1. ROLE OF ESSENTIAL AND TRACE METAL
IS BIOLOGICAL PROCESS
Prof. S.K. Nigam
Department of Chemistry
Govt. Model Science College
Rewa (M.P.)

2. Respected Chair persons and invites
welcome to all of you.

3. Introduction
 The Role of essential in biological process this is all
related to bio inorganic chemistry. This branch of
chemistry explain the physiological and biochemical
process of the metals and trace elements.
 We know that our living body are made up of fifty many
compounds such as protein, amino acids and they are
possesting various elements.
 About fifty to sixty occurring elements has been
detected in living system. i.e. Animals, Human as well as
Plants also.

4. The Classification of Bio Inorganic elements
Essential elements Trance Ultra elements
Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, Fe, Cl, Si Mo, Mn, Fluorine, Iodine, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Se, B, W,
(They are also called macro Sn
elements) They are known as possible trace element
Toxic elements :
The presence of these elements arises bad effect on body and some time
they caused typical diseases.
Elements Av. Qty Excess of Qty caused diseases
As 18 mg Cancerous
Sn 6.0 mg Cancerous
Bi 0.20 mg Cancerous
Te 0.1 mg Cancerous
Pb 121 mg Plambism
Cd 5.0 mg High B.P.
Sb 8.0 mg Poisoning
Be 0.04 mg Causes Hearts diseases
Cr (VI) 1.5 mg Cancer

5. Bio logical functions of metals ion
Sodium Ion : The main source of sodium is Nacl salt in cooking in
addition to salted foods. The content of sodium is high is Bread
Cheese, Clams, Carrots. Cauliflower, Eggs, Milk, Nuts, Spinach.
Daily Requirement : 5 to 10 g. of Nacl for adult Na+ is the major
contains of blood. Plasma of vertebrates white K+ is major cations
of the cytoplasma which is present in cells.
Function of Sodium :
– It maintain O.P. of body.
– It play important role to absorption of glucose, amino acids and
galectose.
– It is associated with chloride and biocarbonate in regulator of acid base
balance.
Deficiency of Sodium Causes :
– Due to high environmental temperature extreme sweating may causes
loss of sodium ion. This regard is muscular cramps of the abdomen,
headches.
– High intake of table salt causes high blood pressure.

6. Potassium
Source and Requirement –
– High content of K is present is Chicken, beef liver, bananas.
Juice of orange and pine apples and potatoes yams.
– Intake about 4 g/d.
Function :
– Its principal cation of Intra cellular fluid i.e. Cytoplasma of
cell. Increase the activity of muscles specially cardiac muscles.
– Maintain acid base balance and osmotic pressure of body.
– It increase activity of glycolic enzyme, pyruvate kinase.
– It stopped blood coagulation.
– It regulate heart beat also.
– It play important role to synthesis of Ribosomes.
Deficiency :
– Depression and low activeness of cardiac and nervous
system.
– Causes muscular weakness (Cramping of muscles)

7. Calcium
Source and Requirement –
– It is present in milk, eggs beans, nuts figs cabbage cauliflower and
aspergus.
– It needs about 800 mg darty of the age of 18th for men and women
and below 18th age it require 1 – 1.2 gm/daily
Function :
– It is major constituent of bones teeth. About 90% of the body calcium is
in the skelton, where it is maintained as deposits of calcium phosphate
is a soft fibrous matrix.
– Ionized calcium is of great importance in blood coagulation.
– It maintains the normal excitability of heart also.
Deficiency :
– Low concentration of calcium causes irritation.
– Low concentration of calcium causes weakness of bones in child's. (i.e.
Rickets)
– It also caused Osteoporasis in adults.

8. Iron
Source –
– The best dietary sources of iron and organ. Meats,
liver, heart, other source are egg york. Wheats nuts,
beaus, spinach and molasses, apples , bananas.
Requirement –
– Children – (1-8 yrs) 15 mg
– Adult – 10 mg daily
– Female - 18 mg (During pregnancy and Lection)
– After 51 years age – 10 mg daily

9. Iron cont.
Function –
– It require for tissue growth and blood hemoglobin.
– The role of iron in body is almost confined to the pressure of
cellular respiration.
– Iron porphysin (i.e. Harme) groups are essential component
of hemoglobin and myoglobin which is responsible for intake
oxygen and cerculation of oxygen then also removal of Co2.
Deficiency :
– Specially in women after the 45 age causes black dot spot on
skins. It is due to low concentration of H.b.
– Fe deficiency leads anemia type of hypo chronics and
microcytics type.
– Deficiency of Fe, causes the bone marrow to produce small
cells (Microcytics) with less than optimum. Hemoglobin
contant (Hypo chromic)
– Low concentration of Fe causes slower rate of formation of
RBC. It develop the disease with Pale Skin.
– It's deficiency causes low energy palpitation and shortness of
breath.
– All these problems can be cure by supply Ferous Salts.

10. Copper
Source – Nuts, Liver, Fish, Cow, Milk
Requirement –
– Adult 2.5 mg/daily
– Infant and children – 0.5 mg
Function –
– It is essential constituents of many proteins metallo enzyme and
some natural occurring pigments.
– It is also essential for formation of hemoglobin normal bone
formation.
– The hemoglobin is a copper protein complex which is present in
blood of certain invertibrates and function as like hemoglobin.
Deficiency :
– Deficiency effect of copper has never been positively
demonstrated but it has been suspected in case of spours or in
nephrosis.

11. Phosphorus
Source – It is present nearly all foods.
Requirement – 1 – 1.5 gm/daily
Function :
– It is found in every cell of body.
– It is present combined with calcium in the bones and teeth.
(about 80%)
– It is required for phosphorylation associated with energy
obtained metabolic reactions.
Deficiency :
– Phosphorus deficiency leads to poor meneralization of bones
and teeth causes Osteomalacia, and poor growth.

12. Magnesium
Source –
– It is present in Cocoa various nuts, soyabean and sea foods.
– It also present in beans peas also in small quarterly.
Requirement –
– It need few about 300 mg/daily for adult women and 350 mg/daily
for adult men.
Function :
– The body contains about 21 mg of magnesium, 70% combined with
calcium and phosphorus is complex salt of bones.
– Mg++ ion is one of essential cation of soft tissue.
– In muscles and other tissue intra cellular Mg++ ions probably
functions as activators of phosphate group transfer enzyme.
Deficiency :
– In case of mean lead neuro muscular disfuctioning (Hyper excita
bility)

13. Zinc
Source :
– The main source are meats liver, eggs, sea foods milk, whole
grains.
Requirement –
– Adult – 15 mg/daily
– Female – During pregnancy and lactation 10-12 mg/daily
Function :
– It is essential for normal, growth.
– It is essential for tissue repearing and wound healing.
– It is essential components of enzymes present in human
body. Such as alcohol dehydrogenase alkaline, phosphatase
carbonic anhydrase.
– It is maintain normal concentration of Vitamin A in plasma.
– The function of Insulin is also regulate with zinc.

14. Cobalt
 This element constitutes vitamin B12, which is
necessary for normal RBC formation.
Source : It is found in the liver, kidney and bones.
Function :
– It is main constituent of vitamin B12.
– It is required for enzyme activity included methyl
malonyl enzyme. Co-enzyme A maltose oxido-
reductase, homocysteine ribo nucleotide reductase.

15. Sulphur
 It is present in cell protein along with amino
acids. It is also present along with co-enzyme
A and Liponic acid.
Function :
 It participates in the structure of insulin and
many more proteins.
 Specific sulphydryl groups of crystalline
residues in some enzyme molecules are
essential for catalytic activity.
 It play important role to formulate of acetyl co
enzyme A and S acetyl Lipotate.

16. Iodine
Source :
– It is found in traces of Iodine in case of water food
common salt sea food, iodinized salt.
– Adult – 100-150 µg/day
Function :
– It is well require for the biosynthesis of iodinated +
hyroid. Hormones such as T3 Tri Iodothyromine
– T4 = Tetra
– T5 = Penta Iodothyromine
Deficiency :
– I2 deficiency causes thyroid hypertropy.

17. Chlorine
 Intake in diet as sodium chloride.
Function :
– The chloride ion is essential in water balance and osmotic
pressure regulation.
– It maintain acid fase equilibrium the chloride plays a special
role in the blood by the action of chloride shift.
– In gastric juice chloride shows special importance in the
production of HCl acid.
Deficiency :
– We know that loss of sodium as in diarrhea.
– Profuse seating and certain endocrine disturbance chloride
elicit is like was observed.
– In loss of gastric juice by vomiting or by duodenal obstruction
there is a loss of chloride ion with sodium leads to decrease
the plasma chloride and it increase bicarbonate concentration
resulting hypocloromic alkalosis.

18. References:
 The books of bioinorganic bio organic and
bio physical chemistry.
 Books of Bio chemistry
 Book of B- Pharmacy