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Course Code: TAS004A




    Basic Arabic
     Grammar
                                   PART A




                                    Saqib Hussain




© Saqib Hussain 2009. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or otherwise, including photocopying,
recording, Internet, or any storage or retrieval system without prior written permission from the
copyright holder.
Contents
     Introduction...............................................................................................................................2

1    Definite and Indefinite Nouns, and the Nominal Sentence....................................................3

2    Adjectives and Definiteness Agreement..................................................................................9

3    Gender......................................................................................................................................15

4    The Grammatical Cases and Prepositions............................................................................22

5    Verbs - The Perfect Tense.......................................................................................................30

6    Dual Nouns...............................................................................................................................38

7    Plural Nouns............................................................................................................................43

8    The Detached Pronouns and the Irregular Nominal Sentence...........................................51

9    The Imperfect Tense and Negative Verbal Sentences..........................................................56

10   Using verbs and adjectives correctly.....................................................................................61




                                                                      1
Introduction

This is the first part of a series of four courses (Basic Arabic Grammar: Parts A - D). By the end of
the fourth course students should be able to recognise almost all of the grammatical constructions in
any Arabic text, and understand the text with the use of an appropriate dictionary.


This first part focuses on correctly forming basic nominal and verbal sentences.


There are ten video lessons which accompany this textbook. Students will also need the following
texts to derive the maximum benefit from this course:
   ●   Basic Arabic Grammar: Part A - Answer Key
   ●   Vocabulary Tickets Pack


This grammar course assumes an understanding of the Arabic alphabet and vowel system, and the
basic rules for reading and writing Arabic, as covered in the course Reading and Writing the Arabic
Script (TAS001A).


It is suggested that students work through the ten chapters in this course in the following manner:
   1. Read through each chapter;
   2. Watch the video lesson for the chapter;
   3. Re-read the chapter - you should now have a thorough understanding of the main grammar
       points covered;
   4. Memorise the vocabulary for the chapter using the Vocabulary Tickets Pack;
   5. Attempt all of the translation exercises in writing, and check your answers in the Answer
       Key. Make sure you've understood any mistakes that you made.
   6. As you work through the textbook, periodically review the translation exercises from prior
       chapters until you're able to complete them orally, without hesitation.


Before beginning this grammar course, students should read through the course Introduction to
Learning Arabic (TAS003A), which explains how the vocabulary lists are organised, and gives a
vocabulary memorization technique.




                                                  2
1 Definite and Indefinite Nouns, and the Nominal Sentence

A The Noun in Arabic
Arabic nouns are either indefinite or definite.


Indefinite nouns take a tanwīn on their final letter, and are generally translated into English using
the word 'a':


                                     a boy                      ‫ولد‬
                                    a book                     ‫كتاب‬
                                     a man                     ‫رجل‬

To make these nouns definite, we remove the tanwīn and fix the word 1‫ ال‬to the beginning of the
word. This is generally translated using the word 'the':


                                    the boy                     ‫الولد‬
                                   the book                   ‫الكتاب‬
                                    the man                    ‫الرجل‬

Unlike in English, adjectives in Arabic are also either definite or indefinite, just like the nouns. We'll
come back to this point in the next chapter.



B The Nominal Sentence
The most basic sentence in Arabic is called the nominal sentence. This is of the form 'X is/are Y',
such as 'The boy is tall', or 'The books are big.'


X is usually a definite noun, and is known as the subject. Y is usually an indefinite noun or an
indefinite adjective, and is called the predicate.


This is illustrated below. Note that in Arabic we don't have a word for 'is/are' in the nominal
sentence.


                                                     3
The Nominal
                                PREDICATE                          is/are                       SUBJECT
        Sentence




     English Example                 tall                            is                          The man




      Arabic Example                ‫طويل‬                                                          ‫الرجل‬



Consider the following nominal sentences:


                                   The door is big                   ‫الباب كبير‬
                                The man is a teacher                ‫الرجل أستاذ‬


C The Singular Detached Pronouns
We can replace the subject of a nominal sentence with a pronoun. For example, rather than saying
'The man is tall', we might want to say, 'He is tall'. The Arabic pronouns we use for this replacement
are called the detached pronouns.


Detached pronouns are fully covered in Chapter 8; only the singular forms are given here. Note
there are different words for 'you' in Arabic for addressing a male and a female person. We'll
differentiate in English by using SRm (singular masculine) and SRf (singular feminine) in subscript.


                                              I                           1
                                                                            ‫أنا‬
                                            youSRm                        ‫أنت‬
                                            youSRf                        ‫أنت‬
                                            he/it2                          ‫هو‬
                                            she/it                        ‫هي‬

1 The ‫ ا‬of 1 ‫ أنا‬is silent, so it is pronounced as if it were: 1‫. أن‬
2 Note that there is no separate pronoun for 'it'. Instead, we just use 1‫ هو‬or 1‫ هي‬depending on whether the subject
  being referred to is masculine or feminine respectively (see Chapter 3).

                                                           4
Consider the following sentences:


                              YouSRm are tall             ‫أنت طويل‬
                                He is short               ‫هو قصير‬
                               I am young                 ‫أنا صغير‬


D Using 'And' in the Nominal Sentence
The word for 'and' in Arabic is 1‫ . و‬Its use in the nominal sentence is very intuitive. Consider the
following nominal sentences, each of which has more than one predicate:


          The door is big and beautiful                             ‫الباب كبير و جميل‬
       The man is a teacher and a student                          ‫الرجل أستاذ و طالب‬
           The street is long and wide                             ‫الشارع طويل و واسع‬

'And' can also be used to link two nominal sentences together:

    The sea is big     and     the river is small                ‫البحر كبير و النهر صغير‬
The man is a teacher and     the boy is a student                ‫الرجل أستاذ و الولد طالب‬
   The chair is old    and     the door is new               ‫الكرس 7 قديم و الباب جديد‬
                                                                               ‫ي‬




                                                    5
Vocabulary

                         man | PL                                                    ‫رجل | رجال‬
                       boy, son | PL                                                  ‫ولد | اولد‬
                       teacher | PL                                                  ‫أستاذ | أساتذة‬
                      student | 2PLS3                                         ‫ب ، طلبة‬B ‫طالب | ط‬
                                                                                      ‫ل‬
                         river | PL                                                   ‫نهر | أنهار‬
                         sea | 2PLS                                             ‫بحر | بحار ، أبحر‬
                         book | PL                                                   ‫كتاب | كتب‬
                        street | PL                                              4
                                                                                  ‫شارع | شوارع‬
                         chair | PL                                              ‫كرسي | كراسي‬
                                                                                 7       G
                    door; chapter | PL                                               ‫باب | أبواب‬
                         the Nile                                                         ‫يل‬H‫ال‬
                                                                                            ‫ن‬
                     big, great | PL5                                                 ‫كبير | كبار‬
                    small, young | PL                                                ‫صغير | صغار‬
                     old, ancient | PL                                               I‫قديم | قدماء‬
                        new | 2PLS                                             ‫جديد | جدد ، جدد‬
                      long, tall | PL                                                ‫طويل | طوال‬
                         short | PL                                                  ‫قصير | قصار‬
               beautiful, handsome | PL                                              ‫جميل | جمال‬

3 A single Arabic word may have a number of plurals. This is true of a few English words too (e.g. the plurals of
  antenna are antennas and antennae, the plurals of fungus are fungi and funguses), but is much more common in
  Arabic.
4 Notice that unlike most of the other words here, 1‫ شوارع‬doesn't have a tanwīn ending. Such words are called
  diptotes, and will be covered in Basic Arabic Grammar: Part B. For now, treat such words like any other, except
  that they must never have a tanwīn ending. You will also encounter other odd-looking plurals in the vocabulary
  lists (e.g. 1L ‫ أرا‬in Chapter 3 and 1 ‫ى‬O ‫ ق‬in Chapter 10); these words should of course be learnt, but will be dealt
               ‫ض‬                         ‫ر‬
  with in Basic Arabic Grammar: Part B.
5 Many Arabic adjectives have plurals. This is needed for agreement between nouns and adjectives (see Chapter 7).

                                                           6
‫‪broken‬‬                           ‫مكسور‬
                  ‫‪broad, wide‬‬                          ‫واسع‬


‫‪Translation Exercises‬‬

‫‪Exercise 1A‬‬

                                                            ‫رجل و ولد.‬      ‫١‬
                                                       ‫ا ‪I‬ستاذ و ال ‪B‬الب.‬
                                                           ‫ط‬          ‫ل‬     ‫٢‬
                                                          ‫ا ‪I‬ستاذ جديد.‬
                                                                    ‫ل‬       ‫٣‬
                                                               ‫أنا طويل.‬    ‫٤‬
                                                              ‫ال‪H‬يل قديم.‬
                                                                      ‫ن‬     ‫٥‬
                                                               ‫ال‪H‬يل نهر.‬
                                                                      ‫ن‬     ‫٦‬
                                                              ‫البحر كبير.‬   ‫٧‬
                                                   ‫الباب قديم و مكسور.‬      ‫٨‬
                                                   ‫الكتاب قديم و جميل.‬      ‫٩‬
                                                 ‫ال ‪B‬الب صغير. هو قصير.‬
                                                                   ‫ط‬        ‫٠١‬
                                               ‫الكرس 7 طويل. هو جميل.‬
                                                              ‫ي‬             ‫١١‬
                                                    ‫الولد صغير و جميل.‬      ‫٢١‬
                                             ‫الباب كبير و واسع و جميل.‬      ‫٣١‬
                                                    ‫أنت رجل و أنا ولد.‬      ‫٤١‬
                                ‫الشارع جديد و قصير و النهر قديم و طويل.‬     ‫٥١‬

‫‪Exercise 1B‬‬
   ‫.‪1. The river and the sea‬‬
   ‫.‪2. A book and a chair‬‬
   ‫.‪3. The street is long‬‬
   ‫.‪4. He is a boy‬‬


                                ‫7‬
5. The Nile is ancient.
    6. I am a student and youSRm are a teacher.
    7. The door is tall.
    8. The sea is small and beautiful.
    9. The door is beautiful. It is big.
    10. The boy is young and short.
    11. The man is big and the boy is tall.
    12. YouSRm are tall and he is short.
    13. The chair is big, old and broken6.
    14. The teacher is tall and the student is short.
    15. The book is small and new, and the chapter is short and beautiful.




6 This should be translated as if it were: 'The chair is big and old and broken.' As a general rule, in Arabic we use 1‫و‬
  to separate items in a list like the three predicates in this example, where in English we would use commas.

                                                            8
2 Adjectives and Definiteness Agreement

A Adjectival Agreement
There are two things we must remember about adjectives in Arabic:


Firstly, they come after the nouns that they describe, unlike in English, where they occur before the
nouns. So, whereas in English we would say 'a narrow sword', in Arabic we say 'a sword narrow':
1‫ق‬H‫. سيف ض‬
  ‫ي‬

Secondly, the adjective must agree with the noun it describes in four ways:


   1. Definiteness
          If the noun is definite, its adjective must also be definite; if the noun is indefinite, its
          adjective must also be indefinite.


   2. Gender
          [See Chapter 3]


   3. Case
          [See Chapter 4]


   4. Number
          [See Chapters 6 and 7]


This chapter will focus on definiteness agreement. Consider the following phrases, in which the
adjectives agree with their nouns in being definite or indefinite:


                            a narrow sword                      ‫ق‬H‫سيف ض‬
                                                                 ‫ي‬
                          the narrow sword                    ‫ق‬H‫السيف الض‬
                                                               ‫ي‬
                             a clean cup                       ‫فنجان نظيف‬
                             the clean cup                   ‫الفنجان النظيف‬
                     a narrow, ugly, dirty house           ‫ق قبيح وسخ‬H‫بيت ض‬
                                                                     ‫ي‬

                                                   9
the narrow, ugly, dirty house        ‫ق القبيح الوسخ‬H‫البيت الض‬
                                                                         ‫ي‬

Note that when there is a series of adjectives, as in the last two examples, each one must agree with
its noun in the four ways described above.



B Adjectives in the Nominal Sentence
We can now make our nominal sentences more sophisticated, by giving the subject and/or the
predicate their own adjectives. This is illustrated below:



      The Nominal
                               PREDICATE                                                 SUBJECT
        Sentence                                             is/are
                                 + ADJ.                                                   + ADJ.
       (with adjs)




    English Example          a good doctor                     is                       The tall man




     Arabic Example           ‫طبيب حسن‬                                                  ‫ويل‬B ‫الرجل ال‬
                                                                                           ‫ط‬


Consider the following sentences:


            The narrow house is clean                                    ‫ق نظيف‬H‫البيت الض‬
                                                                               ‫ي‬
            The good teacher is short                                   ‫الستاذ الحسن قصير‬
        The ugly garden is hot and dirty                              ‫البستان القبيح حا % و وسخ‬
                                                                            ‫ر‬


C Forming Questions
By putting the particle 1‫ هل‬or the particle 1‫ أ‬in front of a statement, we turn that statement into a
question:


                     YouSRm are tall                                         ‫أنت طويل‬
                 Are youSRm tall?                                         ‫هل أنت طويل ؟‬

                                                      10
He is short                                                     ‫هو قصير‬
                       Is he short?                                                 ‫أ هو قصير ؟‬
              The narrow house is clean                                          ‫ق نظيف‬H‫البيت الض‬
                                                                                       ‫ي‬
             Is the narrow house clean7?                                     ‫ق نظيف ؟‬H‫هل البيت الض‬
                                                                                     ‫ي‬
               The good teacher is short                                        ‫ستاذ الحسن قصير‬I ‫ا‬
                                                                                               ‫ل‬
              Is the good teacher short?                                    ‫ستاذ الحسن قصير ؟‬I ‫هل ا‬
                                                                                             ‫ل‬

In response to such questions, the word for 'yes' is 1‫ , نعم‬and the word for 'no' is 1‫. ل‬


Questions are fully covered in Chapter 19.




7 When we put the particle 1‫ هل‬in front of a word which begins with a connecting hamzah, such as 1‫ , ال‬we
  encounter the double-sukūn problem: the ‫ ل‬of 1‫ هل‬and the ‫ ل‬of 1‫ ال‬both have a sukūn, and they are consecutive
  letters (remember, we're ignoring the connecting hamzah). To make the word pronounceable, we have to give the
  first ‫ ل‬a kasrah, which turns it into: 1‫ . هل‬This is the default way to avoid double-sukūns: change the first sukūn to
  a kasrah.

                                                           11
Vocabulary

                   garden | PL                         ‫بستان | بساتين‬
                    stone | PL                         ‫حجر | أحجار‬
                    house | PL                          ‫بيت | بيوت‬
                     wall | PL                         ‫حائط | حيطان‬
                     pen | PL                            ‫قلم | أقلم‬
                     cup | PL                          ‫فنجان | فناجين‬
                     plate | PL                        ‫صحن | صحون‬
                    lesson | PL                        ‫درس | دروس‬
                    sword | PL                         ‫سيف | سيوف‬
                    clean | PL                         ‫ء‬
                                                       I ‫نظيف | نظفا‬
                       dirty                               ‫وسخ‬
               good, beautiful | PL                    ‫حسن | حسان‬
                   bad, wicked                              ‫ئ‬H‫س‬
                                                             ‫ي‬
                     ugly | PL                          ‫قبيح | قباح‬
hard, strong, powerful [thing]; stern [person] | PL    ‫شديد | شداد‬
                    distant | PL                        I‫بعيد | بعداء‬
                   present | PL                        ‫حاضر | حضور‬
                     narrow                                 ‫ق‬H‫ض‬
                                                             ‫ي‬
                        hot                                 ‫ر‬
                                                            G ‫حا‬
                     dead | PL                         ‫ت | أموات‬H‫م‬
                                                                ‫ي‬




                                                  12
‫‪Translation Exercises‬‬

‫‪Exercise 2A‬‬

                                                                            ‫الدرس القصير.‬      ‫١‬
                                                 ‫هل الولد حاضر؟ نعم، أنا حاضر و هو حاضر.‬       ‫٢‬
                                                                               ‫القلم القديم.‬   ‫٣‬
                                                                              ‫صحن صغير.‬        ‫٤‬
                                                                       ‫البستان النظيف بعيد.‬    ‫٥‬
                                                 ‫هل الفنجان الحا 7 مكسور؟ نعم، هو مكسور.‬
                                                                       ‫ر‬                       ‫٦‬
                                                                         ‫البيت القبيح ض‪H‬ق.‬
                                                                           ‫ي‬                   ‫٧‬
                                                  ‫ال‪H‬يل نهر واسع. أ هو طويل؟ نعم، هو طويل.‬
                                                                                       ‫ن‬       ‫٨‬
                                                        ‫أ أنت ولد حسن؟ نعم، أنا ولد حسن.‬       ‫٩‬
                                                                        ‫ا ‪I‬ستاذ رجل م‪H‬ت.‬
                                                                          ‫ي‬          ‫ل‬         ‫٠١‬
                                                  ‫السيف الجديد ال ‪B‬ويل وسخ. أ هو مكسور؟‬
                                                                      ‫ط‬                        ‫١١‬
                                                                ‫الحجر الكبير الشديد جميل.‬      ‫٢١‬
                                                    ‫هل ال ‪B‬الب ولد س‪H‬ئ قبيح؟ ل، هو حسن.‬
                                                                      ‫ي‬         ‫ط‬              ‫٣١‬
                                                                  ‫الرجل أستاذ جميل طويل.‬       ‫٤١‬
                                                         ‫الحائط الشديد القديم ض‪H‬ق و قصير.‬
                                                                  ‫ي‬                            ‫٥١‬

‫‪Exercise 2B‬‬
   ‫.‪1. A good lesson‬‬
   ‫.‪2. The long wall‬‬
   ‫.‪3. A broken pen‬‬
   ‫.‪4. The hot stone‬‬
   ‫.‪5. Is the new chair dirty? No, it is clean‬‬
   ‫.‪6. The strong door is narrow‬‬
   ‫.‪7. The big garden is far‬‬



                                                  ‫31‬
8. The teacher is a man. He is a small man.
9. Is the Nile a sea? No, it is a big river.
10. The beautiful student is dead.
11. The old house is ugly and the short street is bad.
12. The big wide cup is clean and new.
13. The ugly old book is long and bad.
14. The beautiful, distant sea is hot and powerful.
15. The good, small sword is dirty and broken.




                                               14
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Basic arabic grammar

  • 1. Course Code: TAS004A Basic Arabic Grammar PART A Saqib Hussain © Saqib Hussain 2009. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or otherwise, including photocopying, recording, Internet, or any storage or retrieval system without prior written permission from the copyright holder.
  • 2. Contents Introduction...............................................................................................................................2 1 Definite and Indefinite Nouns, and the Nominal Sentence....................................................3 2 Adjectives and Definiteness Agreement..................................................................................9 3 Gender......................................................................................................................................15 4 The Grammatical Cases and Prepositions............................................................................22 5 Verbs - The Perfect Tense.......................................................................................................30 6 Dual Nouns...............................................................................................................................38 7 Plural Nouns............................................................................................................................43 8 The Detached Pronouns and the Irregular Nominal Sentence...........................................51 9 The Imperfect Tense and Negative Verbal Sentences..........................................................56 10 Using verbs and adjectives correctly.....................................................................................61 1
  • 3. Introduction This is the first part of a series of four courses (Basic Arabic Grammar: Parts A - D). By the end of the fourth course students should be able to recognise almost all of the grammatical constructions in any Arabic text, and understand the text with the use of an appropriate dictionary. This first part focuses on correctly forming basic nominal and verbal sentences. There are ten video lessons which accompany this textbook. Students will also need the following texts to derive the maximum benefit from this course: ● Basic Arabic Grammar: Part A - Answer Key ● Vocabulary Tickets Pack This grammar course assumes an understanding of the Arabic alphabet and vowel system, and the basic rules for reading and writing Arabic, as covered in the course Reading and Writing the Arabic Script (TAS001A). It is suggested that students work through the ten chapters in this course in the following manner: 1. Read through each chapter; 2. Watch the video lesson for the chapter; 3. Re-read the chapter - you should now have a thorough understanding of the main grammar points covered; 4. Memorise the vocabulary for the chapter using the Vocabulary Tickets Pack; 5. Attempt all of the translation exercises in writing, and check your answers in the Answer Key. Make sure you've understood any mistakes that you made. 6. As you work through the textbook, periodically review the translation exercises from prior chapters until you're able to complete them orally, without hesitation. Before beginning this grammar course, students should read through the course Introduction to Learning Arabic (TAS003A), which explains how the vocabulary lists are organised, and gives a vocabulary memorization technique. 2
  • 4. 1 Definite and Indefinite Nouns, and the Nominal Sentence A The Noun in Arabic Arabic nouns are either indefinite or definite. Indefinite nouns take a tanwīn on their final letter, and are generally translated into English using the word 'a': a boy ‫ولد‬ a book ‫كتاب‬ a man ‫رجل‬ To make these nouns definite, we remove the tanwīn and fix the word 1‫ ال‬to the beginning of the word. This is generally translated using the word 'the': the boy ‫الولد‬ the book ‫الكتاب‬ the man ‫الرجل‬ Unlike in English, adjectives in Arabic are also either definite or indefinite, just like the nouns. We'll come back to this point in the next chapter. B The Nominal Sentence The most basic sentence in Arabic is called the nominal sentence. This is of the form 'X is/are Y', such as 'The boy is tall', or 'The books are big.' X is usually a definite noun, and is known as the subject. Y is usually an indefinite noun or an indefinite adjective, and is called the predicate. This is illustrated below. Note that in Arabic we don't have a word for 'is/are' in the nominal sentence. 3
  • 5. The Nominal PREDICATE is/are SUBJECT Sentence English Example tall is The man Arabic Example ‫طويل‬ ‫الرجل‬ Consider the following nominal sentences: The door is big ‫الباب كبير‬ The man is a teacher ‫الرجل أستاذ‬ C The Singular Detached Pronouns We can replace the subject of a nominal sentence with a pronoun. For example, rather than saying 'The man is tall', we might want to say, 'He is tall'. The Arabic pronouns we use for this replacement are called the detached pronouns. Detached pronouns are fully covered in Chapter 8; only the singular forms are given here. Note there are different words for 'you' in Arabic for addressing a male and a female person. We'll differentiate in English by using SRm (singular masculine) and SRf (singular feminine) in subscript. I 1 ‫أنا‬ youSRm ‫أنت‬ youSRf ‫أنت‬ he/it2 ‫هو‬ she/it ‫هي‬ 1 The ‫ ا‬of 1 ‫ أنا‬is silent, so it is pronounced as if it were: 1‫. أن‬ 2 Note that there is no separate pronoun for 'it'. Instead, we just use 1‫ هو‬or 1‫ هي‬depending on whether the subject being referred to is masculine or feminine respectively (see Chapter 3). 4
  • 6. Consider the following sentences: YouSRm are tall ‫أنت طويل‬ He is short ‫هو قصير‬ I am young ‫أنا صغير‬ D Using 'And' in the Nominal Sentence The word for 'and' in Arabic is 1‫ . و‬Its use in the nominal sentence is very intuitive. Consider the following nominal sentences, each of which has more than one predicate: The door is big and beautiful ‫الباب كبير و جميل‬ The man is a teacher and a student ‫الرجل أستاذ و طالب‬ The street is long and wide ‫الشارع طويل و واسع‬ 'And' can also be used to link two nominal sentences together: The sea is big and the river is small ‫البحر كبير و النهر صغير‬ The man is a teacher and the boy is a student ‫الرجل أستاذ و الولد طالب‬ The chair is old and the door is new ‫الكرس 7 قديم و الباب جديد‬ ‫ي‬ 5
  • 7. Vocabulary man | PL ‫رجل | رجال‬ boy, son | PL ‫ولد | اولد‬ teacher | PL ‫أستاذ | أساتذة‬ student | 2PLS3 ‫ب ، طلبة‬B ‫طالب | ط‬ ‫ل‬ river | PL ‫نهر | أنهار‬ sea | 2PLS ‫بحر | بحار ، أبحر‬ book | PL ‫كتاب | كتب‬ street | PL 4 ‫شارع | شوارع‬ chair | PL ‫كرسي | كراسي‬ 7 G door; chapter | PL ‫باب | أبواب‬ the Nile ‫يل‬H‫ال‬ ‫ن‬ big, great | PL5 ‫كبير | كبار‬ small, young | PL ‫صغير | صغار‬ old, ancient | PL I‫قديم | قدماء‬ new | 2PLS ‫جديد | جدد ، جدد‬ long, tall | PL ‫طويل | طوال‬ short | PL ‫قصير | قصار‬ beautiful, handsome | PL ‫جميل | جمال‬ 3 A single Arabic word may have a number of plurals. This is true of a few English words too (e.g. the plurals of antenna are antennas and antennae, the plurals of fungus are fungi and funguses), but is much more common in Arabic. 4 Notice that unlike most of the other words here, 1‫ شوارع‬doesn't have a tanwīn ending. Such words are called diptotes, and will be covered in Basic Arabic Grammar: Part B. For now, treat such words like any other, except that they must never have a tanwīn ending. You will also encounter other odd-looking plurals in the vocabulary lists (e.g. 1L ‫ أرا‬in Chapter 3 and 1 ‫ى‬O ‫ ق‬in Chapter 10); these words should of course be learnt, but will be dealt ‫ض‬ ‫ر‬ with in Basic Arabic Grammar: Part B. 5 Many Arabic adjectives have plurals. This is needed for agreement between nouns and adjectives (see Chapter 7). 6
  • 8. ‫‪broken‬‬ ‫مكسور‬ ‫‪broad, wide‬‬ ‫واسع‬ ‫‪Translation Exercises‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 1A‬‬ ‫رجل و ولد.‬ ‫١‬ ‫ا ‪I‬ستاذ و ال ‪B‬الب.‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ل‬ ‫٢‬ ‫ا ‪I‬ستاذ جديد.‬ ‫ل‬ ‫٣‬ ‫أنا طويل.‬ ‫٤‬ ‫ال‪H‬يل قديم.‬ ‫ن‬ ‫٥‬ ‫ال‪H‬يل نهر.‬ ‫ن‬ ‫٦‬ ‫البحر كبير.‬ ‫٧‬ ‫الباب قديم و مكسور.‬ ‫٨‬ ‫الكتاب قديم و جميل.‬ ‫٩‬ ‫ال ‪B‬الب صغير. هو قصير.‬ ‫ط‬ ‫٠١‬ ‫الكرس 7 طويل. هو جميل.‬ ‫ي‬ ‫١١‬ ‫الولد صغير و جميل.‬ ‫٢١‬ ‫الباب كبير و واسع و جميل.‬ ‫٣١‬ ‫أنت رجل و أنا ولد.‬ ‫٤١‬ ‫الشارع جديد و قصير و النهر قديم و طويل.‬ ‫٥١‬ ‫‪Exercise 1B‬‬ ‫.‪1. The river and the sea‬‬ ‫.‪2. A book and a chair‬‬ ‫.‪3. The street is long‬‬ ‫.‪4. He is a boy‬‬ ‫7‬
  • 9. 5. The Nile is ancient. 6. I am a student and youSRm are a teacher. 7. The door is tall. 8. The sea is small and beautiful. 9. The door is beautiful. It is big. 10. The boy is young and short. 11. The man is big and the boy is tall. 12. YouSRm are tall and he is short. 13. The chair is big, old and broken6. 14. The teacher is tall and the student is short. 15. The book is small and new, and the chapter is short and beautiful. 6 This should be translated as if it were: 'The chair is big and old and broken.' As a general rule, in Arabic we use 1‫و‬ to separate items in a list like the three predicates in this example, where in English we would use commas. 8
  • 10. 2 Adjectives and Definiteness Agreement A Adjectival Agreement There are two things we must remember about adjectives in Arabic: Firstly, they come after the nouns that they describe, unlike in English, where they occur before the nouns. So, whereas in English we would say 'a narrow sword', in Arabic we say 'a sword narrow': 1‫ق‬H‫. سيف ض‬ ‫ي‬ Secondly, the adjective must agree with the noun it describes in four ways: 1. Definiteness If the noun is definite, its adjective must also be definite; if the noun is indefinite, its adjective must also be indefinite. 2. Gender [See Chapter 3] 3. Case [See Chapter 4] 4. Number [See Chapters 6 and 7] This chapter will focus on definiteness agreement. Consider the following phrases, in which the adjectives agree with their nouns in being definite or indefinite: a narrow sword ‫ق‬H‫سيف ض‬ ‫ي‬ the narrow sword ‫ق‬H‫السيف الض‬ ‫ي‬ a clean cup ‫فنجان نظيف‬ the clean cup ‫الفنجان النظيف‬ a narrow, ugly, dirty house ‫ق قبيح وسخ‬H‫بيت ض‬ ‫ي‬ 9
  • 11. the narrow, ugly, dirty house ‫ق القبيح الوسخ‬H‫البيت الض‬ ‫ي‬ Note that when there is a series of adjectives, as in the last two examples, each one must agree with its noun in the four ways described above. B Adjectives in the Nominal Sentence We can now make our nominal sentences more sophisticated, by giving the subject and/or the predicate their own adjectives. This is illustrated below: The Nominal PREDICATE SUBJECT Sentence is/are + ADJ. + ADJ. (with adjs) English Example a good doctor is The tall man Arabic Example ‫طبيب حسن‬ ‫ويل‬B ‫الرجل ال‬ ‫ط‬ Consider the following sentences: The narrow house is clean ‫ق نظيف‬H‫البيت الض‬ ‫ي‬ The good teacher is short ‫الستاذ الحسن قصير‬ The ugly garden is hot and dirty ‫البستان القبيح حا % و وسخ‬ ‫ر‬ C Forming Questions By putting the particle 1‫ هل‬or the particle 1‫ أ‬in front of a statement, we turn that statement into a question: YouSRm are tall ‫أنت طويل‬ Are youSRm tall? ‫هل أنت طويل ؟‬ 10
  • 12. He is short ‫هو قصير‬ Is he short? ‫أ هو قصير ؟‬ The narrow house is clean ‫ق نظيف‬H‫البيت الض‬ ‫ي‬ Is the narrow house clean7? ‫ق نظيف ؟‬H‫هل البيت الض‬ ‫ي‬ The good teacher is short ‫ستاذ الحسن قصير‬I ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ Is the good teacher short? ‫ستاذ الحسن قصير ؟‬I ‫هل ا‬ ‫ل‬ In response to such questions, the word for 'yes' is 1‫ , نعم‬and the word for 'no' is 1‫. ل‬ Questions are fully covered in Chapter 19. 7 When we put the particle 1‫ هل‬in front of a word which begins with a connecting hamzah, such as 1‫ , ال‬we encounter the double-sukūn problem: the ‫ ل‬of 1‫ هل‬and the ‫ ل‬of 1‫ ال‬both have a sukūn, and they are consecutive letters (remember, we're ignoring the connecting hamzah). To make the word pronounceable, we have to give the first ‫ ل‬a kasrah, which turns it into: 1‫ . هل‬This is the default way to avoid double-sukūns: change the first sukūn to a kasrah. 11
  • 13. Vocabulary garden | PL ‫بستان | بساتين‬ stone | PL ‫حجر | أحجار‬ house | PL ‫بيت | بيوت‬ wall | PL ‫حائط | حيطان‬ pen | PL ‫قلم | أقلم‬ cup | PL ‫فنجان | فناجين‬ plate | PL ‫صحن | صحون‬ lesson | PL ‫درس | دروس‬ sword | PL ‫سيف | سيوف‬ clean | PL ‫ء‬ I ‫نظيف | نظفا‬ dirty ‫وسخ‬ good, beautiful | PL ‫حسن | حسان‬ bad, wicked ‫ئ‬H‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ugly | PL ‫قبيح | قباح‬ hard, strong, powerful [thing]; stern [person] | PL ‫شديد | شداد‬ distant | PL I‫بعيد | بعداء‬ present | PL ‫حاضر | حضور‬ narrow ‫ق‬H‫ض‬ ‫ي‬ hot ‫ر‬ G ‫حا‬ dead | PL ‫ت | أموات‬H‫م‬ ‫ي‬ 12
  • 14. ‫‪Translation Exercises‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2A‬‬ ‫الدرس القصير.‬ ‫١‬ ‫هل الولد حاضر؟ نعم، أنا حاضر و هو حاضر.‬ ‫٢‬ ‫القلم القديم.‬ ‫٣‬ ‫صحن صغير.‬ ‫٤‬ ‫البستان النظيف بعيد.‬ ‫٥‬ ‫هل الفنجان الحا 7 مكسور؟ نعم، هو مكسور.‬ ‫ر‬ ‫٦‬ ‫البيت القبيح ض‪H‬ق.‬ ‫ي‬ ‫٧‬ ‫ال‪H‬يل نهر واسع. أ هو طويل؟ نعم، هو طويل.‬ ‫ن‬ ‫٨‬ ‫أ أنت ولد حسن؟ نعم، أنا ولد حسن.‬ ‫٩‬ ‫ا ‪I‬ستاذ رجل م‪H‬ت.‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫٠١‬ ‫السيف الجديد ال ‪B‬ويل وسخ. أ هو مكسور؟‬ ‫ط‬ ‫١١‬ ‫الحجر الكبير الشديد جميل.‬ ‫٢١‬ ‫هل ال ‪B‬الب ولد س‪H‬ئ قبيح؟ ل، هو حسن.‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ط‬ ‫٣١‬ ‫الرجل أستاذ جميل طويل.‬ ‫٤١‬ ‫الحائط الشديد القديم ض‪H‬ق و قصير.‬ ‫ي‬ ‫٥١‬ ‫‪Exercise 2B‬‬ ‫.‪1. A good lesson‬‬ ‫.‪2. The long wall‬‬ ‫.‪3. A broken pen‬‬ ‫.‪4. The hot stone‬‬ ‫.‪5. Is the new chair dirty? No, it is clean‬‬ ‫.‪6. The strong door is narrow‬‬ ‫.‪7. The big garden is far‬‬ ‫31‬
  • 15. 8. The teacher is a man. He is a small man. 9. Is the Nile a sea? No, it is a big river. 10. The beautiful student is dead. 11. The old house is ugly and the short street is bad. 12. The big wide cup is clean and new. 13. The ugly old book is long and bad. 14. The beautiful, distant sea is hot and powerful. 15. The good, small sword is dirty and broken. 14
  • 16. For the complete textbook, please visit www.arabic-studio.com