Presentation for Chapter (11) of Azar's Fundamentals of English Grammar. Azar.Com

1. CONTENTS
11-1 A vs. an
11-2 Count and noncount nouns
11-3 Noncount nouns
11-4 More noncount nouns
11-5 Using several, a lot of, many/much, and ...
11-6 Nouns that be count or noncount
11-7 Using units of measure with noncount nouns
11-8 Guidelines for article usage
11-9 Using the or Ø with names
11-10 Capitalization
1

2. 11-1 A vs. AN
She is wearing a bracelet.
2

3. 11-1 A vs. AN
(a) She lives in a cabin.
(b) He lives in an apartment.
(c) She lives in a large cabin.
(d) He lives in an old apartment.
a consonants a
= “one”
an vowels an
3

4. 11-1 A vs. AN
(e) I had an uncle named Spiros.
(f) They have an ugly car.
(g) The inch is a unit of measure.
(h) He saw a unique building.
For words beginning with the letter u:
a consonant sound
an vowel sound
4

5. 11-1 A vs. AN
(i) I will see you in an hour.
(j) This is a happy day.
For words beginning with the letter h:
a pronounced “h”
an silent “h”
5

6. 11-1 LET’S PRACTICE
a
___ ear.
An an
___ large ear.
A
___ enormous ear.
An
___ useful ear.
A
6

7. 11-1 LET’S PRACTICE
a
___ holiday.
A an
___ universal holiday.
A
___ unique holiday.
A
___ unhappy situation.
An
7

8. 11-1 LET’S PRACTICE
a
___ honest mistake.
An an
___ hateful comment.
A
___ hour of exercise.
An
___ unhappy experience.
An
8

9. 11-2 COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS
Should we Yes. Let’s
buy some buy a table
furniture? and four
chairs.
9

10. 11-2 COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS
COUNT NOUN
SINGULAR PLURAL
a table Ø tables
one table five tables
some tables
can be counted
can be preceded by a/an
has a plural form (-s or -es)
10

11. 11-2 COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS
NONCOUNT NOUN
one furniture
SINGULAR PLURAL
Ø furniture Ø a furniture
some furniture Ø
furnitures
cannot be counted
is not preceded by a/an
does not have a plural form
11

12. 11-2 LET’S PRACTICE
NOUN ?
We love to see movies.
?
count noncount
12

13. 11-2 LET’S PRACTICE
NOUN ?
I need some new jewelry.
?
count noncount
13

14. 11-2 LET’S PRACTICE
NOUN ?
Which utensil do you want?
? noncount
count
14

15. 11-3 NONCOUNT NOUNS
The river is so beautiful.
All the scenery is beautiful.
15

16. 11-3 NONCOUNT NOUNS
INDIVIDUAL PARTS = THE WHOLE
(Count Nouns) (Noncount Nouns)
(a)
letters
postcards
bills mail
advertisements
etc.
16

17. 11-3 NONCOUNT NOUNS
INDIVIDUAL PARTS = THE WHOLE
(Count Nouns) (Noncount Nouns)
(b)
grapes
bananas
apples fruit
oranges
etc.
17

18. 11-3 NONCOUNT NOUNS
INDIVIDUAL PARTS = THE WHOLE
(Count Nouns) (Noncount Nouns)
(c)
necklaces
rings
bracelets jewelry
pins
etc.
18

19. 11-3 LET’S PRACTICE
-s
/
We have really old furniture__.
-es
/
19

20. 11-3 LET’S PRACTICE
-s
She loves these pearl earring__.
s
-es
/
20

21. 11-3 LET’S PRACTICE
-s
/
I keep all the information__ on
-es
my PDA.
/
21

22. 11-4 MORE NONCOUNT NOUNS
The oil refinery creates
lots of air pollution.
22

23. 11-4 MORE NONCOUNT NOUNS
(a) LIQUIDS
soda juice oil lemonade
23

24. 11-4 MORE NONCOUNT NOUNS
(a) LIQUIDS
soda juice oil lemonade
SOLIDS & SEMI-SOLIDS
copper cement silver gold
24

25. 11-4 MORE NONCOUNT NOUNS
(a) LIQUIDS
soda juice oil lemonade
SOLIDS & SEMI-SOLIDS
copper cement silver gold
GASES
helium smoke oxygen
25

26. 11-4 MORE NONCOUNT NOUNS
(b) THINGS THAT OCCUR IN NATURE
moonlight sleet fog
(c) ABSTRACTIONS
joy enthusiasm danger
26

27. 11-4 LET’S PRACTICE
-s
-es
/
/ /
Health __ and happiness __ often go
together.
27

28. 11-4 LET’S PRACTICE
/
Ginny has all the luck__. -s
Thing__ always go well for her.
s -es
/
28

29. 11-4 LET’S PRACTICE
-s
-es
/
The project is going well.
/
We have made a lot of progress __.
/
Having patience __ has paid off.
29

30. 11-5 USING SEVERAL, A LOT OF, MANY / MUCH, AND
A FEW / A LITTLE
We have new furniture.
We have a table and many chairs.
30

31. 11-5 USING SEVERAL, A LOT OF, MANY / MUCH, AND
A FEW / A LITTLE
COUNT NONCOUNT
(a) several apples Ø
several count nouns
31

32. 11-5 USING SEVERAL, A LOT OF, MANY / MUCH, AND
A FEW / A LITTLE
COUNT NONCOUNT
(a) several apples Ø
(b) a lot of apples a lot of fruit
a lot count/noncount
32

33. 11-5 USING SEVERAL, A LOT OF, MANY / MUCH, AND
A FEW / A LITTLE
COUNT NONCOUNT
(a) several apples Ø
(b) a lot of apples a lot of fruit
(c) many apples much fruit
many count
much noncount
33

34. 11-5 USING SEVERAL, A LOT OF, MANY / MUCH, AND
A FEW / A LITTLE
COUNT NONCOUNT
(a) several apples Ø
(b) a lot of apples a lot of fruit
(c) many apples much fruit
(d) a few apples a little fruit
a few count a little noncount
34

35. 11-5 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT
INCORRECT
I hope to get several jewelries for my birthday.
INCORRECT
I hope to get some jewelry for my birthday.
CORRECT
35

36. 11-5 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT
INCORRECT
That store has a few couches that I like.
CORRECT
We need many furnitures for our new house.
INCORRECT
We need a lot of furniture for our new house.
CORRECT
36

37. 11-6 NOUNS THAT CAN BE COUNT OR NONCOUNT
He did a lot of work today.
37

38. 11-6 NOUNS THAT CAN BE COUNT OR NONCOUNT
USED AS A NONCOUNT NOUN
(a) The jar is made of glass.
USED AS A COUNT NOUN
(b) Do you want a glass of milk?
(c) Barb has new glasses.
38

39. 11-6 NOUNS THAT CAN BE COUNT OR NONCOUNT
USED AS A NONCOUNT NOUN
(d) Jenn has blue hair !
USED AS A COUNT NOUN
(e) There is a hair in your food!
39

40. 11-6 NOUNS THAT CAN BE COUNT OR NONCOUNT
USED AS A NONCOUNT NOUN
(f) These beams are made of iron.
USED AS A COUNT NOUN
(g) He bought a new iron.
40

41. 11-6 NOUNS THAT CAN BE COUNT OR NONCOUNT
USED AS A NONCOUNT NOUN
(h) That bulb produces a lot of light.
USED AS A COUNT NOUN
(i) Please turn on the light.
41

42. 11-6 NOUNS THAT CAN BE COUNT OR NONCOUNT
USED AS A NONCOUNT NOUN
(j) May I borrow some paper ?
USED AS A COUNT NOUN
(k) I wrote a long paper for my PhD.
(l) He reads the paper
every morning.
42

43. 11-6 NOUNS THAT CAN BE COUNT OR NONCOUNT
USED AS A NONCOUNT NOUN
(m) This homework is taking so much time.
USED AS A COUNT NOUN
(n) She’s been sick many
times.
43

44. 11-6 NOUNS THAT CAN BE COUNT OR NONCOUNT
USED AS A NONCOUNT NOUN
(o) He only did a little work today.
USED AS A COUNT NOUN
(p) Cooking for his family is a work of love.
44

45. 11-6 NOUNS THAT CAN BE COUNT OR NONCOUNT
USED AS A NONCOUNT NOUN
(q) Brazil produces a lot of
coffee.
USED AS A COUNT NOUN
(r) I’d like a coffee with cream.
45

46. 11-6 NOUNS THAT CAN BE COUNT OR NONCOUNT
USED AS A NONCOUNT NOUN
(s) I eat a lot of chicken and
fish.
USED AS A COUNT NOUN
(t) I bought one chicken and one fish.
46

47. 11-6 NOUNS THAT CAN BE COUNT OR NONCOUNT
USED AS A NONCOUNT NOUN
(u) I have experience
writing software.
USED AS A COUNT NOUN
(v) There are many experiences to enjoy
when traveling.
47

48. 11-6 LET’S PRACTICE
a
some
Travis has ____ chicken as a pet.
a
48

49. 11-6 LET’S PRACTICE
a
/
/
I like to get my hair __ cut once a month.
49

50. 11-6 LET’S PRACTICE
time
times
I tried to call my friend six ______.
times
50

51. 11-7 USING UNITS OF MEASURE WITH NONCOUNT
NOUNS
She has a bowl of
cereal, a glass of
milk, and a piece
of fruit for
breakfast.
51

52. 11-7 USING UNITS OF MEASURE WITH NONCOUNT
NOUNS
(a) He put some oil on the salad.
52

53. 11-7 USING UNITS OF MEASURE WITH NONCOUNT
NOUNS
(a) He put some oil on the salad.
(b) He had three drops of oil on his salad.
53

54. 11-7 USING UNITS OF MEASURE WITH NONCOUNT
NOUNS
(a) He put some oil on the salad.
(b) He had three drops of oil on his salad.
(c) He eats some toast with fruit every day.
54

55. 11-7 USING UNITS OF MEASURE WITH NONCOUNT
NOUNS
(a) He put some oil on the salad.
(b) He had three drops of oil on his salad.
(c) He eats some toast with fruit every day.
(d) He had two pieces of toast with berries.
55

56. 11-7 LET’S PRACTICE
bag
bottle
I need a _____ of vinegar.
bottle box
56

57. 11-7 LET’S PRACTICE
bag
container
I have a _________ of spaghetti. bottle
container
57

58. 11-7 LET’S PRACTICE
bag
bottle
container
bag
I’d like to eat a _____ of tortilla chips.
58

59. 11-8 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
Please tell me a story.
You tell the best stories.
59

60. 11-8 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
USING A OR Ø (NO ARTICLE)
SINGULAR COUNT NOUNS
(a) A computer can be helpful for homework.
60

61. 11-8 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
USING A OR Ø (NO ARTICLE)
SINGULAR COUNT NOUNS
(a) A computer can be helpful for homework.
(b) An orange is orange.
61

62. 11-8 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
USING A OR Ø (NO ARTICLE)
SINGULAR COUNT NOUNS
(a) A computer can be helpful for homework.
(b) An orange is orange.
(c) A tornado can be dangerous.
62

63. 11-8 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
USING A OR Ø (NO ARTICLE)
SINGULAR COUNT NOUNS
(a) A computer is helpful for doing homework.
(b) An orange is orange.
(c) A tornado can be dangerous.
a + singular count noun generalization
any, all, in general
63

64. 11-8 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
USING A OR Ø (NO ARTICLE)
PLURAL COUNT NOUNS
(d) Computers can be helpful for homework.
64

65. 11-8 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
USING A OR Ø (NO ARTICLE)
SINGULAR COUNT NOUNS
(d) Computers can be helpful for homework.
(e) Oranges are orange.
65

66. 11-8 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
USING A OR Ø (NO ARTICLE)
SINGULAR COUNT NOUNS
(d) Computers can be helpful for homework.
(e) Oranges are orange.
(f) Tornadoes can be dangerous.
66

67. 11-8 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
USING A OR Ø (NO ARTICLE)
SINGULAR COUNT NOUNS
(d) Computers can helpful for homework.
(e) Oranges are orange.
(f) Tornadoes can be dangerous.
no article (Ø) with plural count noun
generalization
67

68. 11-8 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
USING A OR Ø (NO ARTICLE)
NONCOUNT NOUNS
(g) Ø Exercise increases energy.
(h) Ø Fruit contains vitamins.
(i) Children need Ø attention.
no article (Ø) with noncount noun
generalization
68

69. 11-8 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
USING A OR SOME
SINGULAR COUNT NOUNS
(j) I bought a computer to help with homework.
(k) I brought an orange for desert.
(l) There was a tornado in Kansas last week.
a + singular count noun one thing
(not specific)
69

70. 11-8 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
USING A OR SOME
PLURAL COUNT NOUNS
(m) There are some computers in the lab.
(n) I’d love to have some oranges.
(o) There are some tornadoes every year.
some + plural count noun things
(not specific)
70

71. 11-8 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
USING A OR SOME
NONCOUNT NOUNS
(p) I need some exercise.
(q) The children would like some fruit.
(r) I think the cat needs some attention.
some (Ø) with noncount noun
something not specific
71

72. 11-8 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
USING THE
SINGULAR COUNT NOUNS
(s) Do you like the computer you bought?
(t) I enjoyed the orange you gave me.
(u) The tornado that hit yesterday was awful.
(v) The moon is full.
(w) The window is open.
(x) Are you in the garage?
the + noun specific person(s) or thing(s)
72

73. 11-8 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
USING THE
PLURAL COUNT NOUNS
(y) The computers were expensive.
(z) I enjoyed the oranges you gave me.
(aa) The tornadoes that hit Mexico were awful.
(bb) The moons of Saturn are beautiful.
the + noun specific person(s) or thing(s)
73

74. 11-8 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
USING THE
NONCOUNT NOUNS
(cc) The mail came early today.
74

75. 11-8 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
USING THE
NONCOUNT NOUNS
(cc) The mail came early today.
(dd) The fruit wasn’t ripe yet.
75

76. 11-8 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
USING THE
NONCOUNT NOUNS
(cc) The mail came early today.
(dd) The fruit wasn’t ripe yet.
(ee) The love of a mother is very strong.
76

77. 11-8 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
USING THE
NONCOUNT NOUNS
(cc) The mail came early today.
(dd) The fruit wasn’t ripe yet.
(ee) The love of a mother is very strong.
(ff) The smog is bad this year.
77

78. 11-8 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
USING THE
NONCOUNT NOUNS
(cc) The mail came early today.
(dd) The fruit wasn’t ripe yet.
(ee) The love of a mother is very strong.
(ff) The smog is bad this year.
the with noncount noun
something specific
78

79. 11-8 LET’S PRACTICE
a Do you have
an ____ recipe for
the
the Mom’s lasagna?
79

80. 11-8 LET’S PRACTICE
a
an
the
No, but I
have ___
a
recipe
from a
magazine.
80

81. 11-8 LET’S PRACTICE
a
an
Too bad.
the Mom
makes ___
the
best
lasagna.
81

82. 11-8 LET’S PRACTICE
a
an
the
I do have ___
an
extra special
spaghetti
recipe that
you might
like.
82

83. 11-9 USING THE OR Ø WITH NAMES
The Himalayas are in Asia.
83

84. 11-9 USING THE OR Ø WITH NAMES
(a) Ø Ms. Albert is on the phone.
She is waiting to speak to Ø Dr. Simmons.
84

85. 11-9 USING THE OR Ø WITH NAMES
(a) Ø Ms. Albert is on the phone.
She is waiting to speak to Ø Dr. Simmons.
Ø Prime Minister Thompson was re-elected.
The titled names.
85

86. 11-9 USING THE OR Ø WITH NAMES
(b) I taught English in Ø Asia.
86

87. 11-9 USING THE OR Ø WITH NAMES
(b) I taught English in Ø Asia.
Ø Australia is a large island.
87

88. 11-9 USING THE OR Ø WITH NAMES
(b) I taught English in Ø Asia.
Ø Australia is a large island.
Over 20% of the earth’s land is in Ø Africa.
88

89. 11-9 USING THE OR Ø WITH NAMES
(b) I taught Ø English in Asia.
Ø Australia is a large island.
Over 20% of the earth’s land is in Ø Africa.
The names of continents.
89

90. 11-9 USING THE OR Ø WITH NAMES
(c) Madrid is the capital of Ø Spain.
Ø Chile has some beautiful mountains.
Ø Madagascar is a small country.
The names of most countries.
(d) The Dominican Republic is a small country.
There are windmills in the Netherlands.
The United States has 50 states.
The a few countries.
90

91. 11-9 USING THE OR Ø WITH NAMES
(e) I love Ø Paris in the spring time.
Ø New York has wonderful museums.
We visited Ø Johannesburg last winter.
The names of cities.
91

92. 11-9 USING THE OR Ø WITH NAMES
(f) The Mississippi River is very wide.
The most important river that feeds the Black
Sea is the Danube.
The rivers, oceans & seas.
(g) Ø Lake Vostok is the largest lake in the world.
A large lake in Canada is Ø Lake Huron.
The names of lakes.
92

93. 11-9 USING THE OR Ø WITH NAMES
(h) We saw the Virunga Mountains in Africa.
The Andes Mountains are in South America.
The names of mountain ranges.
(i) Ø Elbrus Mountain is in Russia.
A beautiful mountain in Alaska is
Mount Denali.
The individual mountains.
93

94. 11-9 LET’S PRACTICE
The Mediterranean Sea is located
___
to the north of ___ Africa.
Ø
Ø
the
94

95. 11-9 LET’S PRACTICE
Ø the
___ Professor Keely teaches in ___ Czech
Ø
Republic. She loves working in ___
Prague.
Ø
the
95

96. 11-9 LET’S PRACTICE
It is illegal to climb ___ Himalayas
the
Ø
in ___ Bhutan.
Ø
the
96

97. 11-10 CAPITALIZATION
Barbara Barns studied business at
Brac University in Bangladesh.
97

98. 11-10 CAPITALIZATION
CAPITALIZE
1. The first word of a sentence.
(a) There are no clouds in the sky.
It is a beautiful day.
98

99. 11-10 CAPITALIZATION
CAPITALIZE
1. The first word of a sentence.
(a) There are no clouds in the sky.
It is a beautiful day.
Capitalize = a BIG letter,
not a small one
99

100. 11-10 CAPITALIZATION
CAPITALIZE
2. The names of people.
(b) Jimi Hendrix was a rock musician
in the 60’s.
100

101. 11-10 CAPITALIZATION
CAPITALIZE
3. Titles used with the names of people.
(c) Dr. Gilroy lives near me.
Were you in Professor Gilroy’s class?
COMPARE
I saw a professor.
I saw Professor Gilroy.
101

102. 11-10 CAPITALIZATION
CAPITALIZE
4. Months, days, holidays
(d) Zoe’s birthday is in December.
She was born on a Saturday.
It was on New Year’s Eve.
spring
summer not
fall/autumn capitalized
winter
102

103. 11-10 CAPITALIZATION
CAPITALIZE
5. The names of places: city, state/province,
country, continent
(e) Ottawa is the capital city of Canada, which
is in North America. It is in the province
of Ontario.
103

104. 11-10 CAPITALIZATION
CAPITALIZE
6. The names of school courses
(f) Professor Mackey teaches my
Women’s History course.
104

105. 11-10 CAPITALIZATION
CAPITALIZE
7. The titles of books, articles, movies
(g) My favorite movie is Shirley Valentine.
My favorite book is The Sweetest Dream.
105

106. 11-10 CAPITALIZATION
CAPITALIZE
8. The names of languages and nationalities
(h) I speak Spanish.
I love Mexican food.
106

107. 11-10 CAPITALIZATION
CAPITALIZE
9. The names of religions
(i) Buddism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam,
and Judaism are some of the major
religions of the world.
One of my friends is a Muslim, and the
other is a Buddhist.
107

108. 11-10 CAPITALIZATION
CAPITALIZE
10. The pronoun “I”
(j) I wish I had learned to type.
108

109. 11-10 LET’S PRACTICE
Should the underlined word be capitalized?
Boxing day is a holiday in canada.
yes
no
109

110. 11-10 LET’S PRACTICE
Why should the underlined word be capitalized?
Boxing Day is a holiday in canada.
first in sentence
person
holiday
place
course
book
language
110

111. 11-10 LET’S PRACTICE
Should the underlined word be capitalized?
Boxing Day is a holiday in canada.
yes
no
111

112. 11-10 LET’S PRACTICE
Why should the underlined word be capitalized?
Boxing Day is a holiday in Canada.
first in sentence
person
holiday
place
course
book
language
112

113. 11-10 LET’S PRACTICE
Should the underlined word be capitalized?
I taught information Systems 202.
yes
no
113

114. 11-10 LET’S PRACTICE
Why should the underlined word be capitalized?
I taught Information Systems 202.
first in sentence
person
holiday
place
course
book
language
114

115. PHOTO CREDITS
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education and
its licensors. All rights reserved.
Images used under license from:
• Shutterstock, Inc.
• Clipart, Inc.
• iStockphoto.com
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