This document provides an overview of medicinal plants found in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. It begins by defining medicinal plants and pharmacognosy. It then lists over 50 plants used in herbalism, describing their benefits and uses. Examples include aloe vera for burns, arnica for inflammation, ginger for nausea, and rosemary for cognitive function. The document discusses where medicinal compounds are derived from plants and their physiological effects. It also mentions plants referenced in the Quran and Hadith and those resembling human organs. The take home message is that many plants have medicinal qualities due to synergistic compounds, and there are no magic bullet cures.

3. MEDICINAL PLANTS OF
KHYBERPAKHTUNKHWA PROVINCE
BY
ALLAH DAD KHAN
Allahdad 52@gmail.com

4. Definition of Medicinal Plants
• Any plant which provides health-promoting characteristics, temporary
relief from symptomatic problems or has curative properties based on
some ethno botanic information's, secondary metabolites as an active
substance with biological activity.
OR
Plants - herbs - grown for medicinal purposes, as opposed to growing
them for culinary or ornamental purposes.
OR
Medicinal herbs are plants or parts of plants used for therapeutic or
medical benefit.
OR
The medicinal value of these plants lies in bioactive photochemical
constituents that produce definite physiological action on the human body

6. Medicinal Plants STAND FOR
• Medicinal plants are plants that have a
recognized medical use. They range from those
used in the production of mainstream
pharmaceutical products to plants used in herbal
medicinepreparations. Herbal medicine is one of
the oldest forms of medical treatment in human
history and could be considered one of the
forerunners of the modern pharmaceutical trade.
Plants that have medical uses can be found
growing in many settings all over the world.

7. Pharmacognosy is
• Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines
derived from natural sources, including plants.
The American Society of Pharmacognosy as
"the study of the physical, chemical,
biochemical and biological properties of
drugs, drug substances or potential drugs or
drug substances of natural origin as well as
the search for new drugs from natural
sources.

9. List of plants used in herbalism
S.No Benefits
1 Aloe vera leaves are widely used to heal burns, wounds and other skin ailments
2 Arnica (Arnica montana) is used as an anti-inflammatory and for osteoarthritis
3 Belladonna (Atropa belladonna), although toxic, was used historically in Italy by
women to enlarge their pupils, as well as a sedative, among other uses. The name
itself means "beautiful woman" in Italian
4 Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) is used as an agent to reduce the blood glucose
level
5 Bacillinum is especially indicated for lungs of old people, with chronic catarrhal
condition and enfeebled pulmonary circulation, attacks of suffocation at night with
difficult cough. Suffocative catarrh. Tubercular meningitis. Favors falling off of tartar
of teeth. Constant disposition to take cold. -
6 Chamomille (Matricaria recutita and Anthemis nobilis) has been used over
thousands of years for a variety of conditions, including sleeplessness, anxiety, and
gastrointestinal conditions such as upset stomach, gas, and diarrhea

10. List of plants used in herbalismS.No Benefits
7 Chili (Capsicum frutescens)'s active ingredient, capsaicine, is the basic of
commercial pain-relief ointments in Western medicine. The low incidence of heart
attack in Thais may be related to capsaicine's fibronolytic action (dissolving blood
clots
8 Celery (Apium graveolens) seed is used only occasionally in tradition medicine.
Modern usage is primarily as a diuretic
9 Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) was most commonly used historically to
treat liver diseases, kidney diseases, and spleenproblems
10 Digitalis (Digitalis lanata), or foxglove, came into use in treating cardiac disease in
late 18th century England in spite of its high toxicity.aIts use has been almost
entirely replaced by the pharmaceutical derivative Digoxin, which has a shorter
half-life in the body, and whose toxicity is therefore more easily managed. Digoxin
is used as an antiarrhythmic agent and inotrope

11. List of plants used in herbalismS.No Uses
11 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) leaves were widely used in traditional
medicine as a febrifuge. Eucalyptus oil is commonly used in over-the-
counter cough and cold medications, as well as for an analgesic
12 Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) has long been used to treat symptoms
of menopause, and digestive ailments. More recently, it has been used to
treat diabetes, loss of appetite and other conditions
13 Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) is most commonly used as a laxative. Flaxseed
oil is used for different conditions, including arthritis
14 Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is used to relieve nausea
15 Guava (Psidium guajava) has a rich history of use in traditional medicine. It is
traditionally used to treat diarrhea; however, evidence of its effectiveness is
very limited
16 Henna (Lawsonia Inermis) exhibits potential anti bacterial activity.

12. List of plants used in herbalism
S.No Benifits
17 Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) Sacred lotus has been the subject of a number of in-
vitro and animal studies, exploring its pharmacologic effects, including
antioxidant, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-infective,
hyperlipidemic, and psychopharmacologic activity]although clinical trials are
lacking.
18 Marigold (Calendula officinalis), or calendula, has a long history of use in treating
wounds and soothing skin
19 Moringa oleifera is used for food and traditional medicine. It is undergoing
preliminary research to investigate potential properties of its nutrients and
phytochemicals
20 Neem (Azadirachta indica), used in India to treat
worms, malaria, rheumatism and skin infections among many other things. Its
many uses have led to neem being called "the village dispensary"
21 Nigella Sativa are known by many names for example, Kalonji or Black Seed or
Black Cumin. Habbat ul barakah in Arabic countries (the Blessed Seed) due to the
saying of the Holy Prophet (SWS) and habbat as-sawda.
22 Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the plant source of morphine, used
for pain relief. Morphine made from the refined and modified sap is used for
pain control in terminal patient

13. List of plants used in herbalismS.No Benefits
23 Papaya (Carica papaya) is used for treating wounds
24 Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) has been used medicinally from ancient
times.
25 Sage (Salvia officinalis), shown to improve cognitive function in patients with
mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.
26 Trachyspermum ammi Ajwain is used in the culinary process as a spice. It is also
used as a major ingredient in different types of medicines. It also uses as a good
appetizer and is used as effective remedy in managing ailments like vomiting,
piles, mouth diseases.
27 Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) is used to treat bronchitis and cough. It serves as
an antispasmotic and expectorant in this role
28 Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) has been used since at least ancient
Greece and Rome for sleep disorders and anxiety.[
29 Emblica officinalis ( Amla) Vitamin - C, Cough , Diabetes, cold, Laxativ, hyper
acidity.

14. List of plants used in herbalismS.No Benifits
30 Aswagandha (Withania Somnifera) Restorative Tonic, stress, nerves disorder,
aphrodiasiac.
31. Pippermint (Mentha pipertia) Digestive, Pain killer.
32 Harira(Terminalia Chebula) Trifala, wound ulcer, leprosy, inflammation, Cough.
33. Kuth (Saussurea lappa ) anti-ulcer, anti-convulsant, anti-cancer,
hepatoprotective, anti-arthritic, anti-viral activities.
34. Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum.) Podophyllum is applied directly to the skin
for removal of warts, including plantar warts and sexually transmitted (venereal)
warts. It is also used topically for treating pre-cancerous white patches on
the tongue and mouth (oral hairy leukoplakia
35. Isabgol The seeds of isabgol contain two substances Mucilage and Albumin.
Isabgol can serve as purgative. It can monitor dysentery and cure diarrhea
36. Kanchnar (Bauhinia variegata) Skin diseases, obesity, piles, ulcer

15. List of plants used in herbalism
S.No Benefits
37 Unab ( Zizyphus Martima)
38 Beer ( ziziphus jujuba) Ziziphus is taken to relieve stress and encourage sleep. It
also purifies the blood. It helps a person gain weight, improve muscular strength
and build stamina.
39 Date (Phoenix dactylifera ) Free from cholestrol , B3 , B5, Vit A .Vitamin C ,
energy booster , high in K ,Fe , weight gain
40 Jaman (Eugenia jambolana) Diabetic , in diarrehea, stomachache and diuretic
41 Falsa (Grewia asiatica) Quinch thrust , relieve inflamation , asthama, bronchitis ,
cold and cough.
42 Saunf (Foeniculum vulgare) Fennel or saunf has carminative, galactagogue
(promotes lactation), anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic,
antimicrobial and diuretic properties
43

16. List of plants used in herbalism
S.No Benifits
44. Rose Mary Cancer prevention, improved memory , digestive health , Hair
growth , , mood elevator , Migrane Help , Pain relief , immune booster ,
Antibacterial , fresh breath , Anti Aging
45. Pomegranate ( Punica Granatum) Good for heart and blood vessel
.antioxidant , lower blood pressure.
46. Zaitoon(Olea europea tree) In traditional herbal medicine practices, preparations
from olives and olive leaves have often been used in treatment of inflammatory
problems, including allergy-related inflammation
47. Almond ( Prunus amagadylus) Almond nuts are rich in dietary fiber, vitamins,
and minerals and packed with numerous health promoting phyto-chemicals; the
kind of well-balanced food ensuring protection against diseases and cancers
48. Walnut ( Juglans regia ) Walnuts are high in protein, vitamins, omega 3 fatty
acids, trace minerals, lecithin and oils.
49. Papaya (reduced risk ofheart disease, diabetes, cancer, aiding in digestion,
improving blood glucose control in diabetics, lowering blood pressure, and
improving wound healing.

17. List of plants used in herbalism
S.No Benefits
50 Pine Apple ( ) Antioxidant , Mn cofactor to enzyme, macular degeneration ,
51 Mulberry ( Morus Alba ) Delicious, fleshy, succulent mulberries are less in
calories (just 43 calories per 100 g). They compose of health promoting phyto-
nutrient compounds like polyphenol pigment antioxidants, minerals, and vitamins
that are essential for optimum health.
52 Lemon Grass ( ) Cough, cold & sore throats , Anxiety ,High cholesterol, Type 2
diabetes , Colitis ,Digestion Rough, dry, scaly skin ,Acne ,Constipation , Kidney
detoxification , Insomnia ,Relaxation & deep sleep
53 Tea ( ) Cancer prevention . Immune system support , Heart health, Lower Blood
Pressure , lower cholestrol lrevel , weight loss and bone health .
54
55

18. Plants Mentioned in Quran and Hadith
Pomegranate Olive Fig Date Palm Cedar Tooth Brush
Tree
Henna Ginger Lentil Onion Garlic Cucumber
Acacia Gourd Mustard Sweet Basil Zaqqum Zizyphus
Banana Corn Leek Barley Watermelon Quince
Figs Pilu Grapes Khagel(
Ghaz)
Tulsi Afsanteen
Kafoor Zaffron Izkhir Thyme Citrus Brinjal
Beet Root Wheat Rice Mushroom Kalongi

20. Where Does the Medicine Come From
1. Bark (quinine bark, oak bark, pepperbark, and willow bark)
2.Bulbs (Onion species and garlic bulbs are popular for medicinal uses.)
3. Essential oils ( Peppermint oil)
4. Fatty oil ( castor oil, olive oil, and safflower oil. )
5. Flowers( s affron stamens, the stigmas of maize, or pollen)
6.Fruit ( Apple , Pear , Almond , Walnut )
7.Leeaves ( Tulsi)
8. Resins( Ducts of Plant Acacia)
9.Roots ( Kuth )
10.Rhizome ( Ginger , turmeric)
11. Seed ( Ajwain , Zera , digitalis )
12. Tuber ( Zuffaron)
13. Wood ( Sandal wood )

22. Constituents Having Medicinal Properties
1. Lipids and waxes ( olive oil , Castor oil)
2.Lignans and lignins ( Flax seed , )
3. Alkaloids( Mo rphine , Caffeine )
4. Triterpenoid and Steroidal Saponins (
5.Resins
6. Diterpenoids
7. Tannins
8.Flavonoids
9. Glucosinolates

23. The active constituents of medicinal plants effect on the body divided into
16 main groups:
Alkanoids (
Nightshade)
Anthocyanins (
Mulberry)
Anthraquinones
Chinese rhubrub
Bitters( Worm
wood)
Cardiac Glycosides (
Foxglove)
Coumarins( CelerY) Cyanogenic
Glycosides ( Elder
plant)
Flavonoids (
Lemons)
Glucosilinates (
Radish
Minerals (
Dandelion)
Mucilage ( Elm) Phenols ( Thyme)
Saponins
(Liquorice)
Tannins( Oak Tree) Vitamins( Rose) Volatile Oils (
Chammomile)

24. Physiologically active plant constituents
1. Acids
2. Alcohols
3. Carbohydrates
4. Phenols & phenolic glycosides
5. Tannins
6. Coumarins & their glycosides
7. Anthraquinones & their glycosides
8. Flavones & Flavonoid glycosides
9. Volatile Oils
10. Saponins
11. Cardioactive glycosides
12. Cyanogenic glycosides
13. “Bitter Principles”
14. Alkaloids

26. Medicinal Plants Resemble Body Organ

36. 1.Aloevera

37. 2.Arnica

38. 3.Belladona

39. 4.Bitter Gourd

40. 5.Baccilum

41. 6.Chamamolie

42. 7.Chilly

43. 8. Celery

44. 9.Dandelion

45. 10.Digitalis

46. 11.Fenugreek

47. 12.Flax seed

48. 13.Ginger

49. 14.Henna

50. 15.Marigold

51. 16. Moringa

52. 17. Kalonji

53. 18.Rose Mary

54. 19.Ajwain

55. 20.Pippermint

56. 21.Kuth

57. 22.Podophyllum

58. 23.Ispagol

59. 24. Rose

60. Take Home Message
Many plants with medicinal qualities
Often a synergistic effect of different
compounds
No magic bullet