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ESEconf2011 - Buschmann Frank: "What architects need to know"
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ESEconf2011 - Buschmann Frank: "What architects need to know"
1.
Corporate Technology What an
Architect Needs to Know Experiences from the Siemens Curriculum for Software Engineers Frank Buschmann Siemens AG Corporate Technology Systems Architecture and Platforms Copyright © Siemens AG 2010. All rights reserved. Content Motivation Software architect target profile Senior software architect curriculum Summary Page 2 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology 1
2.
Background and motivation
The economic success of many Siemens products is highly dependent on key software knowledge and practices. The qualification of software engineers has high priority for Siemens Levels & roles Head of Class A Project: R&D High complexity (platform / product line) High degree of innovation SW PM Big business impact, high risk SW PLM Cross-functional, distributed structure, big team Certified Senior Software Architect (SSWA) Architect ger Software Eng ments Architect Software Certified Mana Class B Project: r inee Software Architect Moderate innovation in technology, medium risk uire (SWA) Medium business impact, medium teams Test Req Software Class C Project: Developer Enhancing known technology and requirements, low risk Single site development, small teams Page 3 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology Content Motivation Software architect target profile Senior software architect curriculum Summary Page 4 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology 2
3.
Software architect mission
Software Architects drive and guide the specification and realization of a software system through its entire lifetime They provide the architecture vision of a ERP product Warehouse Management Their decisions are driven by clear focus on H Warehouse DB C the intended business for the software and its I Representation Access Material Flow associated requirements Control Fault Mgr They are guided by vision and experience User Mgr Base Automation They lead, guide, coach, and motivate the architects and developers in their teams They involve the relevant management before taking important decisions Page 5 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology Software architect competence spider Architects must be proficient in all areas of software development, but most of all they must be thoughtful leaders! Business case understanding Business and Testing and Quality assurance Global development strategy quality Expert Test processes Legal issues and methods Advanced Software System Product Requirements processes development Basic management engineering SW development processes Requirements engineering Project Product line engineering Leadership management Software architecture Social skills Architecture and development Competence level scale design and realization Basic – can understand Configuration SW design Advanced – can apply Software Architect (SWA) Expert – can guide management methods Senior Software Architect (SSWA) Page 6 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology 3
4.
Involvement in the
business case A properly defined business case and project scope inform about The key purpose and main responsibilities of a software system Its business-relevant requirements and USP’s The context of the system: boundaries, users and their interests, and the domain model The system’s business model The envisioned market for the system and the expected market share The expected revenue (over time), the planned investment (over time) The system’s technology, development and release roadmaps The system’s Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) strategy The architect must understand the system’s business case, and is involved in defining its scope, domain model, roadmaps, and IPR strategy Page 7 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology Involvement in requirements engineering To guide the design and implementation of a software system, requirements should expose the following quality attributes: Feasible – supports the business case ing Correct – precise qualitative description eer n Unambiguous – precise qualitative description ngiE Testable – precise quantitative description nts me Consistent – with other requirements uire Traceable – can be identified clearly Req Prioritized – regarding business value, technical risk, realization complexity, ... The architect must understand the system’s requirements, is involved in challenging their properties, and contributes all technical aspects to their specification and prioritization. It is the architect’s responsibility to initiate dialog with the relevant management and project roles if requirements are lacking the above qualities. Page 9 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology 4
5.
Involvement in testing Test
can help tell an architect how sustainable an architecture is and how well the architecture meets the system requirements A defined test strategy supports testing the success critical aspects of the system Design for testability requires clear modularization, strict design by contract, and stable intermediate Client FIFO Scheduling Strategy states along the control flow of key use cases Future Service Interface Scheduler Activation List Regular architecture reviews and A. Method * Memento Request code quality management help to Macro Store Fetch maintain architecture sustainability Command Item Item and to avoid architecture drift Storage Capacity Leafs Only LoadIn Warehouse Layers Core Storage Abstract Abstract Abstract Manager Visitor Iterator Strategy * * Abstract Storage * Successor The architect and test manager must SOC Factory Atomic Storage Composite Storage agree on a test strategy, the architect SOC * Hazardous Bin Warehouse Aisle must prepare the system’s architecture Hazardous Value Real Bin for testability, participate in reviews, and interpret and react on test results Page 10 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology Involvement in software processes Define and realize a software architecture using an iterative, risk-driven, requirements-driven, and test-driven development process, in which An iterative, time-boxed approach provides continuous feedback Risk- and requirements orientation ensures that the most important aspects of the system's realization are addressed first: key functionality, quality, technological risks A test-driven approach provides concrete feedback on the quality of the architecture and its realization The architect is involved in defining the software development process to ensure that it defines a feedback loop for achieving product quality and less risk Page 11 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology 5
6.
Responsibility in design
and realization Define a sustainable baseline architecture – an architectural "whole": The fundamental structure and form of the software system: its core parts, their main responsibilities, relationships, interfaces, and collaborations Concurrency Concept for Performance and Scalability The concepts for addressing ERP success-critical, system-wide Scheduling quality attributes Client FIFO Warehouse Strategy management Future Service Scheduler H Interface Warehouse DB Activation M The guiding principles I representation Access * A. Method Request Memento List Material flow and design directives control Macro Command Store Item Fetch Item for the architecture Fault mgmt Storage Leafs LoadInWarehouse Capacity Only Layers Core Storage Abstract Abstract Abstract User mgr Active Object Manager Visitor Iterator Strategy * * Abstract Storage *Successor Key for success is that all Base automation SOC Factory Atomic Storage Composite Storage * Hazardous Bin Warehouse Aisle architecture work is driven SOC Hazardous Value Real Bin by requirements and that the architect guides realization: Business Logic Infrastructure Subsystems Subsystem architect also implements Page 12 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology Responsibility in design and realization An architect needs a clear set of values, activities, practices, and methods to System and domain scoping Specify and implement a software architecture constructively and in a Baseline architecture timely fashion specification Check and ensure the appropriate architectural quality Iterative, risk-driven, Enforcing the Respond to changes of all requirements-driven, and architecture vision test-driven development kinds, such as changing requirements and priorities Strategic and Deal with problems that arise Design for usability tactical design during the definition and realization of the software architecture Ensure operational and Care for developmental quality design and code quality Refactoring, reengineering and rewriting Page 13 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology 6
7.
Responsibility in design
and realization An architect needs a sound expertise in methodology and technology What are the methods and technologies all about and what is their range of applicability? What are their benefits and their costs? What methods and technologies are (competitive) alternatives and what methods and technologies are natural complements? How are (selected) methods and technologies applied in detail? Page 14 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology General responsibility: leadership, collaboration, and interaction Leadership is crucial: software architects interact with many other stakeholders in the software development lifecycle Head of … Product (line / lifecycle) manager R&D Requirements Motivation engineer Team building Software Decision enforcement project manager Peer sparring Reviews Coaching Software Test manager developer Stakeholder-specific presentations Software architect Page 15 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology 7
8.
Content Motivation
Software architect target profile Senior software architect curriculum Summary Page 16 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology Elements of the qualification program A qualification program for software engineers requires more than a set of seminars and trainings Qualification Setting standards (courses and ger Engine nts Architect Software for software development Ma na er me Require on-the-job training) Test Fostering best practice sharing Software and experience exchange architects' network Assuring practical experience Certification for critical projects Page 17 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology 8
9.
Guiding principles (1) The
qualification program for senior software architects should address twelve guiding principles for development of software-intensive systems 1. Architecture is the key throughout the whole lifecycle and across releases 2. Build on existing basis where feasible (from technical and business perspective) and be able to recognize when such reuse is not suitable 3. Avoid unnecessary technological platform development by using technical standards and products available on the market 4. In product and system business the product (lifecycle) manager / in project and solution business the project manager is and must act as owner of the main requirement. 5. Pay particular attention to system quality attributes, often overlooked but are extremely important 6. Be prepared and able to handle changing requirements, but be aware about the risk of late changes Page 18 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology Guiding principles (2) The qualification program for senior software architects should address twelve guiding principles for development of software-intensive systems 7. Synchronize well across the technical disciplines: software, mechanics, electronics, mechatronics, systems engineering 8. Work together truly as a team, avoid “silo” thinking, be willing and able to speak and understand the other roles and disciplines 9. Work iteratively (no 100% definition of all up-front), strive to identify and resolve technical and business risks early 10. Structure the system to avoid unnecessary complexity, and to actively enable and support multi-site development 11. Strive for transparency and base decisions on clear business / technical reasons, not political ones 12. Do not underestimate the importance of soft skills, these can be particularly important for convincing and motivating Page 19 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology 9
10.
Curriculum topics
The curriculum content partitions into five topic areas, each including a range of specific topics relevant for software architects 30% Software Require- Testing Architecture ments and 15% Engineering and Quality 15% Development Business Processes and Strategy 10% Social Skills and Leadership 30% Page 20 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology Selected content details: architecture Domain modeling and system scoping Agile development practices Strategic and tactical design Require- Software Testing Architecturally significant requirements ments Architecture and Walking skeletons Engineering and Quality Variability management Development Design for operational and developmental quality Business Processes and Strategy Patterns, practices, methods, technologies Design for usability End user / customer acceptance Social Skills and Leadership Developer habitability Enforcing the architecture vision (avoid architecture drift) Communicating the architecture to stakeholders Mentoring, coaching, reviews Refactoring, Reengineering, Rewriting Page 21 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology 10
11.
Selected content details:
requirements, business, social skills Requirements management: Elicitation Documentation Evolution Require- Software Testing Non-functional requirements ments Architecture and Engineering and Quality Variability management Development C/V Analysis Business Processes and Strategy Business case development Product definition Social Skills and Leadership Portfolio definition Intercultural aspects Conflict management; coaching Situation-dependent leadership Decision enforcement (in critical situations) Team Building Page 22 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology Selected content details: testing and quality Understand the mission and the value of testing and promote it Risk-based testing strategy Require- Software Testing ments Architecture and Test-driven development Engineering and Quality Development Design for testability Test design methods Business Processes and Strategy Integration testing Test architectures, test automation Social Skills and Leadership Regression testing Architectural quality – internal software quality and code quality management Page 23 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology 11
12.
Selection of participants
Curriculum is part of the world-wide employee development program SSWA candidate selection process Nomi- Evaluation Participant Call for nation of appli- Interview candidates by Division Candidate CEO cations 4 candidates Target group: per division 15 advanced and experienced software architects with similar level of expertise from different divisions Page 24 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology Qualification and certification process Over a full year, participants meet in four workshops, and practice what they learned in three project phases with certification gates Workshop1 Workshop2 Workshop3 of Establish Realize Sustain Award ate certific architecture vision architecture architecture (Protect what (Where we want to go) (Where we can go) we have achieved) Workshop4 Wrap-up 5 days 5 days 3 days Where we are, where we were, and where we want to go s s s 1 day gate gate gate at ion at ion at ion tific tific tific Cer Cer Cer Project phase 1 Project phase 2 Project phase 3 Preparation phase Warm-up (Where we are) Page 25 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology 12
13.
Focus on immediate
value Training on the job: participants create immediate value for the projects they are working on during the qualification program EAI Alarm Network Diagnostic (SAP ) OPC SNMP Plant UI Client View Client Northbound Gateway (s) Communication Framework Common Services Application Services License Security Information Repository Archiving Services Operational and Maintenance System ConfigurationCommon Trend Alarm Services Availability Mgmt of &Activation Nam e Logging Logging cation Managed Monitor & Tracing Language Testing Audit Trail Alarm Require- Software Appli ontent in Object Control Color Time and c Miscellaneous ments Architecture Report Workflow Scripting ining cific tasks Services Quality tra ct spe Engineering and proje Southbound Gateway ( s) Development BACnet OPC SNMP Key Application Communication Service Clients Framework Entities (Field Service Category DevicesNetwork , Communication Elements ) Business Processes and Strategy HLV - 060608 - UB .vsd :NM & CS Kno wle dge s Social Skills and Leadership of c on top haring omm ics on i nter est Page 26 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology Content Motivation Software architect target profile Senior software architect curriculum Summary Page 27 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology 13
14.
Experiences and results Organizations
observe a clear improvement of their employees' skills due to participation in the senior software architect qualification program 100% of the organizations agree that the participation was a good investment the program enhanced the participants‘ architecture-relevant knowledge More than 90% agree that the contact network of the participant improved the program has brought value-add in daily business Certified senior software architects Advise management in software strategy Lead architecture teams of high impact projects Support critical projects Help improve the software engineering maturity of their organizations Page 28 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology Where we are and want to go Qualification and certification program for Senior Software Architects is well established and very successful Already in the 4th run The holistic architecture-driven approach works well for us Being able to apply the techniques immediately in current projects is an important success factor, in particular so that the key architects can participate in the qualification program Qualification and certification program for Software Architects Has started in 3 (almost) parallel runs in Europe / USA First feedback indicates high acceptance amongst participants Qualification of Requirements Engineering for Product (Lifecycle) Managers and Project Managers Roll out in planning Page 29 January 2011 Buschmann © Siemens AG, Corporate Technology 14