Amount of parking taxes collected

25. Information for parking policy
 In terms of parking agencies

26. Information for parking policy
 Transit
 Park and Ride lot characteristics
 Locations and number of spaces
 Usage percentages
 Transit agency budget
 Sources of funding
 Routes
 Pricing schemes
 Description of services
 Ridership counts
 LOS
 Bicycle facilities
 List of relevant agencies

27. Information for parking policy
 Transit

28. Information for parking policy
 Land Use
 Development regulations in different
zones
 Detailed analysis of land use
regulatory documents

29. Information for parking policy
 Land Use

30. Questions?