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Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol.21, 2013
9
Passivative Effect of Polyethylene-glycol and Carboxylmethly
Cellulose as Capping
Agents on Particle Size of ZnS Nanoparticles.
Ahemen, Iorkyaa: Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Makurdi. Benue, State, Nigeria.
Amah, Alexander Nwabueze (Corresponding Author): Department of Physics, University of Agriculture,
Makurdi. Benue State, Nigeria (e-mail: (odunnze@gmail.com).or (odunzalex@yahoo.com).
Kalu, Onyekachi: Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Makurdi. Benue, State, Nigeria.
Abstract
ZnS nanoparticles were synthesized using wet chemical co-precipitation method. During synthesis, polyethylene
glycol (PEG) and carboxylmethly cellulose (CMC) molecule were used as capping agents. The effect of the
capping materials was analyzed for their effectiveness in limiting the growth of ZnS nanoparticles. The prepared
ZnS nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy
dispersive X-rays (EDX). The estimated crystal sizes from XRD are 3.92 nm and 3.89 nm for ZnS/PEG and
ZnS/CMC nanosize semiconductors respectively. The effect of capping agent on the energy band gap of the
capped ZnS nanoparticles were blue shifted at 0.16 eV and 0.28 eV for ZnS/PEG and ZnS/CMC respectively.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirms the interaction of the capping agents with ZnS.
Key words: ZnS nanoparticles, capping agent, polyethylene glycol, precipitation and sodium carboxymethyl
cellulose
1.0 Introduction
Capping agent with functionalized long-chain which helps to spatially confine electron (hole) on nanoparticles
is believed to alter the physical, optical, electronic, catalytic and magnetic properties of semiconductor materials
by limiting their particle growth at the beginning of their formation. These optoelectronic properties which
include changes in semiconductor emission color with size, improved solubility in solvents and improved
catalytic properties are dependent on capping of the nanoparticles (Borah et al. 2008; Borah & Sarma 2008 and
Park et al. 2009).
Several researchers have used different organic materials such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), carboxylmethyl
cellulose (CMC) to stop particle agglomeration and to obtain mono-dispersed nanoparticles of sizes less than 5
nm (Gupta et al. 2006 and Luna-Martinez et al. 2011). Recently, our report on the influence of Polyvinyl alcohol
and alpha-methacrylic acid on ZnS nanoparticles revealed particle sizes of 3.75 nm and 2.60 nm respectively
(Amah et al. 2012).
Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) is a group II-VI semiconductor with a wide direct band gap ranging from 3.5 to 3.7 eV at
room temperature (Murali-Krishna et al. 2010). This semiconductor has attracted much research interest due to
its excellent properties and low toxicity when compared to other chalcogenides (Luna-Martinez et al. 2011;
Mamun et al. 2011; Ashish et al. 2011a and Ashish et al. 2011b). These properties make ZnS suitable for
several applications in electronic devices, bioelectronics, biosensor fluorescence, phosphors and light emitting
devices (Haresh et al. 2011). As a direct band gap semiconductor, ZnS exhibits momentum conservation in the
process of light emission with regards to electro-photo luminescence phenomena (Mamun et al. 2011). In
addition, the emission efficiency and thermal stability of ZnS increases upon reduction of the particle size as a
result of confinement of electrons and holes (Murugadoss et al. 2010).
A number of synthetic methods have been used for the preparation of ZnS nanoparticles. Such methods include;
precipitation method (Di-Stefano et al. 2010), sol–gel technique (Arachchige & Brock 2007; Hebalkar et al.
2001), solid state reaction method (Calandra et al. 2003), micro emulsion (Rubio, G. 2010), chemical vapor
deposition (Verma et al. 2009), hydrothermal technique (Gnanam & Rajendran 2011) etc.
In this paper, chemical co-precipitation method with suitable capping agents is used to synthesize the ZnS
nanoparticles in order to control the particle size and enhance stability. This synthetic method is simple,
economical and has the advantages of producing size-controlled and un-agglomerated nanoparticles.
2.0 Materials and Method
2.1 Materials
Zinc sulphate heptahydrate (ZnSO4
.
7H2O), sodium sulphide nonahydrate( Na
2
S.
9H
2
O), ethanol, polyethylene
glycol (PEG) and sodium carboxylmethyl cellulose (CMC). All chemicals used were of analytical grade and
were used as purchased without further purification.
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol.21, 2013
10
2.2 Preparation of ZnS:PEG and ZnS:CMC nanoparticles
In a typical process, 0.3M PEG, 0.3M CMC were dissolved in deionized water separately and stirred with
magnetic stirrer at room temperature until they formed clear solutions. In a separate container, 8.78g of
zincsulphate heptahydrate was dissolved in 100ml of deionized water and then added to the PEG, CMC water
solutions. 9.60g of Na2S.9H2O dissolved in 100ml of deionized water was then added drop-wise to the precursor-
surfactant mixtures (i.e. Zn2+
/PEG, Zn2+
/CMC mixtures) at room temperature under continuous stirring for
30minutes until white precipitates were formed. The white precipitate was separated by centrifugation at 3500
rpm for 20minutes, and washed several times with ethanol. The white precipitates were then filtered and dried at
about 120o
C under air oven for two hours. The dried solids were then made into fine powders by grinding.
2.3 Method of Analysis
Optical absorption spectra of the samples dispersed in ethanol were recorded using a UV-Visible
spectrophotometer (Heλios-V4024).The structures were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements
using PAN analytical X-ray diffraction machine with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.154056 nm). Carl-Zeiss MA-10
series scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX) was used to obtain the
morphology and elemental compositions of the prepared capped ZnS nanoparticles. FTIR spectra were recorded
in an FTIR spectrometer (Shimadzu FTIR-8400S) to verify the presence and effect of the capping agents.
3.0. Results and Discussion
3.1. UV-visible results
Fig.1 shows the absorption spectra for ZnS/PEG and ZnS/CMC nanoparticles. The energy band gaps of the
synthesized nanoparticles were obtained from Tauc’s formula (Pankov 1971):
(ν) =
( )
(1)
where (ν) is the absorption coefficient, = for allowed direct transition, Eg is the optical band gap, hν is the
photon energy and A is a constant related to the extent of the band tailing. Fig. 2 shows a plot of ( hν)2
against
photon energy (hν), the energy band gap of the material was estimated by extrapolating the straight-line portion
of the spectrum to the energy axis where ( hν)2
= 0. The obtained optical band gap of ZnS/PEG and ZnS/CMC
are 3.76 eV and 3.88 eV, respectively. These band gap values are 0.16 eV and 0.28 eV blue shifted from the
bulk ZnS value of 3.60 eV (Masoud et al. 2009).
Nanoparticles sizes were estimated using the hyperbolic band model (HBM) (Auxier et al. 2004) given by
equation (2);
(ℏ ) = +
ℏ
∗ (2)
where Eg is the energy band gap of the nanoparticles, R is the particle’s radius and m*
is the electron mass.
Particles sizes were also calculated using the effective mass approximation (EMA) proposed by Brus in 1983
(Rajesh & Ryan 2008) given by equation (3);
E − E =
ℏ π
!
∗ +
"
∗ −
.$%
&πεε'
−
(. &%)
ℏ (&πεε') !
∗ +
"
∗ (3)
where Eb is the energy of bulk ZnS, mh
*
is the effective mass of hole, ε( is the permittivity in free space, ε is
permittivity of material, e is the electronic charge and all other symbols have their meanings as it was for
equation (2).
The estimated particle sizes from both models are presented in the Table 1. The results indicated that zinc
sulfide capped with CMC has a larger band gap and smaller average particles size when compared with ZnS
capped with PEG. The results revealed better surface passivation of ZnS nanoparticles when capped with CMC.
This might be because CMC consist of two functional groups, that is; the carbonyl and the hydroxyl groups. The
presence of these functional groups ensures nanoparticle’s surface stabilization through electrostatic repulsive
forces while the larger molecular weight of CMC prevented particles growth through steric hindrances. In the
case of PEG the only functional group is the hydroxyl group, which together with the high molecular weight of
PEG restricts particles growth mainly by steric hindrances. From Table 1, the HBM gave smaller average
particle sizes for the capped ZnS nanoparticles when compared to the particle sizes estimated from EMA. The
reason for this variation in particle sizes have been reported elsewhere (Sharma et al. 2009).
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol.21, 2013
11
Table 1: Calculated particle sizes of capped ZnS nanoparticles from band gap
variation using HBM and EMA models.
S/N Sample
name
Band-gaps
(eV)
Hyperbolic band
model(HBM)
particle size(nm)
Electron-mass approximation
model(EMA)
Particle size(nm)
1. ZnS-PEG 3.76 6.78 9.00 nm
2. ZnS-CMC 3.88 5.09 5.24 nm
Figure 1: Absorption spectrum of ZnS/PEG and ZnS/CMC
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
300 350 400 450
Absorbance(a.u)
Wavelenght (nm)
ZnS-CMC
ZnS-PEG
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol.21, 2013
12
3.2 Structural and mophological results
The powder X-ray diffraction pattern of ZnS/PEG and ZnS/CMC semiconductor nanoparticles are shown in Fig.
3( a and b), respectively. All the three peaks can be assigned to a zinc blende crystal structure without extra
phases. The broadening of the peaks indicates the formation of ZnS nanoparticles (Murugadoss et al. 2010).
The average particle sizes (D in nm) were calculated from XRD patterns using the Scherrer’s equation;
* =
+,
-./01
(5)
where k is a constant which equals to 0.89, λ is the X-ray wavelength which equals to 0.154056 nm, β is the full
width at half maximum intensity (FWHM) and θ is the diffraction angle.
The calculated average crystallite sizes of the nanoparticles are 3.92 nm and 3.89 nm for ZnS/PEG and
ZnS/CMC, respectively. These values agree fairly well with the particle sizes calculated from EMA and HBM
using band gap values from the optical absorbance spectrum.
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
2 2.5 3 3.5 4
((hν)2(eV/m)2
hν(eV)
ZnS-PEG
ZnS-CMC
Figure 2: Graph of ( hν)1/2
against photon energy(hν) for ZnS/PEG and ZnS/CMC
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol.21, 2013
13
75
311
220
111
111
220
311
706560555045403530252015
Figure 3: XRD patterns of capped (a) ZnS/PEG and (b) ZnS/CMC
3.3 Electron microscopy and EDX result.
The surface morphology of the samples was studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Figures 4 (a
and b) show the SEM micrographs of ZnS nanoparticles capped with PEG and CMC, respectively. The
micrographs show that the particles had smooth surfaces as a result of their passivation by both PEG and CMC.
The EDX spectra shown in figures 5 (a and b) revealed that the samples were pure ZnS nanoparticles. The
carbon and aluminum peaks shown in the spectrum may be coming from the carbon coated aluminum grid used.
(a) ZnS/PEG
(b) ZnS/CMC
23
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol.21, 2013
14
Figure 4: SEM surface micrograph of capped (a) ZnS/ PEG and (b) ZnS/C
Figure 5: Elemental composition of capped: (a) ZnS/PEG and (b) ZnS/CMC
The presence of the capping agent in the synthesized ZnS nanoparticles was examined by recording their FTIR
spectra in the range of 500 - 4500cm-1
. Figure 6 depicts the spectra of ZnS/PEG nanoparticles with absorption
peaks at 1561.43cm-1
assigned to the bending vibration mode of water molecule and 3484.52cm-1
indicating –
OH stretching of the hydroxyl group. The peak noted at 2932.83 cm-1
indicates the presence of -CH2 symmetric
stretch bond. In addition, the peaks at 1691.63cm-1
and 1428.34cm-1
are due to C=O and C-H stretching and
a b
b
a
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol.21, 2013
bending bonds respectively which may result to co
capping of ZnS nanoparticles as a result ste
Figure 7 shows the FTIR spectrum of ZnS/CMC sample. The IR band characteristics of the spectrum shows that
the band associated to carboxylic groups has a wave
1
for C-O stretching . This can be linked
complex during the in - situ precipitation process. In addition, the peak at 2914.54
O-H group of the capped ZnS/CMC. The presenc
was a strong interaction between zinc precursor and CMC molecules. The presence of these functional groups is
also a confirmation that electrostatic stabilization occurred during precipitation
adsorption of CMC on ZnS nanocrystal surface ensured the stability of the nanoparticles.
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications
0638 (Online)
15
bending bonds respectively which may result to co-ordinate bonding between PEG and Zn
capping of ZnS nanoparticles as a result steric repulsive effect from PEG.
Figure 7 shows the FTIR spectrum of ZnS/CMC sample. The IR band characteristics of the spectrum shows that
the band associated to carboxylic groups has a wave-number of 1615.44cm-1
for C=O stretching and 1474.63cm
stretching . This can be linked to their strong interaction with the Zn2+
ions forming a Zn
situ precipitation process. In addition, the peak at 2914.54cm-1
indicated the presence of
H group of the capped ZnS/CMC. The presence of the carbonyl and hydroxyl group is confirmation that there
was a strong interaction between zinc precursor and CMC molecules. The presence of these functional groups is
also a confirmation that electrostatic stabilization occurred during precipitation of ZnS/CMC nanoparticles. The
adsorption of CMC on ZnS nanocrystal surface ensured the stability of the nanoparticles.
Figure 6: FTIR spectrum of ZnS/PEG
Wavenumber (cm
www.iiste.org
ordinate bonding between PEG and Zn2+
.This indicates
Figure 7 shows the FTIR spectrum of ZnS/CMC sample. The IR band characteristics of the spectrum shows that
for C=O stretching and 1474.63cm-
ions forming a Zn–CMC
indicated the presence of
e of the carbonyl and hydroxyl group is confirmation that there
was a strong interaction between zinc precursor and CMC molecules. The presence of these functional groups is
of ZnS/CMC nanoparticles. The
Wavenumber (cm-1
)
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol.21, 2013
Figure 7: FTIR spectrum of ZnS/CMC
4.0 Conclusion
The synthesized ZnS nanoparticles by simple chemical method revealed that CMC is a better nanoparticles
stabilizer than PEG because of the presence of a strong electrostatic stabilization of both the carbonyl and
hydroxyl groups. Absorption band of both ZnS/PEG and ZnS/CMC were slightly blue shifted from that of the
bulk indicating weak confinement. The particle sizes calculated show that smaller particle size of 3.89 nm was
obtained for the ZnS/CMC than the ZnS/PEG nanocrystals with size of
due to the presence of the hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups in the ZnS/CMC confirmed the assertion
above.
5.0 Acknowledgement
The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions of Sheda Science and Technology
Abuja, Engineering Material Development Institute (EMD), Akure, and National Research Institute for Chemical
Technology (NARICT), Zaria all in Nigeria where the SEN and EDX, XRD, and FTIR analysis of the samples
were carried out respectively.
References
Amah, A. N., Echi, I. M & Kalu, O. (2012). Influence of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Alpha
Capping Agents on Particle Size of ZnS Nanopaerticles.
Arachchige, I. U. & Brock, S. L. (2007). Highly Luminescent Quantum dot monoliths: Journal of American
Chemical Society 129(7):1840-1841.
Ashish, T., Khan, S.A. & Kher, R. S. (2011a). Surface characterization and OpticalProperties of Polyphosphate
capped ZnS nanoparticles: Advances in Applied
Science Research 2(1) 105-110.
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications
0638 (Online)
16
Figure 7: FTIR spectrum of ZnS/CMC
The synthesized ZnS nanoparticles by simple chemical method revealed that CMC is a better nanoparticles
stabilizer than PEG because of the presence of a strong electrostatic stabilization of both the carbonyl and
band of both ZnS/PEG and ZnS/CMC were slightly blue shifted from that of the
bulk indicating weak confinement. The particle sizes calculated show that smaller particle size of 3.89 nm was
obtained for the ZnS/CMC than the ZnS/PEG nanocrystals with size of 3.92 nm. The variation in particle size
due to the presence of the hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups in the ZnS/CMC confirmed the assertion
The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions of Sheda Science and Technology
Abuja, Engineering Material Development Institute (EMD), Akure, and National Research Institute for Chemical
Technology (NARICT), Zaria all in Nigeria where the SEN and EDX, XRD, and FTIR analysis of the samples
Amah, A. N., Echi, I. M & Kalu, O. (2012). Influence of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Alpha
Capping Agents on Particle Size of ZnS Nanopaerticles.Applied Physics Research; Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 9639
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Ashish, T., Khan, S.A. & Kher, R. S. (2011a). Surface characterization and OpticalProperties of Polyphosphate
vances in Applied
Wave number (cm
1
)
www.iiste.org
The synthesized ZnS nanoparticles by simple chemical method revealed that CMC is a better nanoparticles
stabilizer than PEG because of the presence of a strong electrostatic stabilization of both the carbonyl and
band of both ZnS/PEG and ZnS/CMC were slightly blue shifted from that of the
bulk indicating weak confinement. The particle sizes calculated show that smaller particle size of 3.89 nm was
3.92 nm. The variation in particle size
due to the presence of the hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups in the ZnS/CMC confirmed the assertion
Complex (SHESTCO),
Abuja, Engineering Material Development Institute (EMD), Akure, and National Research Institute for Chemical
Technology (NARICT), Zaria all in Nigeria where the SEN and EDX, XRD, and FTIR analysis of the samples
Amah, A. N., Echi, I. M & Kalu, O. (2012). Influence of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Alpha-Methacrylic Acid as
Applied Physics Research; Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 9639-9647.
ck, S. L. (2007). Highly Luminescent Quantum dot monoliths: Journal of American
Ashish, T., Khan, S.A. & Kher, R. S. (2011a). Surface characterization and OpticalProperties of Polyphosphate
Wave number (cm-
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol.21, 2013
17
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Passivative effect of polyethylene glycol and carboxylmethly cellulose as capping

  • 1. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.21, 2013 9 Passivative Effect of Polyethylene-glycol and Carboxylmethly Cellulose as Capping Agents on Particle Size of ZnS Nanoparticles. Ahemen, Iorkyaa: Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Makurdi. Benue, State, Nigeria. Amah, Alexander Nwabueze (Corresponding Author): Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Makurdi. Benue State, Nigeria (e-mail: (odunnze@gmail.com).or (odunzalex@yahoo.com). Kalu, Onyekachi: Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Makurdi. Benue, State, Nigeria. Abstract ZnS nanoparticles were synthesized using wet chemical co-precipitation method. During synthesis, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and carboxylmethly cellulose (CMC) molecule were used as capping agents. The effect of the capping materials was analyzed for their effectiveness in limiting the growth of ZnS nanoparticles. The prepared ZnS nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-rays (EDX). The estimated crystal sizes from XRD are 3.92 nm and 3.89 nm for ZnS/PEG and ZnS/CMC nanosize semiconductors respectively. The effect of capping agent on the energy band gap of the capped ZnS nanoparticles were blue shifted at 0.16 eV and 0.28 eV for ZnS/PEG and ZnS/CMC respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirms the interaction of the capping agents with ZnS. Key words: ZnS nanoparticles, capping agent, polyethylene glycol, precipitation and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 1.0 Introduction Capping agent with functionalized long-chain which helps to spatially confine electron (hole) on nanoparticles is believed to alter the physical, optical, electronic, catalytic and magnetic properties of semiconductor materials by limiting their particle growth at the beginning of their formation. These optoelectronic properties which include changes in semiconductor emission color with size, improved solubility in solvents and improved catalytic properties are dependent on capping of the nanoparticles (Borah et al. 2008; Borah & Sarma 2008 and Park et al. 2009). Several researchers have used different organic materials such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), carboxylmethyl cellulose (CMC) to stop particle agglomeration and to obtain mono-dispersed nanoparticles of sizes less than 5 nm (Gupta et al. 2006 and Luna-Martinez et al. 2011). Recently, our report on the influence of Polyvinyl alcohol and alpha-methacrylic acid on ZnS nanoparticles revealed particle sizes of 3.75 nm and 2.60 nm respectively (Amah et al. 2012). Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) is a group II-VI semiconductor with a wide direct band gap ranging from 3.5 to 3.7 eV at room temperature (Murali-Krishna et al. 2010). This semiconductor has attracted much research interest due to its excellent properties and low toxicity when compared to other chalcogenides (Luna-Martinez et al. 2011; Mamun et al. 2011; Ashish et al. 2011a and Ashish et al. 2011b). These properties make ZnS suitable for several applications in electronic devices, bioelectronics, biosensor fluorescence, phosphors and light emitting devices (Haresh et al. 2011). As a direct band gap semiconductor, ZnS exhibits momentum conservation in the process of light emission with regards to electro-photo luminescence phenomena (Mamun et al. 2011). In addition, the emission efficiency and thermal stability of ZnS increases upon reduction of the particle size as a result of confinement of electrons and holes (Murugadoss et al. 2010). A number of synthetic methods have been used for the preparation of ZnS nanoparticles. Such methods include; precipitation method (Di-Stefano et al. 2010), sol–gel technique (Arachchige & Brock 2007; Hebalkar et al. 2001), solid state reaction method (Calandra et al. 2003), micro emulsion (Rubio, G. 2010), chemical vapor deposition (Verma et al. 2009), hydrothermal technique (Gnanam & Rajendran 2011) etc. In this paper, chemical co-precipitation method with suitable capping agents is used to synthesize the ZnS nanoparticles in order to control the particle size and enhance stability. This synthetic method is simple, economical and has the advantages of producing size-controlled and un-agglomerated nanoparticles. 2.0 Materials and Method 2.1 Materials Zinc sulphate heptahydrate (ZnSO4 . 7H2O), sodium sulphide nonahydrate( Na 2 S. 9H 2 O), ethanol, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and sodium carboxylmethyl cellulose (CMC). All chemicals used were of analytical grade and were used as purchased without further purification.
  • 2. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.21, 2013 10 2.2 Preparation of ZnS:PEG and ZnS:CMC nanoparticles In a typical process, 0.3M PEG, 0.3M CMC were dissolved in deionized water separately and stirred with magnetic stirrer at room temperature until they formed clear solutions. In a separate container, 8.78g of zincsulphate heptahydrate was dissolved in 100ml of deionized water and then added to the PEG, CMC water solutions. 9.60g of Na2S.9H2O dissolved in 100ml of deionized water was then added drop-wise to the precursor- surfactant mixtures (i.e. Zn2+ /PEG, Zn2+ /CMC mixtures) at room temperature under continuous stirring for 30minutes until white precipitates were formed. The white precipitate was separated by centrifugation at 3500 rpm for 20minutes, and washed several times with ethanol. The white precipitates were then filtered and dried at about 120o C under air oven for two hours. The dried solids were then made into fine powders by grinding. 2.3 Method of Analysis Optical absorption spectra of the samples dispersed in ethanol were recorded using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer (Heλios-V4024).The structures were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements using PAN analytical X-ray diffraction machine with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.154056 nm). Carl-Zeiss MA-10 series scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX) was used to obtain the morphology and elemental compositions of the prepared capped ZnS nanoparticles. FTIR spectra were recorded in an FTIR spectrometer (Shimadzu FTIR-8400S) to verify the presence and effect of the capping agents. 3.0. Results and Discussion 3.1. UV-visible results Fig.1 shows the absorption spectra for ZnS/PEG and ZnS/CMC nanoparticles. The energy band gaps of the synthesized nanoparticles were obtained from Tauc’s formula (Pankov 1971): (ν) = ( ) (1) where (ν) is the absorption coefficient, = for allowed direct transition, Eg is the optical band gap, hν is the photon energy and A is a constant related to the extent of the band tailing. Fig. 2 shows a plot of ( hν)2 against photon energy (hν), the energy band gap of the material was estimated by extrapolating the straight-line portion of the spectrum to the energy axis where ( hν)2 = 0. The obtained optical band gap of ZnS/PEG and ZnS/CMC are 3.76 eV and 3.88 eV, respectively. These band gap values are 0.16 eV and 0.28 eV blue shifted from the bulk ZnS value of 3.60 eV (Masoud et al. 2009). Nanoparticles sizes were estimated using the hyperbolic band model (HBM) (Auxier et al. 2004) given by equation (2); (ℏ ) = + ℏ ∗ (2) where Eg is the energy band gap of the nanoparticles, R is the particle’s radius and m* is the electron mass. Particles sizes were also calculated using the effective mass approximation (EMA) proposed by Brus in 1983 (Rajesh & Ryan 2008) given by equation (3); E − E = ℏ π ! ∗ + " ∗ − .$% &πεε' − (. &%) ℏ (&πεε') ! ∗ + " ∗ (3) where Eb is the energy of bulk ZnS, mh * is the effective mass of hole, ε( is the permittivity in free space, ε is permittivity of material, e is the electronic charge and all other symbols have their meanings as it was for equation (2). The estimated particle sizes from both models are presented in the Table 1. The results indicated that zinc sulfide capped with CMC has a larger band gap and smaller average particles size when compared with ZnS capped with PEG. The results revealed better surface passivation of ZnS nanoparticles when capped with CMC. This might be because CMC consist of two functional groups, that is; the carbonyl and the hydroxyl groups. The presence of these functional groups ensures nanoparticle’s surface stabilization through electrostatic repulsive forces while the larger molecular weight of CMC prevented particles growth through steric hindrances. In the case of PEG the only functional group is the hydroxyl group, which together with the high molecular weight of PEG restricts particles growth mainly by steric hindrances. From Table 1, the HBM gave smaller average particle sizes for the capped ZnS nanoparticles when compared to the particle sizes estimated from EMA. The reason for this variation in particle sizes have been reported elsewhere (Sharma et al. 2009).
  • 3. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.21, 2013 11 Table 1: Calculated particle sizes of capped ZnS nanoparticles from band gap variation using HBM and EMA models. S/N Sample name Band-gaps (eV) Hyperbolic band model(HBM) particle size(nm) Electron-mass approximation model(EMA) Particle size(nm) 1. ZnS-PEG 3.76 6.78 9.00 nm 2. ZnS-CMC 3.88 5.09 5.24 nm Figure 1: Absorption spectrum of ZnS/PEG and ZnS/CMC 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 300 350 400 450 Absorbance(a.u) Wavelenght (nm) ZnS-CMC ZnS-PEG
  • 4. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.21, 2013 12 3.2 Structural and mophological results The powder X-ray diffraction pattern of ZnS/PEG and ZnS/CMC semiconductor nanoparticles are shown in Fig. 3( a and b), respectively. All the three peaks can be assigned to a zinc blende crystal structure without extra phases. The broadening of the peaks indicates the formation of ZnS nanoparticles (Murugadoss et al. 2010). The average particle sizes (D in nm) were calculated from XRD patterns using the Scherrer’s equation; * = +, -./01 (5) where k is a constant which equals to 0.89, λ is the X-ray wavelength which equals to 0.154056 nm, β is the full width at half maximum intensity (FWHM) and θ is the diffraction angle. The calculated average crystallite sizes of the nanoparticles are 3.92 nm and 3.89 nm for ZnS/PEG and ZnS/CMC, respectively. These values agree fairly well with the particle sizes calculated from EMA and HBM using band gap values from the optical absorbance spectrum. 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 ((hν)2(eV/m)2 hν(eV) ZnS-PEG ZnS-CMC Figure 2: Graph of ( hν)1/2 against photon energy(hν) for ZnS/PEG and ZnS/CMC
  • 5. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.21, 2013 13 75 311 220 111 111 220 311 706560555045403530252015 Figure 3: XRD patterns of capped (a) ZnS/PEG and (b) ZnS/CMC 3.3 Electron microscopy and EDX result. The surface morphology of the samples was studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Figures 4 (a and b) show the SEM micrographs of ZnS nanoparticles capped with PEG and CMC, respectively. The micrographs show that the particles had smooth surfaces as a result of their passivation by both PEG and CMC. The EDX spectra shown in figures 5 (a and b) revealed that the samples were pure ZnS nanoparticles. The carbon and aluminum peaks shown in the spectrum may be coming from the carbon coated aluminum grid used. (a) ZnS/PEG (b) ZnS/CMC 23
  • 6. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.21, 2013 14 Figure 4: SEM surface micrograph of capped (a) ZnS/ PEG and (b) ZnS/C Figure 5: Elemental composition of capped: (a) ZnS/PEG and (b) ZnS/CMC The presence of the capping agent in the synthesized ZnS nanoparticles was examined by recording their FTIR spectra in the range of 500 - 4500cm-1 . Figure 6 depicts the spectra of ZnS/PEG nanoparticles with absorption peaks at 1561.43cm-1 assigned to the bending vibration mode of water molecule and 3484.52cm-1 indicating – OH stretching of the hydroxyl group. The peak noted at 2932.83 cm-1 indicates the presence of -CH2 symmetric stretch bond. In addition, the peaks at 1691.63cm-1 and 1428.34cm-1 are due to C=O and C-H stretching and a b b a
  • 7. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.21, 2013 bending bonds respectively which may result to co capping of ZnS nanoparticles as a result ste Figure 7 shows the FTIR spectrum of ZnS/CMC sample. The IR band characteristics of the spectrum shows that the band associated to carboxylic groups has a wave 1 for C-O stretching . This can be linked complex during the in - situ precipitation process. In addition, the peak at 2914.54 O-H group of the capped ZnS/CMC. The presenc was a strong interaction between zinc precursor and CMC molecules. The presence of these functional groups is also a confirmation that electrostatic stabilization occurred during precipitation adsorption of CMC on ZnS nanocrystal surface ensured the stability of the nanoparticles. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications 0638 (Online) 15 bending bonds respectively which may result to co-ordinate bonding between PEG and Zn capping of ZnS nanoparticles as a result steric repulsive effect from PEG. Figure 7 shows the FTIR spectrum of ZnS/CMC sample. The IR band characteristics of the spectrum shows that the band associated to carboxylic groups has a wave-number of 1615.44cm-1 for C=O stretching and 1474.63cm stretching . This can be linked to their strong interaction with the Zn2+ ions forming a Zn situ precipitation process. In addition, the peak at 2914.54cm-1 indicated the presence of H group of the capped ZnS/CMC. The presence of the carbonyl and hydroxyl group is confirmation that there was a strong interaction between zinc precursor and CMC molecules. The presence of these functional groups is also a confirmation that electrostatic stabilization occurred during precipitation of ZnS/CMC nanoparticles. The adsorption of CMC on ZnS nanocrystal surface ensured the stability of the nanoparticles. Figure 6: FTIR spectrum of ZnS/PEG Wavenumber (cm www.iiste.org ordinate bonding between PEG and Zn2+ .This indicates Figure 7 shows the FTIR spectrum of ZnS/CMC sample. The IR band characteristics of the spectrum shows that for C=O stretching and 1474.63cm- ions forming a Zn–CMC indicated the presence of e of the carbonyl and hydroxyl group is confirmation that there was a strong interaction between zinc precursor and CMC molecules. The presence of these functional groups is of ZnS/CMC nanoparticles. The Wavenumber (cm-1 )
  • 8. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.21, 2013 Figure 7: FTIR spectrum of ZnS/CMC 4.0 Conclusion The synthesized ZnS nanoparticles by simple chemical method revealed that CMC is a better nanoparticles stabilizer than PEG because of the presence of a strong electrostatic stabilization of both the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. Absorption band of both ZnS/PEG and ZnS/CMC were slightly blue shifted from that of the bulk indicating weak confinement. The particle sizes calculated show that smaller particle size of 3.89 nm was obtained for the ZnS/CMC than the ZnS/PEG nanocrystals with size of due to the presence of the hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups in the ZnS/CMC confirmed the assertion above. 5.0 Acknowledgement The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions of Sheda Science and Technology Abuja, Engineering Material Development Institute (EMD), Akure, and National Research Institute for Chemical Technology (NARICT), Zaria all in Nigeria where the SEN and EDX, XRD, and FTIR analysis of the samples were carried out respectively. References Amah, A. N., Echi, I. M & Kalu, O. (2012). Influence of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Alpha Capping Agents on Particle Size of ZnS Nanopaerticles. Arachchige, I. U. & Brock, S. L. (2007). Highly Luminescent Quantum dot monoliths: Journal of American Chemical Society 129(7):1840-1841. Ashish, T., Khan, S.A. & Kher, R. S. (2011a). Surface characterization and OpticalProperties of Polyphosphate capped ZnS nanoparticles: Advances in Applied Science Research 2(1) 105-110. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications 0638 (Online) 16 Figure 7: FTIR spectrum of ZnS/CMC The synthesized ZnS nanoparticles by simple chemical method revealed that CMC is a better nanoparticles stabilizer than PEG because of the presence of a strong electrostatic stabilization of both the carbonyl and band of both ZnS/PEG and ZnS/CMC were slightly blue shifted from that of the bulk indicating weak confinement. The particle sizes calculated show that smaller particle size of 3.89 nm was obtained for the ZnS/CMC than the ZnS/PEG nanocrystals with size of 3.92 nm. The variation in particle size due to the presence of the hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups in the ZnS/CMC confirmed the assertion The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions of Sheda Science and Technology Abuja, Engineering Material Development Institute (EMD), Akure, and National Research Institute for Chemical Technology (NARICT), Zaria all in Nigeria where the SEN and EDX, XRD, and FTIR analysis of the samples Amah, A. N., Echi, I. M & Kalu, O. (2012). Influence of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Alpha Capping Agents on Particle Size of ZnS Nanopaerticles.Applied Physics Research; Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 9639 ck, S. L. (2007). Highly Luminescent Quantum dot monoliths: Journal of American 1841. Ashish, T., Khan, S.A. & Kher, R. S. (2011a). Surface characterization and OpticalProperties of Polyphosphate vances in Applied Wave number (cm 1 ) www.iiste.org The synthesized ZnS nanoparticles by simple chemical method revealed that CMC is a better nanoparticles stabilizer than PEG because of the presence of a strong electrostatic stabilization of both the carbonyl and band of both ZnS/PEG and ZnS/CMC were slightly blue shifted from that of the bulk indicating weak confinement. The particle sizes calculated show that smaller particle size of 3.89 nm was 3.92 nm. The variation in particle size due to the presence of the hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups in the ZnS/CMC confirmed the assertion Complex (SHESTCO), Abuja, Engineering Material Development Institute (EMD), Akure, and National Research Institute for Chemical Technology (NARICT), Zaria all in Nigeria where the SEN and EDX, XRD, and FTIR analysis of the samples Amah, A. N., Echi, I. M & Kalu, O. (2012). Influence of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Alpha-Methacrylic Acid as Applied Physics Research; Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 9639-9647. ck, S. L. (2007). Highly Luminescent Quantum dot monoliths: Journal of American Ashish, T., Khan, S.A. & Kher, R. S. (2011a). Surface characterization and OpticalProperties of Polyphosphate Wave number (cm-
  • 9. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.21, 2013 17 Ashish, T., Khan, S. A., Kher, R. S. & Dhoble, S. J. (2011b). Influence of capping molecules on Optical properties of Nano crystalline ZnS:Cu: Journal of Applied Spectroscopy 78(5). Auxier, J. M., Morrell, M. M., Brian, R. W., Sepo, H., Axel, S., Nasser, P. B., Sabyasachi, S. & Nicholas, F. B. (2004). Ion-exchange wave-guide in glass doped with PbS quantum Dots. Applied Physics Letters, 85(25) doi:10.1063/1.1839284. Borah, J. P., Barman, J. & Sarma, K. C. (2008a). Structural and Optical properties of ZnS Nanoparticles: Chalcogenide Letters 5(9), 201-208. Borah, J. P. & Sarma, K. C. (2008b). Optical and optoelectronic properties of ZnS Nanostructured thin flim: ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A, 144(4),713-719. Calandra, P., Longo, A. & Liveri, V. T. (2003). Synthesis of Ultra-small ZnS nanoparticle by Solid-solid reaction confined space of AOT reversed micelles: Journal of Physical Chemistry B,107(1),25-30. Di-Stefano, M. C., Cabanillas, E. D., Trigub, A. B., Rodriguez-Torrez, C. & Walsoe deReca, N. E. (2010). TEM studies of ZnS Nanoparticles obtained by wet chemical reaction: Acta Microscopica,19(2), 202-207. Gnanam, S. & Rajendran, V. (2011). Optical properties of capping agents mediated lead oxide nanoparticles via facile hydrothermal process. International journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures, 1(2), 12. Gupta, A., Bhatti, H. S., Kumar, D., Verma, N. K. & Tandon, R. P. (2006). Nano and bulk crystals of ZnO: Synthesis and characterization. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 1 -9. Haresh, G. M., Patrizia, I., Luca, B., Salvatore, C. & Gloria, B.(2011). Structural and Spectroscopic investigation of ZnS Nanoparticles grown in quantenary reverses Micelles: Journal of colloid and interface science. 254, 511- 516. Hebalkar, N., Lobo, A., Sainkar, S. R., Pradhan, S.D., Vogel, W. & Urban, J.(2001). Properties of ZnS stabilized in silica: Journal of material science, 36, (18),4377-4384. Luna-Martinez, J. F., Hernandez-Urestia, D. B., Reyes-Melo, M. E., Guerrero-Salazar, C.A., Gonzalez-Gonzalez, V. A. & Sepulveda-Guzman, S. (2011). Synthesis and Optical characterization of ZnS–sodium carboxymethyl cellulose nanocomposite films: Carbohydrate Polymer (84), 566-570. Mamun, M., Aurobinda, A., Bairagicharan, P., Selvaraju, B., Subhendu, P. & Gourisankar, R. (2011). Characterization of ZnS Quantum dot (q-dot) by Ultraviolet Visible (Uv-Vis) Absorption Spectrum Studies and Comparison with CuO nanocrystal. Journal of American Society, 7(1), 348 Masoud, S. N., Fatemeh, D. & Mehdi, M. (2009). Synthesis and Characterization of ZnS nanocluster via hydrothermal processing from [bis(salicylidene)zinc(II)]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 470, 502. Murali-Krishna, D., Vijayalakshmi, R. P., Venugopal, R. & Reddy, B. K. (2010). Structural and Optical studies of Zn 0.98Mn 0.02S Nanoparticles prepared by chemical route with different capping agents: Chalcogenide Letters, 7(5), 357-365. Murugadoss, G., Rajamannan, B. & Ramasamy, V. (2010). Synthesis and Photoluminescence study of PVA- capped ZnS:Mn2+ nanoparticles: Digest journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures, 5(2), 339-345 Park, J. Y., Aliagba, C., Renzas, J. R., Lee, H. & Somorjai, G. A. (2009). The role of capping layer of platinium NPs in catalytic activities of CO oxidation. Catal letter, 129, Doi.10.1007/S1056-2-009-9871-8, 1. Pankov, J. I. (1971). Optical Processes in Semiconductors. Dover publication, inc. mineola. Rajesh, S. & Ryan, I. (2008). NE 320L Characterization and Materials: Synthesis and Uv- Vis of Quantum Dot. University of Waterloo. Rubio, G. (2010). Strategies to yield water dispersible ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by organometallic approach: PhD thesis, Universite de Toulouse. Sharma, A. B., Sharma, M. & Pandey, R. (2009). Synthesis, properties and potential applications of semiconductor quantum particles. Asian journal of chemistry, 21, 10, 5033. Verma, P., Pandey, A. C. & Bhargava, R. N. (2009). Tunning the band gap by using different capping agent in Mn2+ doped ZnS nanocrystal. Journal of Optoelectronics and advance materials, 11(4), 437.
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