1. UNIT 7
CAPITALISM AND
IMPERIALISM
Material de apoyo
para los alumnos de
4ºESO de la Sección
Bilingüe

2. POLITICAL TENSION IN EUROPE AT THE END
OF THE 19th CENTURY:
THEWAYTOTHEFIRSTWORLDWAR
• After the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, there were no wars
between the European powers.
• However, relationships between these nations were
characterised by increasing tension.
• At the same time, many countries were increasing their
production of arms and military equipment.

3. POLITICAL TENSION IN EUROPE
1871 - 1914
THEWAYTOTHEFIRSTWORLDWAR
The German unification process made Germany the most powerful
country in Europe.

4. POLITICAL TENSION IN EUROPE AT THE END
OF THE 19th CENTURY:
THEWAYTOTHEFIRSTWORLDWAR
Second French Empire opposed the German
expansion through Europe and declared the
war to the Kingdom of Prussia, aided by the
North German Confederation, of which it
was a member.
Prussia won the war and it brought about
changes in Europe. France had to surrender
the region of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany.
Napoleon III's Empire finished during the
war, and the Third Republic was established
in France.
1870-1871 Franco-Prussian War

5. POLITICAL TENSION IN EUROPE AT THE END
OF THE 19th CENTURY:
THEWAYTOTHEFIRSTWORLDWAR
• German Confederation
became a political union
as well after the war, as
Bismarck wished.
• Bismark then established
the Second Reich, or
German Empire, with
Wilhem I as its kaiser.
King Wilhelm I
Chancellor Bismarck

6. GERMANY´S FOREIGN POLICY
• Germany´s foreign policy became especially important during
this period in two phases:
The Bismarkian system
The policies of Wilhem II

7. THE BISMARKIAN SYSTEM
German Chancellor Otto
von Bismark established
a system of alliances
with Austria, Russia and
Italy in order to reach to
objectives:
 The isolation of
France.
 The balance in the
Balcans.

8. Part of the Austrian Empire Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, part of present-
day Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, part of Ukraine
Part of the Russian Empire Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, part of Ukraine
Part of the Ottoman Empire Turkey
Independent countries Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Greece, Italy,
Romania, Serbia, Spain, Swithzerland.

9. THE BISMARKIAN SYSTEM
The isolation of France
• France´s main objective during
this period was to recover the
region of Alsace-Lorraine, which it
had lost to Germany in 1871.
• Bismark used his alliances to
prevent conflict in Europe,
including a possible war with
France over Alsace-Lorraine.

10. THE BISMARKIAN SYSTEM
• Bismark knew that Austria and Russia wanted to control the Balcans and
that these tensions could be the origin of a European conflict.
The balance in the Balcans

11. THE POLICIES OF WILHELM II
• Kaiser Wilhlem I died and Wilhelm II took the throne.

12. THE POLICIES OF WILHELM II
• Wilhelm II wanted a more agressive foreign policy in Europe,
so in 1890 he dismissed Bismark and abandoned his system of
alliances.
• Then, Wilhem II began a policy of expansionism known as
Weltpolitik (world politics).
• This policy created tension between
Germany and other European countries,
especially in unstable regions such
as Morocco and the Balkan Peninsula.

13. • Do exercise 3 on pager 141.

14. FINANCE CAPITALISM

15. FINANCE CAPITALISM
Industrial capitalism
Industrial production
had been the most
important economic
activity.
Finance capitalism
Late-19th-century Europe
Activities related to the
movement and
management of money
became the most important
source of business profit.

16. CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS
• Why did the finance capitalism emerge in Europe?
Finance
capitalism
Technological
innovations
Industrial
innovations
Financial
innovations
Organisational
innovations

17. CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS
• ENERGY
• New sources of energy were discovered that supplemented
and even replaced coal and gas.
New sources of
energy
ELECTRICITY OIL

18. CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS
• 1867: Bergès designed a hidroelectric generator to produce
electricity for factories.
• Video hidroelectric power plant
This led to the
construction of large
hydroelectric power
plants and the installation
of electric cables to
provide homes and
factories with electricity.

19. CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS
• 1879: Edison invented the electric light bulb, which soon
replaced gas lights in factories, streets and people´s homes.

20. CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS
• OIL
• New processes were discovered to refine
oil and produce new fuels => kerosene and
petrol.

21. CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS
• TECHNOLOGY
• Improved versions of the Bessemer converter
• This made it cheaper to produce steel for railways, cars, industrial
machinery and very tall buildings known as skyscrapers.

22. CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS
• TECHNOLOGY
• Stainless steel
• It is used to make precision instruments.
• New types of fibres, such as artificial silk.
• It revolutionated the textile industry.

23. CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS
• NEW INDUSTRIES
• Electrical technology became an important industry, dedicated to
the production of equipment such as generators, engines, wires,
lamps and light bulbs.
• Some German companies were established during this period.

24. CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS
• NEW INDUSTRIES
• New food industries, which preserved perishable food in metal
tins, also developed.
• The chemical industry started producing a variety of goods, such
as:
• Perfume
• Medicines
• Dynamite

25. CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS
• FINANCE AND INVESTMENT
• Business owners needed enormous amounts of capital to
establish, maintain and expand their industrial operations.
Howdidtheyobtainfinance?
Request a loan from a bank, in exchange for interest.
Banks made direct investments in industry.
Businessmen could form a companyu and sell shares
to investors, who received a part of the profits.
Investors could buy and sell shares in different
companies at the stock exchange.

26. CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS
• NEW BUSINESS STRUCTURES
• Objective: to reduce competition
New business
structures
Cartels Trusts
Holding
companies

27. CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS

28. CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS
• NEW BUSINESS STRUCTURES
• Some companies aquired monopolies over certain products or
services by elimitating their competition.
• In some cases, governments gave monopolies to companies in
return for money or a share of the company´s profits.

29. •Homework
•Page 145
•Exercises 8, 9, 10, 11.

30. THE CONSECUENCES OF
FINANCE CAPITALISM
• CONSUMERISM
• A new culture of
consumerism
developed, as people
demanded more
manufactured goods.
• Businesses also started
to use advertising to
increase sales and
profits.

31. THE CONSECUENCES OF
FINANCE CAPITALISM
• ECONOMIC INSTABILITY
• In periods of economic crisis, there was less
demand for goods.
• This reduced business profits, resulting in:
• factory closures
• high unemployment
• social conflict

32. THE CONSECUENCES OF
FINANCE CAPITALISM
• INTERNATIONAL TRADE
• Improvements to transport
systems:
• New roads
• New railways
• Modern vehicles: cars, lorries
and steamships.
• These developments facilitated
the expansion of international
trade.

33. THE CONSECUENCES OF
FINANCE CAPITALISM
• TRADE IMBALANCES
• Industrialised countries bought raw materials in
less developed countries and colonies at low
prices.
• They used raw materials to make manufactured
goods.
• Then, they sold these goods in less developed
countries and colonies at high prices.
• This is the beginning of the wide development gap between
developed and less developed countries.

34. THE CONSECUENCES OF
FINANCE CAPITALISM
• INCREASED INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTIVITY
• Factories began to use the assembly-line system
of production.
• This improved productivity and provided more of
the new manufactured goods which consumers
demanded.
Video of an example of
assembly line.

35. THE CONSECUENCES OF
FINANCE CAPITALISM
• EXERCISES 12 and 14 on page 145

36. THE TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY
WORLD ECONOMY

37. THE TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY
WORLD ECONOMY
• In the late 19th century, the process of industrialisation continued
in the European countries. It also spread to other countries around
the world.
THE
WORLD´S
BIGGESTS
INDUSTRIAL
PRODUCERS
USA
JAPANGERMANY

38. THE TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY
WORLD ECONOMY
• GERMANY
• Europe´s leading industrial producer.
• Iron and steel industry.
• The electrical and chemical industries.

39. THE TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY
WORLD ECONOMY
• THE UNITED STATES
• Rapid industrialisation in the
second half of the 19th
century.
• Increased immigration from
Europe:
• Provided work-force for
industry.
• Westward expansion
towards the Pacific:
• Construction of a
transcontinental railway
system.

40. THE TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY
WORLD ECONOMY
• JAPAN
• The Japanese government:
• Built its own factories.
• Established banks.
• Introduced measures to increase the
country´s exports.

41. THE TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY
WORLD ECONOMY
• What happened to Great Britain?
• Great Britain ceased to be the world´s
leading industrial power because its
factories were outdated and it did not
invest in new industries.

42. THE TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY
WORLD ECONOMY
• What happened to Spain?
• The most industrialised areas
continued to be:
• Cataluña => textile industry.
• País Vasco => the iron and steel
industry, and ship-building.
• Foreign businessmen also continued
to control some industries, such as
Rio Tinto mines in Huelva.

43. IMPERIALISM

44. IMPERIALISM
• What does
Imperialism mean?
• Domination of one
country or people
by another, usually
involving direct
control; also known
as colonialism.
Films related to Imperialism

45. IMPERIALISM
• PROCESS
• During the late 19th and early 20th
centuries, a number of developed
countries took control of other regions and
lands all over the world.
• These lands became colonies and formed
part of the various colonial empires.
Colony: a conquered territory occupied by a settlement from
the ruling state.
Ruling state: the country that conquers a territory.

46. THE COLONIAL EMPIRES
COLONIALEMPIRES EUROPEAN
COUNTRIES
USA
JAPAN

47. THE COLONIAL EMPIRES
COLONISEDAREAS
AFRICA
ASIA
OCEANIA

48. THE COLONIAL EMPIRES
COLONISEDAREAS
AFRICA
ASIA
OCEANIA

49. THE COLONIAL EMPIRES

50. THE CAUSES OF IMPERIAL
EXPANSION
CAUSES OF
IMPERIAL
EXPANSION
FINANCE
CAPITALISM
RAPID INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENT OF
THE COLONIAL
POWERS

51. THE CAUSES OF IMPERIAL
EXPANSION
THE ROLE OF THE
COLONIES
Colonies provided
industrialised countries
with cheap RAW
MATERIALS.
Colonies also provided
NEW MARKETS where
industrialised countries
could sell the
manufactured goods which
they produced at home.

52. THE CAUSES OF IMPERIAL
EXPANSION
COLONIES
Raw materials
IMPERIAL POWERS
Manufactured
products
COLONIES
New markets
IMPERIAL POWERS
Sell the produts to
the colonies

53. THE CAUSES OF IMPERIAL
EXPANSION
Advantages por
the imperial
powers.
A symbol of
international
prestige.
More powerful
in international
terms.

54. THE CAUSES OF IMPERIAL
EXPANSION
• RESULT OF IMPERIAL
EXPANSION:
• The colonial
powers competed
with one another
for control of
strategic locations
around the world.

55. THE CAUSES OF IMPERIAL
EXPANSION
• THE IMPORTANCE OF THE COLONIES FOR THE
EUROPEAN POPULATION:
• Colonies were an attractive destination for
European emigrants:
• High population growth in Europe.
• High unemployment due to machines in factories.
• Many working-class emigrated to the colonies to
look for work and better living standards.
• Some governments encouraged emigration to
reduce social conflict.

56. THE CONSECUENCES OF
IMPERIAL EXPANSION
• Colonies were controlled by a minority that imposed
European culture.
• Native people had second-class status
• Ratial segregation was common.

57. THE CONSECUENCES OF
IMPERIAL EXPANSION
• Rivalry between the imperial powers was one of the
causes of the First World War.

58. THE CONSECUENCES OF
IMPERIAL EXPANSION
• The world economy became extremely imbalanced
because the wealthy nations controlled industry and
trade, and exploited less developed countries.

59. AN UNEQUAL SOCIETY

60. AN UNEQUAL SOCIETY
Upper and middle class Working class

61. THE CONSUMER SOCIETY
• The consumer society was based on the acquisition of
manufactured goods.
Consumerism
Advertising
New luxury
items
Tourism Cinemas

62. THE CONSUMER SOCIETY
• ADVERTISING
• Businesses used posters
and various types of
printed advertisements in
newspapers and
magazines to inform
customers about their
products and increase
their sales.
Date: 1890´s.
Print shows a well dressed young woman, wearing hat, white gloves, and
pearls, holding up a glass of Coca-Cola, seated at a table on which is a vase of
roses, the "Drink Coca-Cola" sign, and a paper giving the location of the
"Home Office [of the] Coca-Cola Co." as well as branch locations.

63. THE CONSUMER SOCIETY
• NEW LUXURY ITEMS
• Members of the upper class demonstrated their wealth by
buying expensive new luxury products, such as telephones
and cars.
Model: three-
boxer with Blake
transmitter
Made by: Charles
Williams
From: circa 1880

64. THE CONSUMER SOCIETY
• TOURISM
• Tourism became a new form of leisure.
• Members of the upper class used their leisure time to
travel, go to spas at the weekends and visit the country
or seaside in summer.

65. THE CONSUMER SOCIETY
• CINEMAS
• The invention of cinematographic technology led to the
establishment of cinemas in cities around the world.
Video: The first film in History

66. SOCIAL INEQUALITIES
• 1880-1914
• Many workers participated in protests and
strikes.
• The number of workers´associations and trade
unions increased during this period.
• New Socialist and Communist parties were
founded to defend workers´rights in the
political sphere.

67. THE SPANISH SOCIETY
• In Spain, the enormous differences in wealth
between the upper and lower classes also led to
the establishment of political parties that
defended workers´ rights and trade unions.
PSOE, 1879 FTRE, 1881 UGT, 1888 CNT, 1910

68. THE SPANISH SOCIETY
Source: http://www.slideshare.net/rrobrady/unit-7-capitalism-and-imperialism-4-bil?from_search=1

69. THE SPANISH SOCIETY
• After the Disaster of `98, a
new movement known as
Regenerationism was
promoted by intellectuals,
such as Joaquín Costa.
• They wanted to renew
Spanish society and
improve the lives of
working-class people.

70. THE SPANISH SOCIETY
• Rural credit unions were
created to help farmers
buy seeds, fertilizer and
farm equipment.
• Catholic workingmen´s
associations helped
factory workers to
provide for their families.

71. THE SPANISH SOCIETY
• The Anarchist movement
found support among
workers on the large
agricultural estates in
Andalucía and industrial
workers in Cataluña.
• Anarchists used violent
tactics.
• The government repressed
their organisations.
Atentado anarquista en el Liceo
de Barcelona. 1893.

72. ART:
MODERNISM ARCHITECTURE

73. MODERNISM
• Modernism or Art Nouveau
• It was an artistic response to industrial objects and
industrial architecture, which Modernists found
unattractive.
Casa Milá by Gaudí.
Barcelona.
Art Nouveau in
Vienna.
Art Nouveau in
Paris.
Art Nouveau in
British cities.

74. MODERNISM
• Modernist architectures
designed all the
elements of their
buildings, including the
interior decoration and
furniture.

75. MODERNISM
• Modernist decoration was inspired by
natural forms, with curved lines and
motifs that included leaves and
flowers.
Tessel House
in Brussels,
by Victor
Horta.
Majolikahaus, by Otto Wagner.
Vienna.
A main
entrance
of a house
in Paris.

76. Source: http://www.slideshare.net/rrobrady/unit-7-capitalism-and-
imperialism-4-bil?from_search=1

77. MODERNISM IN SPAIN
• In Spain, the most important Modernist architec was
Antoni Gaudí.
Video: Some of the best Gaudí´s works in Barcelona

78. MODERNISM IN SPAIN
• Gaudí´s projects typically featured undulating shapes
built with concrete and covered with hexagonal tiles in a
variety of colours.

85. El Capricho de Gaudí.
Comillas (Cantabria)

86. HOMEWORK
• EXERCISES 27 and 28 on page 155.
• EXERCISE 11 on page 157.
• Museo de Art Nouveau y Art Deco en la Casa Lis de
Salamanca:
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vM308sRipQE

87. ART:
IMPRESSIONISM

88. IMPRESSIONISM
• What is Impressionism?
• 19th-century art movement that originated with a group of
Paris-based artists.
• Impressionism is considered to be the beginning of
modern art:
• Impressionists artists
rejected and moved away
from classical models.
Video about the Impressionist

89. IMPRESSIONISM
• It was an experimental style:
• Artists tried to create an «impression» in the minds
of people who saw their work.

90. IMPRESSIONISM
• Impressionist painters were
interested in depicting light
and the ways in which it
illuminated different objects.
• They usually worked outside
to take advantage of natural
light.
Study of a Figure Outdoors: Woman
with a Parasol, facing left. By Claude
Monet.

91. IMPRESSIONISM
• Some artists painted the same scene at different times
of day.
Rouen Cathedral
was performed by
Claude Monet
between 1892
and 1894. It is a
series of 31
paintings that
show the facade
of gothic
cathedral of
Rouen during the
day and in
different weather
conditions.

92. IMPRESSIONISM
• Impressionists typically used pure, unmixed colours.

93. IMPRESSIONISM
• Impressionists applied paint in thick, overlapping layers
with fast, loose brush-strokes.

94. IMPRESSIONISM
• Impressionists paintings usually featured:
• Landscapes
• Scenes of everyday life, susch as people dancing or walking on
the beach.
Apple Blossoms, Eragny - Camille Pissarro. Le Moulin de la Galette. Renoir.

95. IMPRESSIONISM
Impression: sunrise (Claude Monet. 1872)

96. IMPRESSIONISM

97. IMPRESSIONISM

98. IMPRESSIONISM

99. Rodin
Rodin was a sculptor who abandoned
classical proportionality and emphasised
the depiction of emotion.
The Kiss
The thinker

100. IMPRESSIONISM
• Rodin
The burghers of Calais

101. POST-IMPRESSIONISM
• Impressionism was followed by Post-
Impressionism.
• Artists experimented more freely to create their
won personal styles.
• They were more inclined to emphasize geometric
forms, to distort form for expressive effect, and to
use unnatural or arbitrary colour.
• The most famous painters were: Van Gogh,
Gauguin, Cezánne, Toulouse-Lautrec, Seurat and
Signac.

102. POST-IMPRESSIONISM
• Paul Cezanne
• He began using geometric shapes such as cubes and cylinders to
represent objects.

103. POST-IMPRESSIONISM
Van Gogh
He was a Dutch post-Impressionist painter whose work, notable
for its rough beauty, emotional honesty and bold color, had a far-
reaching influence on 20th-century art.
Starring night
The Sunflowers

104. POST-IMPRESSIONISM
• Van Gogh

105. POST-IMPRESSIONISM
• Paul Gaugin

106. POINTILLISM
• Pointillism is a technique of painting in which small,
distinct dots of pure color are applied in patterns to
form an image.
Detalle de La Parade (1889).

107. POINTILLISM
Seurat
Bathers at Asnières

108. Prof. Isabel Aguña
Bilingual Project
• Fuentes:
• Libro History 4ºESO. Oxford Education.
• http://www.slideshare.net/rrobrady/unit-7-capitalism-and-imperialism-4-bil?from_search=1
• Imágenes obtenidas de Google.