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- 1. Tecnología, desarrollo sustentable y políticas de innovación: la perspectiva de transiciones socio-técnicas Adrian Smith and Patrick van Zwanenberg, SPRU, University of Sussex Curso de Actualización Profesional GTEC, Universidad Nacional de Gral. San Martin Buenos Aires, 19 Noviembre 2011
- 2. Estructura de la clase 9:30 - 9:45 Introducción 9:45 – 10:30 Enfoques convencionales de innovación para el desarrollo sustentable BREAK 10:45 – 11:30 ¿Por qué adoptar la perspectiva de las transiciones socio-técnicas? (Incluye un ejercicio práctico) BREAK 11:45 – 13:00 La perspectiva multi-nivel y los nichos verdes – Algunos ejemplos (Incluye un ejercicio práctico) BREAK 13:15 – 13:45 Instrumentos para las transiciones sustentables y su política 13:45 – 14:00 Preguntas finales y discusión
- 4. Enfoques convencionales de innovación para el desarrollo sustentable
- 6. Innovaciones para la sustentabilidad Tipo de innovación Definición Control de la polución Abatimiento de contaminantes: remoción de efluentes Manejo de residuos sólidos Manejo, tratamiento y disposición de residuos Reciclado Reducción de residuos a través de la reutilización de materiales de descarte Reducción de residuos Técnicas de producción y técnicas para minimizar la producción de residuos Tecnologías limpias Procesos de produción que generan bajo nivel de impacto ambiental Monitoreo y control Muestreo, medición, análisis de datos e indicadores de performance Productos más limpios Productos que generan bajos niveles de impacto ambiental en su ciclo de vida Sistemas de gestión Sistemas de manejo ambiental, análisis de ciclo de vida, estrategias de negocios verdes y responsabilidad social empresaria Innovación en sistemas Transformación socio-técnica de los sistemas de producción y consumo
- 7. Políticas de promoción de la innovación sustentable Instrumentos de comando y control Contaminantes o productos estándar: límites / performance Tecnologías estándar: selección de mejor tecnología disponible / prescripción de estándares tecnológicos Licencias : para construir / operar / vender Regulación sobre responsabilidad ambiental : responsabilidad ante riesgos Creación de zonas exclusivas : regulación sobre uso de la tierra / áreas de protección de acuíferos / áreas protegidas Pero… La construcción de estándares a veces es influenciada fuertemente por firmas interesadas, las cuales pueden persuadir al gobierno para establecer regulaciones que, en realidad, ya cumplen (y a veces incluyen tecnologías de reciclado al fin del proceso productivo)
- 8. Instrumentos económicos Subsidios: desgravaciones fiscales / préstamos blandos / garantías fiscales Incentivos impositivos: impuestos sobre energía y recursos / impuestos sobre emisiones / impuestos sobre productos Cargos económicos : cargos sobre conexión y uso / impuestos sobre residuos / cargos sobre licencias Creación de mercados: permisos negociables en mercados / implementación conjunta Instrumentos de infraestructura: oferta o mejora de infraestructuras para contribuir con buenas prácticas ambientales / desmantelamiento de infraestructuras pobres Pero… Los impuestos necesitan cambiar las señales de precios durante un período extendido para inducir innovaciones que consuman menos recursos (puede generar tensiones políticas). Los subsidios solos no inducen nuevas inversiones. A veces, otras razones son importantes. (Ej.: Las firmas pueden creer que existe un nuevo mercado para nuevas tecnologías) Políticas de promoción de la innovación sustentable
- 9. Acuerdos de colaboración Acuerdos público-privados: acuerdos sobre objetivos de consumo a largo plazo o estándares de producción en determinados sectores / acuerdos con empresas particulares Certificaciones y etiquetados: con (o sin) conformidad legal Pero… Las asociaciones se conforman de acuerdo a las relaciones de poder y el uso desigual de recursos. Políticas de promoción de la innovación sustentable
- 10. Instrumentos de comunicación Influencia sobre valores y normas: evocar emociones / proveer experiencias / modelos de comportamiento / estableciendo normas / apelaciones / provocaciones y recordatorios / feedbacks / estímulo para el compromiso personal / confrontación / persuasión Influencia sobre conocimientos y capacidades : educación / capacitación / consultoría / campañas de información / programas y demostraciones piloto / difusión de datos y bancos de datos Coordinación y construcción de redes : creación y mantenimiento de redes / planificación participativa y resolución de problemas Pero… La provisión de información no necesariamente lleva directamente a cambios de comportamiento. Políticas de promoción de la innovación sustentable
- 11. Sociología de las innovaciones sustentables Nuevo conocimiento Conocimiento disponible Formas de conocimiento desplegado Actores en la cadena de provisión Social Local Fuente: Clayton et al ., 1999
- 12. ¿Por qué adoptar una perspectiva de transiciones socio-técnicas?
- 13. ¿Qué tienen esta cosas en común? Biodigestores Autos híbridos Pequeños generadores hidro Motores eléctricos eficientes Efficient home appliances Luces LED Manejo de granos Biocombustibles Manejo de residuos de cultivo y manejo de nutrientes Calefacción, ventilación y refrigeración eficiente Eficiencia energética industrial Aplicación de aislamiento
- 14. Respuesta: Según McKinsey toda disminución de emisiones de carbono ahorra dinero, ya! Pregunta: Entonces, ¿por qué estas tecnologías rentables, no se difunden?
- 17. Configuración socio-técnica Las bicicletas son…
- 19. Emisiones per capita GHG (2006): EE.UU. – 20.6 toneladas RU – 11.0 toneladas OECD promedio – 14.4 toneladas Promedio Mundial – 6.6 toneladas Cambiando las bases del desarrollo económico
- 20. Cambiando las bases del desarrollo económico: dando cuenta de una deuda histórica. Ej. Los objetivos de reducción de carbono de Reino Unido 2006 emisiones Aviación y navegación internacional* GHGs no-CO 2 en Reino Unido Otros CO 2 Industria (calefacción y procesos industriales) Calefacción residencial y comercial Transporte doméstico Generación eléctrica * carbonera a base de combustible 2050 objetivo 159 Mt CO 2 e 695 Mt CO 2 e 77% cut (= 80% vs. 1990)
- 22. Desarrollo económico: dando cuenta de la clausura de carbono para las economías emergentes Incrementos en emisiones de CO 2 - 1980-2000 Total de emisiones de CO 2 - 2000
- 24. Otros temas de sustentabilidad también sugieren transiciones socio-técnicas
- 25. La perspectiva multi-nivel y los nichos verdes
- 27. Perspectiva multi-nivel en transiciones socio-técnicas (ej. navegación a vapor)
- 28. Transiciones socio-técnicas en una perspectiva multi-nivel Source: Frank Geels Los regímenes socio-técnicos sustentables pueden ser inducidos a través de la creación conciente de nichos verdes Variación Presiones Traducción
- 29. Nichos verdes – un ejemplo
- 32. Comida orgánica en Reino Unido – es radicalmente diferente? Dimensión socio-técnica Alimentos convencionales Comida orgánica Principios guía Maximizar resultados utilizando insumos externos. Optimizar resultados dentro de límites naturales. Tecnologías Insumos agroquímicos y control de plagas. Utilización de antibióticos Mecanización Rotación de cultivos, reciclado de nutrientes, control biológico de plagas. Salud animal promovida a partir de cuidados naturales. Estructura industrial Producción especializada e intensiva, Múltiple/grandes operaciones comerciales Cadenas de producción globalizadas Producción mixta de agricultura y ganadería en la misma unidad productiva. El ideal es la granja mixta. Desarrollo de economía local Relaciones con los usuarios Provisión a procesadoras de alimentos y supermercados. Comida procesada y empacada. El consumo de productos de granja es cercano a la fuente de producción Alimentos integrales. Políticas y regulaciones Subsidios para la producción. Servicios de extensión proveen información sobre nuevos insumos agroquímicos I+D público Certificación de estándares orgánicos. Ayuda financiera para la conversión al sistema orgánico. Servicios de extensión especializados. Conocimientos Bioquímica. Ingeniería en alimentos. Logística de transporte. Ciencia del suelo y ecología. Variedad de cultivos. Alimentos estacionales. Significados culturales Alimentos como bienes de consumo / Económica Alimentación sustentable.
- 36. Tiempo Ubicuidad 2. La difusión transforma los elementos del nicho 5. Reacción del nicho al mainstreaming. 3. Value-laden niches persist. 1. Pioneros comprometidos crean un un nicho sustentable Dinámica de desarrollo del nicho 4. Las puntos más radicales no son parte de las adecuaciones 6. Más interacciones ...
- 38. Hacia medidas de transición … ¿y los cambios políticos?
- 39. Políticas de transición Fuente: Geels (2002) Estrategias y visiones Estrategias y visiones Visiones en busca de sistemas de energía sustentable Visiones en busca de sistemas de energía sustentable Visiones en busca de sistemas de energía sustentable Nichos socio-técnicos Nichos socio-técnicos Nichos socio-técnicos Nichos socio-técnicos Aprendizajes / procesos
- 40. Políticas de transición Fuente: Geels (2002) Estrategias y visiones Estrategias y visiones Visiones para sistemas energéticos sustentables Visiones para sistemas energéticos sustentables Visiones para Sistemas energéticos sustentables Nichos socio-técnicos Nichos socio-técnicos Nichos socio-técnicos Nichos socio-técnicos Aprendizaje / proceso
- 41. Políticas de transición Source: Geels (2002) Presiones para que el régimen se convierta sustentable Empoderamiento y concientización ambiental Visiones y estrategias Visiones y estrategias Visiones para sistemas energéticos sustentables Visiones para sistemas energéticos sustentables Visiones para sistemas energéticos sustentables Nichos socio-técnicos Nichos socio-técnicos Nichos socio-técnicos Nichos socio-técnicos Aprendizaje / proceso Política / sustancia
- 42. Políticas de transición Source: Geels (2002) Presiones para que el régimen se convierta sustentable Empoderamiento y concientización ambiental ¿Qué lecciones llevarán a futuras adaptaciones? ¿Qué visiones cuentan? Como redistribuir los compromisos del régimen a los nichos? ¿Cómo desestabilizar el régimen? ¿Dónde tiene lugar todo esto? ¿Qué nichos apoyar? ¿Bajo qué criterios? Aprendizaje / proceso Política / sustancia Pathways to visions Pathways to visions Visiones para Sistemas energéticos sustentables Visiones para sistemas energéticos sustentables Visiones para Sistemas energéticos sustentables Socio-technical niches Socio-technical niches Socio-technical niches Socio-technical niches
- 43. Políticas de transición Fuente: Geels (2002) ID&D Campañas de información Regulaciones Subsidios Impuestos Capacidades Instituciones gubernamentales Discurso político Capital de inversión pública Cuotas de mercado Targets Marcos de planificación Objetivos de la política industrial Inversión en infrastructura
- 44. Compromisos más amplios de la sociedad civil en transiciones sustentables Fuente: Geels (2002) Innovación de base Consumo verde Ciencia ciudadana Boicots de consumidores Estándares y contra-pericia Protesta y lobbying Generación de conciencia Presión social Aspiraciones comunitarias Visiones plurales en la sociedad civil
- 46. Un ejercicio – Transiciones sustentables en Argentina?
- 48. Closing discussions ... Discuta con el compañero de al lado los próximos cinco minutos qué se han llevado del día (si se han llevado algo) Escriban en un papel una oración que capture sus impresiones Leeremos algunas en voz alta (y las tendremos en cuenta para referencias futuras)
- 49. Ejemplo: energía eólica – encajando y transformando los sistemas eléctricos?
Notas del editor
- Paddy to lead
- - CT uses energy more eff and less waste cf e-o-p solve probs at source cf. remedies CT economically attve: win-win CT as an approach: new ways of connecting existing tchlgies, e..g using water instead as solvents in chemistry. all other innvtsn can contbte to CT, e.g. better mgmnt of processes so why not diffusing rapidly? Next slide. But other innvtns to think about first. Top to botto – a broadening out of the unti of analysis – but also relfects chronicallogicla interst and polocy attention NB: all these imply different processes in terms of knowledge and actors involved – NEXT SLIDE
- Idea here is to require firms to consider the environment in operations can be quite prescriptive but not very flexible each kind of instrument has an environmental requirement attached. Examples: Pollutant/prod standards – VOC emissions from a process, power usage of consumer product on ‘stand-by’ Technology standards – BAT, certain levels of water treatment Licensing – European organic certification standards Liability – clean-up of sites after use Zoning – Merton Council’s renewables target for developments
- Idea is to provide a financial incentive to encourage greener innovation, I.e. internalising environmental externalities into innovation processes Examples: Subsidies: Clear Skies encouraging people to be lead users of mass market renewables Incentive taxes – landfill tax and associated funds, e.g. BREW Programme; energy tax on businesses (and associated voluntary agreements) Charges – companies charged for discharging into sewers Market creation – carbon markets in Europe Infrastructure instruments – e.g. reinforcing the grid in Scotland to help renewable exports, public R&D on environmental technology,
- Idea is to create longer-term commitments to improve environmental performance, public-private partnerships. Examples: Long-term agreements, CCA to reduce energy consumption Eco-label for products, help the consumer
- Government information campaigns, education. Networks.
- Paddy finishes with this slide – has to anticipate the exercise Basic point here is that variety of measures that can be taken BUT – growing complexity as broaden our view and use new knowledge – so policies need to work as a portfolio for change. Knowledge – new = public R&D, external suppliers, consultants, science, market research Existing = available within the plant / productn consmptn site Actors: Local to socieatal = working group, company, suppliers/consumers, all players in product lifecycle. Examples. Can students think of any?: 1. improved techniques, e.g. trigger on end of hose (Aire/Calder) 2. Internal recycling, e.g. re-pulp paper off-cuts 3. External recycling, e.g. constcn materials recycling, BedZed steel 4. Incmntl process chnge, e.g. use of waste heat to dry product. 5. Minor product chnge – fuel efficient vehicles 6. Radical change in process, e.g. organic farming 7. New product concept, e.g. ENSCOs 8. Product chain mgmnt, e.g.local veg boxes, car clubs.
- Adrian leads
- Start with a question for anyone to hazard an answer: what do these things have in common? Answer (next slide): they are all cost-effective measures, according to McKinsey consulting
- All the things on the previous slide are money-saving ways of cutting carbon. Another Q: so why are they not currently practised. Exercise: discuss with the person sitting to your left the reasons why you think these things are not spreading widely? Make a note of the list of reasons. You have a couple of minutes. Ask people directly to give one reason from their list. Ask the other couples to raise their hands if they had a similar reason. Expect reasons such as: New skills and capabilities Lack of awareness Sunk capital costs (in existing ways of doing things) Routines and habits of users Lack of capital to make the change Lack of wider infrastructure Threat to manufacturers and suppliers of existing products and processes, and their political constituents Subsidies for the less efficient, high carbon way of doing things Lack of standards etc Reducing sustainable development to a series of marginal cost decisions over discrete technologies is inadequate, and dangerous.
- The point is that new products and processes do not diffuse into empty terrain. They have to ‘compete’ in all sorts of non-market ways with existing social and technological ‘regimes’ that currently provide us with services, such as energy, housing, mobility, manufactured goods, etc The purpose of today is to explore one way of thinking about how to open up spaces for more sustainable alternatives under unfavourable contexts Capabilities. The innovation activities of incumbents are constrained by existing capabilities and knowledge (Dosi, 1982; Nelson and Winter, 1982), which channel technical developments in restricted subsets of the possible directions. Innovative activities and investments are also constrained by existing beliefs and perceptions, routines and habits. Economics. Existing technologies tend to be cheaper in the short run because they have benefited from long periods of dynamic increasing returns (e.g. learning by doing and using, scale economies and positive network externalities). This puts them in advantageous positions compared with novel practices. • Vested interests. Incumbents have sunk investments (in capital, competencies and social networks, for example) that they will try to protect. They therefore resist radical change that threatens them. Large, established industries may contain divisions and individuals with more radical ideas, but they are less often empowered to implement these if core business interests are thereby challenged. • Politics and power. Incumbent businesses, regulators and others enjoy important positions in the current system. Economic power bestows considerable influence; they have voices that will be listened to by innovation policy processes. Innovators outside this nexus rely on future expectations to make their case. ‘Outsiders’ need not be small players, for example large information technology companies are outsider innovators in energy systems but have a potentially transformative role to play in a move to ‘smart grid’ technologies. However, ‘outsider’ innovators are often smaller players and are weakly organised. Whilst today’s shareholders, workers and customers can vote and exert influence in other ways, tomorrow’s stakeholders in more sustainable systems are not a recognisable constituency. • Infrastructure. Existing technological devices may be embedded in dedicated infrastructures that make their substitution with alternatives difficult. • Institutions. Government regulations and subsidies, professional associations, and market rules have co-evolved as part of existing systems and tend to reinforce existing trajectories of development. • Market and consumer cultures. Prevailing market and social attitudes influence the kinds of technical performance deemed acceptable; whilst the business models, lifestyle norms and routines that are created around them can resist novel practices.
- Bike – the basic artefact,. When studying design engineering instructed to look for elegant simplicity (bike has this). When studying STS, learnt that artefacts ‘work’ through complicated networks. User: need to learn how to use the artefact Highway Code: how to use it properly, in public; regulations (e.g. compulsory insurance?); tax breaks to purchase a bike Repairs and service Safe places to lock the bike Cycle lanes: infrastructure adding to safety/confidence of cyclist Geography: proximity of home to work, or train station to home/work Other road users: how to travel alongside bikes Symbolic meaning
- Taken from the Climate Change Committee report, Building a Low Carbon Economy, in December 2008. Stark illustration of the extent of decarbonisation required across many systems in society. Now legally binding on the UK government – hence new policy strategies like UK Low Carbon Transition Policy G8 L’Aquila statement in July 09 agreed to 50 per cent global targets; European Commission also talking about transitions. Implies the decarbonisation of entire sectors. Not just greening the flow of goods and services (commodities), but the transformation of infrastructures too, and their institutions too. From a TA perspective, a move from ‘embedding technologies in societies’ towards ‘technologies making societies’: transformations that reconfigure the way societies realise human needs for energy, mobility, food, and so forth. Most specifically, the ‘transition management’ movement advocates policies for deliberately modulating these processes in order to move towards particular visions of sustainability.
- Size of territory indicates growth in carbon emissions over the period, or total emissions for 2000
- The map shows the population of each territory multiplied by the Human Development Index of the United Nations Development Program. This is a measure of quality of life. It combines measures of health, wealth and education in a territory. In 2004, an optimum score of 1000 was achieved where life expectancy was 85 or more years, adult literacy was 100%, school enrolment was 100% and the Gross Domestic Product is US$40 000 or more per person per year. Norway has the highest score of 956; Sierra Leone has the lowest score of 273. The world average is 698.
- Paddy to lead, with Adrian taking over for niche stuff
- To understand techlgy devlpmnt need to put it in its social context, identify the social processes shaping techlgy and that are shaped by the techlgies they produce: socio-technical perspective E.g. food provision: artefacts/hardware of food system - like physical inputs, plant breeds, pesticides, harvesting tchlgies, animal husbandry, transport, food processing, cooking tchlgies, etc – are studied in tight relation with social elements, like attitudes to role of farming in society, ideas about soil health and nutrition, official agri policy and price support/market rules, structure of food retailing, organisation of distribution systems, trends in food consumption. SD normative goal: some analysts argue need to transform s-t systems. Term ‘regime’ used to evoke structural rigidities and path-dependencies in evolution of incumbent s-t systems. Regimes reproduced by artefacts, institutions and agents, e.g. mnfctrers, users, p-ms, res instutes, rgltors, dstbtn networks etc. Food regime product of 60 years of modernisation logic. Haber, 1909 – plucked bread from air Mutually reinforcing processes in knwldge base, techlgy, industry structure, policy instns, retailing, and consmptn.(e.g. cogtve frameworks, routines, habits, cpblties of agroscnce) Trajectory underpinned by practices based upon high-inputs (fertilizers/pesticides), mechanisation, animal feeds & rearing sheds, product specialisation, larger farming units. Uniform foodstuffs, available at controlled times, permits stdstn & processing, efficient pkging and distbtn, concentration in retailing: thick web of processors between farm and fork. Extending globally. Consumers accustomed to living in this industrial food web: cheap and convenient food, single shop at supermarket, items available all year round, and preparation done for us by processors.
- Paddy to do! MLP and ship transition
- Cognitive, tchgical, economic and social processes in s-t regime present in food case. Food s-t regime chrcterised by reltvely stable, evolving market, techlgy, policy, knowlegde and cultural processes. Regime is deeply unsustainable: this slide suggest a way to break out of unsustainable lock-in: look to innovative niches Axiomatic in innvtn studies that radical innvtns do not spring forth fully developed and able to compete with incumbent way of doing things Need time, space, knwldge, resources and cpbilities to develop, this is possible in tchlgy niches (RD&Demo pgmmes) or mkt niches Discuss diagram: theory developed in Netherlands amongst STS scholars, influencing policy there: govt committed to TM in agri, energy, t’port etc Support grows as niche practice becomes more efficient, effective and credible Tensions at ‘landscape’ level provide oppties, e.g. by shifting criteria against regime performance is judged (e.g envtlsm, BSE, GM), reconfiguring criteria in favour of niche Implication for planners: deliberately create green niche altves and ‘manage’ them strategically in order to break path dependencies: strategic niche management.
- Adrian to do this bit!
- Alternative selection environment – Markard and Truffer Lesson from infant industries literature (protection a big topic there) – protective measures need to be temporary and conditional upon the build up of (internationally) competitive capabilities in the industry
- Read slide: SNM suggests set up niche experiments. Vision: an idea of the kinds of desired s-t practices that are more sustainable Organic vision (IFOAM): food regime respecting natural cycles, uses local and renwable resources, maintains long-term soil fertility, farm prodctn as mixed system of interdependent crops and livestock, nutritional foods, humane animal treatment (free expression), fosters local and regional production, good QoL for farm workers, promotes biodiversity. So, suitable case study Describe niche list of functions. NB: learning: technical (how to improve effectiveness), economic (scope for capturing value, making profit), social (practices in tune with user relations), institutional (policy chges needed to help niche flourish, barriers) Basically, performing technical, economic, social and political tasks Early idealists joined by ‘systems builders’ interested in business/livelhood potential, then mainstream join when viability demonstrated by systems builders Literature identifies niche lessons as being successful when niche possesses good compatibility with the regime. But a niche in tune with the incumbent regime is unlikely to demand radical changes, so blunting its change potential. Conversely, radical niches unlikely to effect change because they are so radical. UNLESS helped by tensions bearing upon the regime: but these are beyond the unilateral control of niche actors PARADOX: SNM wants to seed radical change, but recognises niches cannot be too radical. Moreover, have to rely upon forces beyond niche to provide opportunities for lessons and practices to break through. These intriguing yet problematic ideas prompted me into this research
- Organically farmed land in UK in 2009 was 4.3% of farmland; sales in 2009 were £1.84bn (sales fell by 10-25% depending on category, due to recession and cf. annual growth of 30% over 1990s); sales are of the order of 5 per cent of total food sales, though 88% households report purchasing organic food items). Table contrasts organic s-t practices from the incumbent food regime Clearly some divergence from mainstream food. Ideally, organic food systems are rooted in their environment, supplying fresh food for local consumption. Contrast with spatially-dislocated, high input system for conventional foods According to s-t transition theory, such divergence creates problems for niche breakthrough. Appeal of organics must be very strong AND benefit from tensions in regime. Tensions hev certainly been present and helped: pesticides/chemicals in 1960s; factory farming animals; degradation of rural landscape; pesticide residues in foodstuffs; BSE; GM. True, actors in food regime have undertaken incremental reforms in face of some of these challenges: but also opportunities for organics. Activists position organics as free of salient problems (e.g. chemicals in 1960s, energy in 1970s, GM today) So how has the niche developed?
- Organics / biodynamic first emerged in 1930s (Steiner, Albert Howard, Eve Balfour, Innes Pearce, Jorian Jenks) Philip Conford done a good history. Heterdox colonial agronomy Critical alternative to modernisation (enshrined in 1947 Agri Act): conviction that humus (composting) was essential for soil health and fertility which, in turn, led to healthy animals, plants and man (SPAM!). Rule of return. Modern agri undermining soil health So, a holistic approach to food systems and importance of fresh foods Attracted landowners, physicians, heterdox agri scientists, farmers & establishment figures (e.g. President of Royal Society of Physicians Soil Association founded in 1946: few hundred members grow to 3000 in 1950s Share ideas, disseminate info, exchange experience and try to educate through newsletters and books Key SA activity was experimental farm at Haughley: different plots to try and demonstrate scientifically that composting led to healthier soil and produced food of higher nutritional quality Failed to interest and convince scientific and policy establishment Modern farming experiencing massive productivity gains. Haughley’s holistic, ecological approach out of step with modern farming orthodoxy (convtl scientific conventions and reductionist hypothesis testing) – failed to get government funding. Even on own grounds, results disappointing – Balfour puts it to lack of resources. Experiments closed in 1969. Haughley was a massive drain (financially and energy). Whole food shop. Pioneer school. Niche point: niche activists operate to different set of criteria relative to regime, which can make mutual comprehension and lesson drawing difficult – they are working to different goals. Failed to recruit wider interests: organics dismissed as ‘muck and magic’
- - cracks being to emerge in modern food system: regime tensions, e.g. Rachel Carson, Silent Spring. Emergence of modern envtlsm.- like renwbles, adopt organics as iconic image and solution. Key eco figures move into organics. Schumacher President of SA. Matt Reed: ‘ athough never fully abondoned, the scientific argument for organic food became of less importance and the moral came to the fore’ . People moving back-to-land, or new generation of farmers interested in organics. Lampkin estimates ‘around 100’ in UK in 1980. Had to build a practical, viable organic s-t niche that ‘worked’ Develop prodctn techniques (prepare land, source seeds, animal husbandry, applying manures, Elm Farm Res, SA producers groups, farm walks, volunteers: WWOOF, info packs) Identify markets (what market prices to expect, where is the market –alternative milieu and wholefood shops: small and reltvely local). Regional marketing co-operatives emerge. Develop standards and labels (1973 onwards at SA) – important device for defining organic food. Farmers practice variety of techques. Which to permit, which to ban, which for emergencies – Consvtn Grade (grain = lead mkt) – need some kind of identity and boundary to assure consumer. Practical results and viability gradually made it harder to dismiss organic food. Modern food regime begins to engage more constructively, by taking some organic claims sufficiently seriously to examine them. Agricultural colleges begin offering organic options and courses. Political campaigning: SA lobby on variety of issues – criticise convtl practices and exploit tensions / food scares. Reposition organic food in relation to tensions: residues, spray drift, biodiversity loss, soil erosion, irradiation … Viable niche emerged through learning-by-doing. Niche benefited from slaient food issues
- Organic viability brought credibility, NB: assisted by crises in modern farming (falling farm revenue, valuable niche mkt, food scares and wholseomeness, need to rebuild consumer trust, biodiversity, not GM). High premiums as demand grew, e.g. 20 to 200 per cent at times. Organic boom in late 1990s. Policy: 1996 official assistance for organic advice services, conversion subsidies, organic R&D (£1m by 1999). 2003 organic support = £23, cf. £3bn for agriculture overall. Policy support bestows credibility: no longer muck & magic Supermarkets: tentative, but grew with perceived consumer demand. 1997: 67% organic sales through supermarkets. Need large quantities and to demanding standards – encouraged convtl suppliers into organics. Lge producers speclising in few organic products cf. ideal of mixed farming. Strict demands in terms of quality, appearance, and timing. High-levels of organic imports (over 50%). Process organic foods along conventional food product lines (tikka massala). E.g. Sainos – 50 organic lines in mid-90s, 1500 lines by end of decade. Addtl to convtl lines – have to be careful how mkt organic, not to undermine existing products Niche producers come to terms with new demands. As pool of suppliers grows, so demands can become even more exacting. Chllnge to original, smaller growers. Industry taking pressure for organic ingredients and inserting them in their food systems without changing radically, adapting organic food to constraints of mainstream food structures. Box schemes, farmers networks, localism as a response: over 470 box schemes, similar no. farmers mkts. Direct mkting = 10% organic sales. Localism not solely organic (15%). Niche growth leads to fragmentation: cooption & marginal reform by food regime to suit economic and technical commitments; disappointment and revival in organic movement niche. Very different s-t practices: seasonal food, marketed and consumed locally cf. Argentinian organic beef processed into a bolagnaise ready meal. Associated ‘sustainability’ different for each. directions
- Follows model: early idealists, systems builders, then expansion and connection with regime. Worth remembering importance of idealistic initiators. Case emphasises how important are resources, building constituency of ideas, creating marketing initiatives, establishing an identity, proving you are a viable solution to regime tensions Tensions: interest in organics correlated with certain tensions – initial pioneers following 1960s pesticides, mainstream following food scares in 1990s Different people ‘enter’ niche for different reasons: early idealists with vision of alternative food systems, similarly organic box people today, then mainstream food industry interested in appropriating a niche market. Dfft actors bring difft evaluative criteria and seek dfft things (organic food failed to show inherent superiority independent of wider regime tensions) – organic means dfft things and works dfftly fr difft actors: niches need to contain or be open to dfft meaninsgs (intptve flexibility) in order to enrol a variety of support and interest – even movmnt recasts its evaluative criteria (I.e. claims) in light of tensions. organic industry connotes different set of socio-technical practices cf. organic movement with different sustainability implications: industry = farming without chemicals that must fit its ‘convenience’, ‘cost’ and ‘quality’ criteria cf. a food alternative. Socio-tech view highlights this important point.
- Adrian to do from here
- Transition governance is a process based framework for adaptive learning and intervention. Fundamental concern with these pragmatic activities is to learn more about socio-technical dynamics and seek institutional reforms that will permit the most promising niches and pathways to flourish. TM mainly focused on envisaging low carbon systems and niche experimentation (positive ideas about innovation, rational learning, project management). Problem-framing is central – but issue of frame conflicts not really considered. Implies an elite vanguard of strategic thinkers capable of knowing what is socially optimal, and that their deliberations should lead the future shaping of low carbon societies. Other aspects of transitions less prominent: empowering social movements and taking grassroots innovation seriously; destabilising and unlocking the incumbent energy system; redistributing resources. These are more overtly political tasks. Whose visions count? People frame current energy systems differently, see the challenges differently, prefer different alternatives. How to negotiate consent; and how to include dissent? NL: went to existing policy networks, who tend to dominate; no partcptn from NGOs and cmmnties . Which niches to support; whose criteria? How diverse a range of socially and technologically led niches to support? Making sure technology does not eclipse behaviour initiatives? Plural criteria, or universal criteria, when to bring in market criteria? NL: technology niches favoured over social change niches (80% lifestyle); criteria are trumped by CBA and business advantage for NL, cf. transition potential . Whose lessons should drive future adaptations? Groups will draw different lessons from experiments. Niche pioneers are always convinced there time has come (e.g. renewable energy activists 35 years ago). Others draw different conclusions. How to arbitrate? NL: need for quick wins to demonstrate success of approach eclipse more difficult lessons about longer-term challenges; also – stable investment envt and no stranded assets – less adptble in future? How to destabilise the regime? Incumbent energy practices need to be disrupted, even stopped, such that the alternatives become even more attractive. But we all depend on the incumbents, so how to unsettle without too much disruption? NL: TM informs energy R&D, but not yet driving other areas of energy policy (infrastructure development, market rules, etc); not informing regime sticks to complement the niche carrots How to redistribute resources? LCT implies a hundreds of billions in investments. Some of this will be redistributive. How to manage this process? How to avoid pork barrel politics? Some commitments will inevitably require long-lived infrastructures and institutions, which works against desires to be adaptive. How to manage that tension? How to make sure it is socially just? NL: growing budget for niches, but as just said, not really undermining the regime . Where does this take place? This is both institutional and geographic. Institutionally: Which bits of government facilitate these initiatives; how does TM sit relative to more established policy networks and institutions; how does TM connect with important democratic institutions and public accountability? Geographically: important processes and elements of a transition operate above and below the national scale (e.g. business strategies of MNC, technology demonstration, urban infrastructure). How does TM engage with processes beyond its jurisdiction? NL: still a fairly technical policy issue, cf. a mass political debate .
- Transition governance is a process based framework for adaptive learning and intervention. Fundamental concern with these pragmatic activities is to learn more about socio-technical dynamics and seek institutional reforms that will permit the most promising niches and pathways to flourish. TM mainly focused on envisaging low carbon systems and niche experimentation (positive ideas about innovation, rational learning, project management). Problem-framing is central – but issue of frame conflicts not really considered. Implies an elite vanguard of strategic thinkers capable of knowing what is socially optimal, and that their deliberations should lead the future shaping of low carbon societies. Other aspects of transitions less prominent: empowering social movements and taking grassroots innovation seriously; destabilising and unlocking the incumbent energy system; redistributing resources. These are more overtly political tasks. Whose visions count? People frame current energy systems differently, see the challenges differently, prefer different alternatives. How to negotiate consent; and how to include dissent? NL: went to existing policy networks, who tend to dominate; no partcptn from NGOs and cmmnties . Which niches to support; whose criteria? How diverse a range of socially and technologically led niches to support? Making sure technology does not eclipse behaviour initiatives? Plural criteria, or universal criteria, when to bring in market criteria? NL: technology niches favoured over social change niches (80% lifestyle); criteria are trumped by CBA and business advantage for NL, cf. transition potential . Whose lessons should drive future adaptations? Groups will draw different lessons from experiments. Niche pioneers are always convinced there time has come (e.g. renewable energy activists 35 years ago). Others draw different conclusions. How to arbitrate? NL: need for quick wins to demonstrate success of approach eclipse more difficult lessons about longer-term challenges; also – stable investment envt and no stranded assets – less adptble in future? How to destabilise the regime? Incumbent energy practices need to be disrupted, even stopped, such that the alternatives become even more attractive. But we all depend on the incumbents, so how to unsettle without too much disruption? NL: TM informs energy R&D, but not yet driving other areas of energy policy (infrastructure development, market rules, etc); not informing regime sticks to complement the niche carrots How to redistribute resources? LCT implies a hundreds of billions in investments. Some of this will be redistributive. How to manage this process? How to avoid pork barrel politics? Some commitments will inevitably require long-lived infrastructures and institutions, which works against desires to be adaptive. How to manage that tension? How to make sure it is socially just? NL: growing budget for niches, but as just said, not really undermining the regime . Where does this take place? This is both institutional and geographic. Institutionally: Which bits of government facilitate these initiatives; how does TM sit relative to more established policy networks and institutions; how does TM connect with important democratic institutions and public accountability? Geographically: important processes and elements of a transition operate above and below the national scale (e.g. business strategies of MNC, technology demonstration, urban infrastructure). How does TM engage with processes beyond its jurisdiction? NL: still a fairly technical policy issue, cf. a mass political debate .
- Transition governance is a process based framework for adaptive learning and intervention. Fundamental concern with these pragmatic activities is to learn more about socio-technical dynamics and seek institutional reforms that will permit the most promising niches and pathways to flourish. TM mainly focused on envisaging low carbon systems and niche experimentation (positive ideas about innovation, rational learning, project management). Problem-framing is central – but issue of frame conflicts not really considered. Implies an elite vanguard of strategic thinkers capable of knowing what is socially optimal, and that their deliberations should lead the future shaping of low carbon societies. Other aspects of transitions less prominent: empowering social movements and taking grassroots innovation seriously; destabilising and unlocking the incumbent energy system; redistributing resources. These are more overtly political tasks. Whose visions count? People frame current energy systems differently, see the challenges differently, prefer different alternatives. How to negotiate consent; and how to include dissent? NL: went to existing policy networks, who tend to dominate; no partcptn from NGOs and cmmnties . Which niches to support; whose criteria? How diverse a range of socially and technologically led niches to support? Making sure technology does not eclipse behaviour initiatives? Plural criteria, or universal criteria, when to bring in market criteria? NL: technology niches favoured over social change niches (80% lifestyle); criteria are trumped by CBA and business advantage for NL, cf. transition potential . Whose lessons should drive future adaptations? Groups will draw different lessons from experiments. Niche pioneers are always convinced there time has come (e.g. renewable energy activists 35 years ago). Others draw different conclusions. How to arbitrate? NL: need for quick wins to demonstrate success of approach eclipse more difficult lessons about longer-term challenges; also – stable investment envt and no stranded assets – less adptble in future? How to destabilise the regime? Incumbent energy practices need to be disrupted, even stopped, such that the alternatives become even more attractive. But we all depend on the incumbents, so how to unsettle without too much disruption? NL: TM informs energy R&D, but not yet driving other areas of energy policy (infrastructure development, market rules, etc); not informing regime sticks to complement the niche carrots How to redistribute resources? LCT implies a hundreds of billions in investments. Some of this will be redistributive. How to manage this process? How to avoid pork barrel politics? Some commitments will inevitably require long-lived infrastructures and institutions, which works against desires to be adaptive. How to manage that tension? How to make sure it is socially just? NL: growing budget for niches, but as just said, not really undermining the regime . Where does this take place? This is both institutional and geographic. Institutionally: Which bits of government facilitate these initiatives; how does TM sit relative to more established policy networks and institutions; how does TM connect with important democratic institutions and public accountability? Geographically: important processes and elements of a transition operate above and below the national scale (e.g. business strategies of MNC, technology demonstration, urban infrastructure). How does TM engage with processes beyond its jurisdiction? NL: still a fairly technical policy issue, cf. a mass political debate .
- Transition analysis a process based framework for adaptive learning and intervention. Fundamental concern with these pragmatic activities is to learn more about socio-technical dynamics and seek institutional reforms that will permit the most promising niches and pathways to flourish. TAn mainly focused on envisaging low carbon systems and niche experimentation (positive ideas about innovation, rational learning, project management). Problem-framing is central – but issue of frame conflicts not really considered. Implies an elite vanguard of strategic thinkers capable of knowing what is socially optimal, and that their deliberations should lead the future shaping of low carbon societies. Other aspects of transitions less prominent: empowering social movements and taking grassroots innovation seriously; destabilising and unlocking the incumbent energy system; redistributing resources. These are more overtly political tasks. Whose visions count? People frame current energy systems differently, see the challenges differently, prefer different alternatives. How to negotiate consent; and how to include dissent? NL: went to existing policy networks, who tend to dominate; no partcptn from NGOs and cmmnties . Which niches to support; whose criteria? How diverse a range of socially and technologically led niches to support? Making sure technology does not eclipse behaviour initiatives? Plural criteria, or universal criteria, when to bring in market criteria? NL: technology niches favoured over social change niches (80% lifestyle); criteria are trumped CBA and business advantage for NL, cf. transition potential . Whose lessons should drive future adaptations? Groups will draw different lessons from experiments. Niche pioneers are always convinced there time has come (e.g. organic activists 50 years ago). Others draw different conclusions. How to arbitrate? NL: need for quick wins to demonstrate success of approach eclipse more difficult lessons about longer-term challenges; also – stable investment envt and no stranded assets – less adptble in future? How to destabilise the regime? Incumbent energy practices need to be disrupted, even stopped, such that the alternatives become even more attractive. But we all depend on the incumbents, so how to unsettle without too much disruption? NL: TM informs energy R&D, but not yet driving other areas of energy policy (infrastructure development, market rules, etc); not informing regime sticks to complement the niche carrots How to redistribute resources? LCT Plan implies a #### billion investments. Some of this will be redistributive. How to manage this process? How to avoid pork barrel politics? Some commitments will inevitably require long-lived infrastructures and institutions, which works against TAn’s desire to be adaptive. How to manage that tension? NL: growing budget for niches, but as just said, not really undermining the regime . Where does this take place? This is both institutional and geographic. Institutionally: Which bits of government facilitate these initiatives; how does TAn sit relative to more established policy networks and institutions; how does TAn connect with important democratic institutions and public accountability? Geographically: important processes and elements of a transition operate above and below the national scale (e.g. business strategies of MNC, technology demonstration, urban infrastructure). How does TAn engage with processes beyond its jurisdiction? NL: still a fairly technical policy issue, cf. a mass political debate .
- Transition governance is a process based framework for adaptive learning and intervention. Fundamental concern with these pragmatic activities is to learn more about socio-technical dynamics and seek institutional reforms that will permit the most promising niches and pathways to flourish. TM mainly focused on envisaging low carbon systems and niche experimentation (positive ideas about innovation, rational learning, project management). Problem-framing is central – but issue of frame conflicts not really considered. Implies an elite vanguard of strategic thinkers capable of knowing what is socially optimal, and that their deliberations should lead the future shaping of low carbon societies. Other aspects of transitions less prominent: empowering social movements and taking grassroots innovation seriously; destabilising and unlocking the incumbent energy system; redistributing resources. These are more overtly political tasks. Whose visions count? People frame current energy systems differently, see the challenges differently, prefer different alternatives. How to negotiate consent; and how to include dissent? NL: went to existing policy networks, who tend to dominate; no partcptn from NGOs and cmmnties . Which niches to support; whose criteria? How diverse a range of socially and technologically led niches to support? Making sure technology does not eclipse behaviour initiatives? Plural criteria, or universal criteria, when to bring in market criteria? NL: technology niches favoured over social change niches (80% lifestyle); criteria are trumped by CBA and business advantage for NL, cf. transition potential . Whose lessons should drive future adaptations? Groups will draw different lessons from experiments. Niche pioneers are always convinced there time has come (e.g. renewable energy activists 35 years ago). Others draw different conclusions. How to arbitrate? NL: need for quick wins to demonstrate success of approach eclipse more difficult lessons about longer-term challenges; also – stable investment envt and no stranded assets – less adptble in future? How to destabilise the regime? Incumbent energy practices need to be disrupted, even stopped, such that the alternatives become even more attractive. But we all depend on the incumbents, so how to unsettle without too much disruption? NL: TM informs energy R&D, but not yet driving other areas of energy policy (infrastructure development, market rules, etc); not informing regime sticks to complement the niche carrots How to redistribute resources? LCT implies a hundreds of billions in investments. Some of this will be redistributive. How to manage this process? How to avoid pork barrel politics? Some commitments will inevitably require long-lived infrastructures and institutions, which works against desires to be adaptive. How to manage that tension? How to make sure it is socially just? NL: growing budget for niches, but as just said, not really undermining the regime . Where does this take place? This is both institutional and geographic. Institutionally: Which bits of government facilitate these initiatives; how does TM sit relative to more established policy networks and institutions; how does TM connect with important democratic institutions and public accountability? Geographically: important processes and elements of a transition operate above and below the national scale (e.g. business strategies of MNC, technology demonstration, urban infrastructure). How does TM engage with processes beyond its jurisdiction? NL: still a fairly technical policy issue, cf. a mass political debate .
- Hesitate to use this diagram – since it gives the false impression that niche development and displacement of regimes is inevitable and coherent, which is never the case. Better to see multiple niches providing diversity and ideas that sometimes influence more mainstream and established systems of energy provision. But as a heuristic it does allow us to bring together proactive engagements at creating alternative pathways in niches AND the critical engagements with problematic energy regimes WITHIN a broader socio-economic and material landscape. We can then map onto this different repertoires of civil society activism – noting that in each case they are engaging also with commercial and policy processes too. But within each of these activities, there are contending directions within civil society. Community ESCOs specialising in different technologies (Energy4All; H2OPE; CORE; Brighton Energy Co-op) Providing diversity in niches and challenging established regimes.
- In principle, some of the preceding critical issues could be addressed by doing TAn better: e.g. improved participation process, learning from TAs, more diverse niches, empowering its role within policy-making institutions (putting TAn in the driving seat). But it retains a managerial flavour: an integrated package of organisational operations. Can reliance on consensus amongst an elite vanguard, using niche-based momentum for change, and seeking strategic falling into step from more powerful institutions really work on its own? Non-voluntary since different to role out of the internet or other technological transformations. “A low carbon economy … will entail … the transformation of our lives and of our economy” (HMG, 2008: 2, Building a low carbon economy). Perhaps the abolition of slavery, urban sanitation, and the creation of the welfare state provide historical precedents. Whilst both involved political leadership, they were backed by mass social movements. Given the scale, and coercive quality of the change, there ought to be democratic oversight. Empowering low carbon citizens and communities might operate beyond TAn: could this scheme work for them? It is about community politics, and connecting concerns for low carbon transition with the more everyday and immediate concerns of people. Suggesting how lower carbon investment can bring hope and aspiration to those everyday lives. Political programme is not just setting legally binding targets (though this is good), but binding people to certain activities, whilst ruling other activities out. A political approach concedes that the learning in TAn is unlikely to be singularly rational: there will be conflicts over the lessons to be taken. Legitimacy may need to be won over in ways additional to framing quesrions and answers in the right way. To what extent are urgency and legitimacy in opposition? Is it possible to undertake urgent large-scale change without popular legitimacy, or will it be derailed? Will a focus on bottom-up legitimacy facilitate exponential growth in support? Can we learn from precedents in, say, abolition of slavery, or public sanitation, or weapons control?
- Paddy to lead on this
- Paddy to do this example
- Paddy to lead on this one