a lecture about Linux OS

1. Linux

2. Key Notes
 Introduction to Open Source.
 What is Linux.
 Linux Distros.
 Which is Suitable for Me.
 Linux Installation Process.
 How to Use Linux.
 Installing Useful Software.
 Linux Shells (Advanced).

3. Open Source
 Is a development methodology.
 Means that people can share their programs
source code with every one for free.
 This type of software is available under terms of
licenses such as GPL, LGPL, AGPL, ISC, MIT.
 Each license puts some rules for the method of
using their code.
 Most famous one is the GPL license used with
Linux.

4. Open Source & Linux
 Unix was the Major used OS in most
universities.
 Unix started asking students to pay money for
the usage and development of the system.
 A professor developed Minix in order to replace
Unix, which was used by Linus Torvalds.
 Linus started to develop the Linux Kernel.
 In the same time Ritchard Stallman started to
develop GNU and constructed Free Software
Foundation.

5. What is Linux?
 Linux is a free open source operating system
kernel built by a student to replace UNIX.
 Linux is the system kernel where GNU is the
tools that system use to operate.
 It was developed in early 1990s but still
developed until now.
 Is the first choice for enterprise world and
geeks.
 Linux can run on many platforms(i386, x86/64,
PPC, Amiga, SPARC, PS3, Super computers).

6. GNU/Linux Architecture
 Linux has a monolithic kernel.
 GNU/Linux uses the structure of layered model.
Process File
Networking Kernel Peripherals
control System
Unix Shells Unix Tools
X Server (X window system)

7. Linux Window Managers.
 Window managers is a graphical software used
to ease the use of the system.
 Linux has many window managers (KDE,
Gnome, xpde, xfce, fluxbox, twm, NextStep,....).

8. Screen shots for WMs


9. Linux Distros.
 As Linux is open source so any one can
develop his own version.
 Linux distros varies in DWM, Applications
provided with each.
 Market imposed on us some distros as
standard (Redhat, Debian, Slackware).
 Most of current distros are based on
Debian(Ubuntu) or Redhat (Fedora).

10. Fedora Desktop

11. Ubuntu Desktop

12. Which is Suitable for Me?
 Redhat is good for enterprise work.
 Debian is good for professional end-users.
 Fedora is good for personal use and developing
 Opensuse is good for training usage
 Mandriva is very good for non technical user.
 Slackware is intended for Advanced
professional users.
 Ubuntu is suitable for ALL !!!

13. Why Ubuntu?
 Ubuntu is a free Linux distros
 Ubuntu is based on Debian which is reliable
and stable.
 Ubuntu is the distribution with the biggest
software repositories.
 Ubuntu has a good hardware support for most
available companies.
 Ubuntu have a lot of variants (Kubuntu,
Xubuntu, Edubuntu, Goubuntu, MIDI Ubuntu).

14. Ubuntu is Widely Used

15. Installing Ubuntu
 Ubuntu comes on a live CD.
 Live CD means that you can use the system
from CD with out installing (boot only).
 The system installation is as easy as installing
a program (Only double click on icon).
 The installation process is very fast and easy
(faster and easier than installing windows).
 Let's see how ???!!

16. First Welcome Screen

17. Choose your Language.

18. Choose your Location

19. Choose Keyboard Layout

20. Prepare Disk Space

21. Who are you?

22. Import Windows® Settings

23. Booting After Installition

24. Login Screen

25. Using Linux
 Linux desktop is very easy to use like windows.
 There are some important elements on desktop
 Computer Disks: Places → Computer.
 Home Directory : Places → Home Folder.
 Configurations : System → Preferences.
 Administration : System → Administration.
 All Programs : Applications → Choose Category.
 Note that all this menus are found under
Gnome only KDE is different.

26. Using Linux (File System)
 Linux uses EXT2, EXT3 file systems and a
swap partition to use as virtual memory.
 Linux can mount FAT16/32 , NTFS , HFS
Drives where windows can't mount EXT drive.
 Under File system there are some Directories:
 /bin: contains UNIX tools and executable Shell tools
 /boot: file needed to boot the system.
 /etc: system configuration files.
 /lib : system and applications libraries.
 /media: mounted drives.

27. Installing Useful Software
 Most of applications available for Linux are free
and open source so it's easy to get.
 Linux has repositories for programs (search &
get).
 Each Linux distribution has a software called
package manager.
 The two most famous packages formats are:
.deb for Debian based system , .rpm for Redhat
based systems.

28. How to Install Applications?
 From Application menu go to Add/Remove.....
 In the windows opened write program name or
description in the search field.
 choose your preferred programs.
 Click “Apply” and wait for download and instillation.
 Now the program is installed and ready to use.
 To install application from shell.
 sudo apt-get install packageName
 Then wait for download and installation.

29. Windows Emulation
 WINE is a windows emulator which is able to
run windows software under Linux.
 Wine can be downloaded via Add/Remove..
 WINE can emulate windows (2.0, 3.0, 95, 98,
NT, 2000, XP, Server 2003, Vista, Server 2008)
 Wine Doors is a program that downloads some
libraries for WINE to be compatible with most
windows Apps.
 Wine needs (MFC , VC++ runtime, VB runtime,
IE6 libs, DX9c libs, .....).

30. Programming on Linux.
 Linux has dozens of programming languages.
 GNU Compilers Collection has compilers for:
 Ada, C/C++, Fortran and Java.
 The Linux kernel is compiled using GCC.
 Perl, Python are installed on most distros.
 Sun's JDK, JVM can be installed on Linux.
 A lot of IDEs are available for Linux(Eclipse,
Netbeans, Mono, KDevelop, Omnis Studio)

31. Installing Java & Netbeans
 To install Sun Java write this commands:
 sudo apt-get install sun-java6-jre
 sudo apt-get install sun-java6-bin
 sudo apt-get install sun-java6-jdk
 sudo apt-get install sun-java6-plugin
 To install Netbeans download the Linux file
then:
 Double click the Icon and continue the setup.
 ./netbeans6.x --javahome:JavaDirectoryPath

32. Installing MySQL & Oracle
 MySQL server must be installed using package
manager:
 sudo apt-get install mysql-server-5.0
 Query browser and other tools can be downloaded via
Add/Remove from Applications menu.
 Download the Oracle deb package from Oracle
website then:
 Double click on the icon.
 Click on install package button and wait for setup to
finish.
 Go to /etc/init.d then write “chmod +x oracle-xe”
 Then start script as root “sudo ./oracle-xe”

33. Linux Shells (UNIX shells)
 Linux uses shells to interact with user in CLI
mode (good for servers and administrators).
 Shells can be accessed by GUI users via
terminals.
 Linux shell is similar to UNIX shell but with
some additional commands.
 Most popular Linux shell is Bash.
 Bash supports scripts with a wide range of
commands.

34. Linux Shell Commands
 cp file1 file2 → copy file1 to file2
 rm fileName → deletes the file.
 mv file1 file2 → rename file1 or moves it to another
location.
 cd directoryName → change directory.
 less fileName → view file content
 clear → clear screen
 man command → view command Manual.
 find fileName → search for file.

35. Linux Shell Commands 2
 ls → list files in current directory.
 ps -u UserName → view all running process for userName.
 kill PID → kill process with a specific ID.
 su → change to root mode.
 sudo “command” → execute command in root mode.
 chmod +x “file” → change file mode to executable.
 ./script.xyz → execute script or file.
 ifconfig → view your network interface configurations.
 history → view history of command you entered.
 reboot → restart system , halt → shutdown the system

36. Shell Configurations
 The shell configurations file of the Bash shell is
found under /home/UseName/.bashrc .
 We can use this file to define new environment
variables to the shell by adding the following
line at the end of the file:
 PATH=$PATH:/xx/yy/zz;
 export PATH
 .bash_history → contains your command history.

.bash_logout → execute command when leaving shell.

37. Bye Bye
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