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Child atd reconstruction of a fatal pediatric fall
1.
Proceedings of the
ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition IMECE2009 November 13-19, 2009, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, USA DRAFT IMECE2009-12994 CHILD ATD RECONSTRUCTION OF A FATAL PEDIATRIC FALL Chris Van Ee David Raymond Design Research Engineering Vector Scientific, Inc. Novi, MI, USA Los Angeles, CA, USA Kirk Thibault Warren Hardy John Plunkett Biomechanics, Inc. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Regina Medical Center Essington, PA, USA State University Hastings, MN, USA Blacksburg, VA, USA ABSTRACT limitations in sample size, experimental equipment, and study The current head Injury Assessment Reference Values objectives, current estimates of the tolerance of the pediatric (IARVs) for the child dummies are based in part on scaling head are based on relatively few pediatric cadaver data points adult and animal data and on reconstructions of real world combined with the use of scaled adult and animal data. In effort accident scenarios. Reconstruction of well-documented to assess and refine these tolerance estimates, a number of accident scenarios provides critical data in the evaluation of researchers have performed detailed accident reconstructions of proposed IARV values, but relatively few accidents are well-documented injury scenarios [7-11] . The reliability of the sufficiently documented to allow for accurate reconstructions. reconstruction data are predicated on the ability to accurately This reconstruction of a well documented fatal-fall involving a reconstruct the actual accident and quantify the result in a 23-month old child supplies additional data for IARV useful injury metric(s). These resulting injury metrics can then assessment. The videotaped fatal-fall resulted in a frontal head be related to the injuries of the child and this, when combined impact onto a carpet-covered cement floor. The child suffered with other reliable reconstructions, can form an important an acute right temporal parietal subdural hematoma without component in evaluating pediatric injury mechanisms and skull fracture. The fall dynamics were reconstructed in the tolerance. Due to limitations in case identification, data laboratory and the head linear and angular accelerations were collection, and resources, relatively few reconstructions of quantified using the CRABI-18 Anthropomorphic Test Device pediatric accidents have been performed. In this study, we (ATD). Peak linear acceleration was 125 ± 7 g (range 114-139), report the results of the reconstruction of an uncharacteristically HIC15 was 335 ± 115 (Range 257-616), peak angular velocity well documented fall resulting in a fatal head injury of a 23 was 57± 16 (Range 26-74), and peak angular acceleration was month old child. The case study was previously reported as 32 ± 12 krad/s2 (Range 15-56). The results of the CRABI-18 case #5 by Plunkett [12]. fatal fall reconstruction were consistent with the linear and rotational tolerances reported in the literature. This study BACKGROUND investigates the usefulness of the CRABI-18 anthropomorphic As reported by Plunkett (2001), testing device in forensic investigations of child head injury and A 23-month-old was playing on a plastic gym set in the aids in the evaluation of proposed IARVs for head injury. garage at her home with her older brother. She had climbed the attached ladder to the top rail above the INTRODUCTION platform and was straddling the rail, with her feet 0.70 Defining the mechanisms of injury and the associated meters (28 inches) above the floor. She lost her balance tolerance of the pediatric head to trauma has been the focus of a and fell headfirst onto a 1-cm (⅜-inch) thick piece of plush great deal of research and effort. In contrast to the multiple carpet remnant covering the concrete floor. She struck the cadaver experimental studies of adult head trauma published in carpet first with her outstretched hands, then with the right the literature, there exist only a few experimental studies of front side of her forehead, followed by her right shoulder. infant head injury using human pediatric cadaveric tissue [1-6]. Her grandmother had been watching the children play and While these few studies have been very informative, due to videotaped the fall. She cried after the fall but was alert 1 Copyright © 2009 by ASME
2.
and talking. Her
grandmother walked/carried her into the The CRABI-18 was initially positioned consistent with the kitchen, where her mother gave her a baby analgesic with child’s position and orientation just prior to the fall. The some water, which she drank. However, approximately 5 CRABI-18 was then released, resulting in a sideways rotation minutes later she vomited and became stuporous. EMS and fall to the carpet covered concrete floor below. Four falls personnel airlifted her to a tertiary-care university onto each of the carpet surfaces were performed. hospital. A CT scan indicated a large rightsided subdural hematoma with effacement of the right lateral ventricle and RESULTS minimal subfalcine herniation. (The soft tissue windows for The exemplar play structure is shown in Figure 1. Just the scan could not be located and were unavailable for prior to the fall, the child was positioned straddling the side review.) The hematoma was immediately evacuated. She wall as shown using the CRABI-18 ATD in Figure 2. The child remained comatose postoperatively, developed cerebral was initially stabilizing her position by hanging onto the edema with herniation, and was removed from life support posterior support column with her left hand. As she lost her 36 hours after the fall. Bilateral retinal hemorrhage, not balance and tipped to her right, her grip on the support column further described, was documented in a funduscopic was insufficient to maintain her position and she rotated and examination performed 24 hours after admission. A fell to the floor below with her hands and head leading. Her postmortem examination confirmed the right frontal scalp right followed by her left hands were first to contact but impact injury. There was a small residual right subdural appeared to offer little resistance to slow her body as her hematoma, a right parietal lobe contusion (secondary to shoulders and elbows rotated under the load. The first the surgical intervention), and cerebral edema with substantial impact with the floor was in the right frontal parietal cerebellar tonsillar herniation. area followed by her anterior chest, stomach, and pelvis. The child came to rest face down on the floor. The fall sequence Also noted in the medical record was severe pappiledema. shown in Figure 3 is a close approximation of the child’s kinematics as observed in the video. METHODS Results of the reconstruction are shown in Table 2. The The case study documentation consisted of the Consumer differences between the two types of carpet were insignificant. Product Safety Commission (CPSC) report form, the child’s The overall averages for HIC and peak linear acceleration were medical and autopsy records, personal interview with the 335 and 125 g, respectively. The time window for maximizing child’s mother, and the video footage of the accident. Out of the HIC calculation was quite short with an average of 3.7 ms. respect to the family, still-frames from the videotaped fall, while used in this reconstruction will, not be reproduced in print form in this manuscript. Based on the kinematics observed in the videotaped fall, the accident was reconstructed using the CRABI-18 Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD). The CRABI- 18 was the closest match to the child’s height and weight of the modern child ATD’s common in the US (Table 1). TABLE 1: Comparative Anthropometry Hybrid III- Child CRABI-18 3 year old Weight (lbs) 29 25.4 34.2 Height (inches) 33 32 37 Relying on information from the CPSC report form which was confirmed by the video documentation, an exemplar play structure was identified and purchased. Two remnants of carpet were purchased for testing: one berber style measuring 0.8-cm thick and the second was a plush pile measuring 1.1-cm thick. The ATD’s head was instrumented with three linear accelerometers (Endevco 7264C) and three angular rate sensors (Diversified Technical Systems, Inc., ARS-12K-1KCL). Data were collected at a rate of 10 kHz consistent with SAE J211 convention [13]. Angular rate data were filtered using a channel filter class 180 Hz (CFC180) and were differentiated using a five-point moving linear regression to obtain angular acceleration. Figure 1: The exemplar play structure used in the accident reconstruction. 2 Copyright © 2009 by ASME
3.
TABLE 2: Reconstruction
Results Peak HIC Peak Linear Peak Angular Carpet Angular HIC window Acceleration Acceleration Style Velocity (ms) (g) (krad/s2) (rad/s) Pile 297 3.5 126 61 56 Height=1m 324 4.3 118 39 28 287 3.4 125 68 30 304 3.2 125 74 37 Avg±Std 303±16 3.6±0.5 123±4 60±15 38±13 Berber 291 3.3 125 64 31 302 3.3 126 60 29 616 4.8 139 26 15 257 3.4 114 62 32 Ave±Std 366±167 3.7±0.7 126±10 53±18 27±8 Overall Figure 2: The initial position of the child just 335±115 3.7±0.6 125±7 57±16 32±11 Ave±Std prior to the fall reconstructed using the CRABI-18. This implies for these exposures, HICunlimted = HIC36 = HIC22 = The CRABI series pediatric crash test devices are one of HIC15. The overall averages for peak angular velocity and peak the most commonly used test devices for the assessment of angular acceleration were 57 rad/s and 32 krad/s2, respectively. pediatric head injury. The primary goal of this study was to add In two of the tests, the dummy response for at least one of an already existing, but very limited, set of reconstruction data the metrics appears to be somewhat extraordinary. The first test which are used in the evaluation and refinement of pediatric of the pile carpet resulted in the largest measured angular head injury tolerance thresholds. The current study presents a acceleration of 56 rad/s2. Based on video review of the test and reconstruction of a uniquely well documented and simple fall the results of the other measured parameters nothing additional resulting, ultimately, fatal head injury of a 23-month old about the test which could help explain the relatively large female. angular acceleration could be identified. Similarly, the third test CRABI-18 head Injury Assessment Reference Values on the Berber carpet also resulted in an unusually high reading (IARVs) of 52 g peak head acceleration and a 440 HIC are for HIC, a marginally higher peak linear acceleration, and an reported by Mertz [14]. In the current study the average HIC unusually low reading for peak angular velocity. Once again was 335 and in only one of the eight tests conducted was the other than the unusual measured response, nothing from the response greater than 440. When Melvin [15] proposed IARVs overall kinematics could be identified to account for the for the CRABI-6, which predates the CRABI-18, he suggested measured differences. that the primary IARV for the head be governed by the peak head acceleration, such that even if the resulting exposure DISCUSSION yields a HIC less than the HIC IARV, that the final step is to Figure 3: Fall sequence reconstruction using the CRABI-18. Initially the child was stable, straddling the side wall and holding onto the posterior column with her left hand. Subsequently she lost her balance and her grip on the column resulting in a rightward rotation and fall to the floor below with hands and head leading. 3 Copyright © 2009 by ASME
4.
TABLE 3: Summary
of IARVs linked to Rotationally Induced Trauma Author - Study Proposed Tolerance or Injury Threshold Scaled Threshold based on Brain Mass adult brain mass = 1.36 kg child brain mass = 1 kg Lowenhielm 1975 [17]: numerical α = 4500 rad/s2 αchild = 5524 rad/s2 modeling “gliding contusion is not likely to arise if the and maximal angular acceleration does not exceed 4500 rad/sec2 or the change in angular velocity Δω < 70 rad/s does not exceed 70 rad/sec” note: Lowenhielm 1978 [18]: suggests lowering the Δω < 30 rad/s Sturtz 1980 [7]: review and scaling of Direct Head Contact – tolerance scaled for 3 yr old previously published data combined Pulse Duration = 10 ms with accident reconstruction α < 2008 rad/s2 Pulse Duration = 3 ms α < 9100 rad/s2 Ommaya 1985 [19]: review of previous For Δω < 30 rad/s studies and methods α < 4500 rad/s2 : AIS 0 or 1 αchild = 5524 rad/s2 if α ≥ 4500 rad/s2 at risk for AIS 5 level injury For Δω ≥ 30 rad/s α < 1700 rad/s2 : AIS 2 αchild = 2086 rad/s2 α < 3000 rad/s2 : AIS 3 αchild = 3683 rad/s2 α < 3900 rad/s2 : AIS 4 αchild = 4787 rad/s2 α < 4500 rad/s2 : AIS 5 αchild = 5524 rad/s2 Depreitere et al. 2006 [20]: cadaver Pulse durations of less than 10ms experiments of a fall type occipital α < 10,000 rad/s2 αchild = 12,275 rad/s2 impact resulting in subdural hematoma. Longer pulse durations with Δω ≥ 40 rad/s Combined experimental results with α < 4,500 rad/s2 αchild = 5524 rad/s2 previous studies. affirm that the peak head acceleration remained below the in Table 3. All the tolerances listed in Table 3, with the IARV for peak head linear acceleration for the entire pulse exception of those proposed by Sturtz [7], are for adults. duration. Applying this rule and using the 52 g IARV reported Currently there are no generally accepted methods to scale the by Mertz [14], it is clear that the IARV was exceeded in every adult IARV’s for angular velocity, acceleration, and duration to test conducted. For this type of exposure, it appears that the the child due to competing reasons based on geometry and limit on peak head acceleration is the more stringent of the two tissue properties to both scale up and down the adult thresholds criteria, and in this case, also appears to be the more accurate [21]. Additional reconstructions such as the current study IARV. provide researchers with much needed data to be used in Currently there is not a specific skull fracture threshold assessing these adult values and how they should be applied to associated with the CRABI-18, but the experimental results of children. Given the current lack of a validated scaling model, this study indicate that the tolerance for skull fracture for a 23 the adult tolerance data will be applied directly to compare the month old child is likely greater than the 50% threshold value reconstruction results with the documented fatal head injury. of 82 g’s and 290 HIC associated with the CRABI-6 [16]. For comparison, the third column of Table 3 contains scaled In addition to IARV’s based in linear acceleration, many thresholds based on the difference in the brain mass of the adult researchers have proposed limits based on the rotationally and child. These scaled thresholds (larger than the adult induced trauma. The lack of skull fracture is one possible thresholds) can be interpreted as upper limits of the threshold indicator that the injury in this case was due at least in part to since the material property mismatches would tend to decrease rotationally induced trauma. Based on maturity of the child’s the tolerance values [21]. As detailed by Sturtz [7], the angular skull in this case, the bones were likely well fused and the rate thresholds can be scaled for brain mass using the relation overall head response was beginning to approximate the adult head response with limited deformation prior to fracture. , Proposed tolerances for the head to rotational trauma are shown 4 Copyright © 2009 by ASME
5.
where α and
αo are the angular accelerations and m and mo are and decrease the rebound dynamics including angular the brain masses of the child and adult respectively. Sturtz velocities. It should be noted that in this case study, the angular reports the mass of the average adult brain to be approximately velocities are well above all of the proposed thresholds in Table 1.36 kg and the mass of the 3-year-old brain as 1.09 kg. Based 3 (with the exception of the 70 rad/s of Lowenhelm 1975 which on the autopsy report the brain mass of the child in the case the author later revised down to 30 rad/s based on subsequent study was 1.31 kg, however, the brain showed signs of marked work in 1978). Thus, only a change in ATD design that yields a edema. It is much more likely that the healthy brain mass of the dramatic change in angular velocity would affect the results of child was closer to 1.0 kg. Using the relationship above and the this case study. brain masses of 1.36 kg for the adult and 1 kg for the child, the angular acceleration tolerance values in column Table 3 were CONCLUSIONS scaled and are shown in column 3 of Table 3. The resulting The results of this reconstruction are consistent with the scale factor based on the different brain masses was 1.23. current injury criteria based on both linear and angular In all cases the average response from the accidental fall (Δω acceleration. The CRABI-18 test device is an important tool in = 53 rad/s, α = 27,000 rad/s2, pulse duration ~ 4 ms) exceeded the assessment and evaluation of injury prevention and forensic the corresponding tolerances proposed for the adult and the investigation. This study further underscores the efficacy of this scaled child brain. Despite some of the rather large variations device. from test to test within the reconstruction – applying the tolerance criteria, even on a test by test basis, still indicates the REFERENCES positive risk for rotational trauma induced injury. One limitation of the current study is the kinematic [1] McPherson GK and Kriewall TJ. 1980, “The Elastic accuracy to which the actual fall could be reconstructed. This Modulus of Fetal Cranial Bone: A First Step Towards an includes reproducing the amount of fall protection the child’s Understanding of the Biomechanics of Fetal Head Molding.” arms provided, the flexibility of the hips and legs of the dummy Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 9-16. in reproducing the slip off of the side wall, and the response of [2] Weber W. 1984, “Experimental studies of skull fractures in the body upon impact. 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