The governments of Asian nations have long recognised – some earlier than others – that there needed to be some encouragement of private sector investment to meet the demand for the all-important capital needed in the telecom sector. At the same time, it was also generally well recognised that this strategy could not rely on local investment alone, and would inevitably mean a substantial level of foreign investment. Of course, despite this recognition, there has inevitably been some resistance within some administrations to opening up the telecom sector to foreign investors and as a consequence the level of ‘encouragement’ across the region has been variable.

1. Asia - Fixed Telecommunications Infrastructure
Asia’s booming mobile and broadband sectors are quietly underpinned by the region’s all-important fixed infrastructure
The changing nature of the telecom market has had a major impact on the approach to investment in infrastructure. With shifting revenue patterns across the
market segments and falling ARPUs on many services, operators became considerably more selective about what they actually invest in. Telecom operators
throughout Asia have been adjusting investment levels on the back of carefully considered investment strategies. This has seen companies shifting business focus,
looking for new ways to add value to existing revenue streams; it has also seen a strong desire to leverage new value from infrastructure that is already in place.
This has especially been the case with mobile network moving increasingly to support mobile broadband services and newer generations of mobile technologies.
The governments of Asian nations have long recognised – some earlier than others – that there needed to be some encouragement of private sector
investment to meet the demand for the all-important capital needed in the telecom sector. At the same time, it was also generally well recognised that this strategy
could not rely on local investment alone, and would inevitably mean a substantial level of foreign investment. Of course, despite this recognition, there has
inevitably been some resistance within some administrations to opening up the telecom sector to foreign investors and as a consequence the level of
‘encouragement’ across the region has been variable.
The initial round of substantial investment in telecom infrastructure in Asia was in fixed telephone networks. Over a number of decades the regional economies
were progressively building their often quite substantial fixed-line national networks. These fixed networks were in time followed by the building of mobile
networks. In many of the developing nations of the region, the building of fixed-line infrastructure was not far advanced before it was overwhelmed by the
introduction of mobile infrastructure. This created the phenomenon of ‘substitution’ in many of the markets of Asia (where mobile services
perform the function of the limited, or even non-existent, fixed telephone services.) Nevertheless, despite the unevenness in disposition, fixed infrastructure has
been and continues to be an important component in the overall development of the region’s telecom sector. Coming into 2014 there were an estimated
500 million fixed-line subscribers in Asia; this was down from a peak of around 570 million in 2009; of course, fixed-line numbers are considerably less than the
more than 3 billion mobile subscribers to be found in the region. Whilst the fixed line numbers have gone into an overall decline, in some markets the numbers
have continued to increase. Overall, it is anticipated that the decline will continue for a few more years before the market ‘levels off.’
As already suggested, the focus of infrastructure building has been shifting. There has been a major push to upgrade domestic telecoms networks to Next
Generation Networks (NGNs). This process has seen large scale investment by Asia’s leading telecoms markets in new-generation IP-based
telecommunications networks. At the same time there has been a major surge in infrastructure building as mostly developed economies roll out National
Broadband Networks (NBNs). These networks come in various ‘shapes and sizes’ as governments work with operators to tackle the strategic
challenge of delivering high speed to the nation. Not surprisingly the NBNs rely heavily upon fibre; in some cases it is Fibre to the Premises (FttP), while in
others it might be Fibre to the Node (FttN). And the cost varies accordingly. Those countries that have government backing for NBN roll-out are generally the
ones that have been setting the pace.
In addition to the national networks, international connectivity remains central to the overall effectiveness of the region’s telecommunications services.
Submarine cable routes criss-cross the Asia Pacific area, providing both intra-regional and inter-regional networks. This sector of the market has been
characterised by widely fluctuating supply and demand, which in turn has seen somewhat erratic investment strategies. Submarine projects are subject to this
boom and bust market phenomena, with planned projects commonly being delayed or abandoned, consortia being reshaped, etc. In fact, over-supply of capacity
has been common in the Asian market. More recently investments have been less speculative and more focused on predicted growth. In the meantime, new
submarine cable projects continue being proposed and the cables installed throughout the region. As Asia’s broadband usage surged, a major effort went
into managing the shortfall in capacity between Asia and the US. At the same time there has been a shift away from the heavy reliance on the US as a hub for data
traffic and this has inevitably resulted in a further change in focus.
As the demand for wholesale services continues to rise in Asia, still driven in the short term by voice, but rapidly being overtaken by data, there has been a boom
in IP-based services, with the volume of international Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) traffic into and out of Asia having increased at a rapid rate at the
expense of the traditional International Direct Dial (IDD) traffic.
table Of Contents
1. Statistical Overview
2. Afghanistan
2.1 Overview
2.1.1 Background
2.1.2 Post-2001
2.1.3 Fixed-line Statistics
2.1.4 National Network - Background
2.1.5 Local Fixed Services Plan (lfsp)
2.1.6 Optical Fibre Backbone
2.1.7 Telecommunication Development Fund (tdf)
2.1.8 Satellite Services
2.1.9 Satellite Project
2.2 Infrastructure Projects
2.2.1 Globecomm Contracts
2.2.2 Noori Fiber Tech Project
2.2.3 Awcc’s Microwave Ring
3. Armenia
Asia - Fixed Telecommunications Infrastructure

2. 3.1 National
3.2 International
4. Azerbaijan
4.1 National Telecom Network
4.1.1 Next Generation Network (ngn)
4.2 International Infrastructure
4.2.1 Azerbaijan’s Satellites
4.2.2 Trans-asia-europe (tae) Cable Network
4.2.3 Europe Persia Express Gateway (epeg)
5. Bangladesh
5.1 National Telecom Network
5.1.1 Fibre Optic Networks
5.1.2 Grameen Telecom’s Village Project
5.2 International Infrastructure
5.2.1 International Gateways
5.2.2 Satellite Networks
5.2.3 Submarine Cable Connectivity
6. Bhutan
6.1 National Telecom Network
6.1.1 Overview
6.1.2 Fixed-line Statistics
6.1.3 Universal Service Fund (usf)
6.1.4 Rural Communications Programs
6.1.5 Very Small Aperture Terminals (vsats)
6.1.6 E-shabtog
6.1.7 National Optical Fibre Network
6.1.8 Remote Communities
6.2 International Infrastructure
7. Brunei Darussalam
7.1 National Telecom Network
7.1.1 Public Payphones
7.1.2 Gsm Payphones
7.1.3 Fibre-to-the-home (ftth)
7.2 International Infrastructure
7.2.1 Trans-borneo Optical Cable Network
7.2.2 Submarine Cable Networks
7.2.3 Satellite Networks
7.3 Infrastructure Developments
7.3.1 Voice Over Internet Protocol (voip)
7.3.2 Next Generation Networks (ngn)
8. Cambodia
8.1 National Telecom Network
8.2 Optical Fibre Networks
8.3 Mobile Towers
8.4 Fixed-line Operators
8.4.1 Telecom Cambodia
8.4.2 Viettel
8.4.3 Digi
8.5 International Infrastructure
8.5.1 Greater Mekong Subregion Information Superhighway (gms-is)
8.5.2 Cambodian-vietnamese Super Highway Telecoms Network
8.5.3 Proposed Submarine Cable
9. China
9.1 Infrastructure Developments In China
9.2 International Infrastructure
9.2.1 Terrestrial And Submarine Cable Infrastructure
Asia - Fixed Telecommunications Infrastructure

3. 9.2.2 Satellite Infrastructure
9.3 Smart Grids
9.3.1 Electricity Growth Projections For China
9.3.2 Smart Grids – China Investments
9.3.3 State Grid Corporation
10. Georgia
10.1 National Telecom Network
10.1.1 Wireless Local Loop (wll)
10.2 International Infrastructure
11. Hong Kong
11.1 National Infrastructure
11.1.1 Fixed-line And Mobile Phones
11.1.2 Fixed Telecommunications Services – Background
11.1.3 Digital 21 It Strategy
11.2 Fttb/ftth Building Registration Scheme
11.3 International Infrastructure
11.3.1 Submarine Cable Networks
12. India
12.1 National Infrastructure
12.1.1 Overview
12.1.2 Statistics
12.1.3 Background To Network Development
12.1.4 Infrastructure Sharing
12.1.5 Rural And Regional Networks
12.1.6 Fibre Optic Cable Projects
12.1.7 National Optical Fibre Network
12.1.8 Wireless Local Loop (wll) - Background
12.2 Infrastructure Developments
12.2.1 Ip Networks
12.2.2 Next Generation Networks (ngn)
12.3 International Infrastructure
12.3.1 Background
12.3.2 Interconnect Agreements
12.3.3 India-pakistan
12.3.4 International Service Disruption
12.3.5 Submarine Cable Networks
12.3.6 Satellite Communications
13. Indonesia
13.1 National Infrastructure
13.1.1 Overview
13.1.2 Background To Development
13.1.3 Fixed-line Statistics
13.1.4 Infrastructure Development
13.1.5 Joint Operating Service (kso) Ventures – Five-zone Plan
13.1.6 Rural Telephony
13.1.7 Wireless Local Loop (wll)
13.1.8 Telecom Towers
13.2 International Infrastructure
13.2.1 International Gateway Exchanges
13.2.2 Submarine Cable Networks
13.2.3 Satellite Networks
14. Japan
14.1 Infrastructure Developments In Japan
14.1.1 Overview
14.1.2 Stimulus Package For Ict Infrastructure
14.2 Fixed-network Market
14.2.1 Market Background
14.2.2 Myline Carrier Selection Service (css)
Asia - Fixed Telecommunications Infrastructure

4. 14.3 International Infrastructure
14.3.1 Submarine Cables
14.3.2 Satellite
14.4 Other Infrastructure Development
14.4.1 Data Centres
14.4.2 Cloud Computing
14.4.3 High-speed Fibre
14.4.4 Smart Grid
14.4.5 Earthquake Damage: March 2011
14.4.6 Smart City Project For Tsunami-effected Cities In Japan
14.4.7 Solar Power Projects
14.4.8 Internet Exchange Points
15. Kazakhstan
15.1 National
15.1.1 Overview
15.1.2 Ip-based Services
15.1.3 Next Generation Network (ngn) Development
15.1.4 Wireless Local Loop (wll)
15.2 International Infrastructure
15.2.1 Trans Asia-europe (tae)
15.2.2 Satellite Networks
15.2.3 Kazsat Satellite Series
16. Kyrgyzstan
16.1 National Telecom Network
16.1.1 Overview
16.1.2 Fixed-line Statistics
16.2 International Infrastructure
16.2.1 Satellites
16.2.2 Optical Fibre Cable Systems
17. Laos
17.1 National Telecom Network
17.1.1 Overview
17.1.2 Fixed-line Statistics
17.1.3 Optical Fibre Network
17.2 International Infrastructure
17.2.1 Terrestrial Cable Links
17.2.2 Asian Development Bank Backbone Telecommunications Network
17.2.3 Proposed Satellite System
18. Macau
18.1 National Infrastructure
18.2 International Infrastructure
19. Malaysia
19.1 Overview
19.2 National Telecom Network Development
19.2.1 Fixed-line Networks
19.2.2 Sharing / Leasing Of Infrastructure
19.2.3 Fibre Optic Backbones
19.2.4 Next Generation Networks (ngns)
19.3 High-speed Broadband (hsbb) Network
19.3.1 Telekom Malaysia’s Hsbb Project
19.3.2 Other Hsbb Proposals
19.4 International Infrastructure
19.4.1 International Gateways
19.4.2 Malaysia-thailand
19.4.3 Submarine Cable Networks
19.4.4 Submarine System Developments
19.4.5 Proposed Submarine Cable Networks
19.4.6 Asia-pacific Gateway (apg) Cable
Asia - Fixed Telecommunications Infrastructure

5. 19.4.7 Satellite Networks
19.5 Voice Over Internet Protocol (voip)
20. Maldives
20.1 National Telecom Network
20.1.1 Domestic Satellite Service
20.2 International Infrastructure
20.2.1 Satellite Networks
20.2.2 Submarine Cable Networks
21. Mongolia
21.1 National Telecom Network
21.1.1 Rural Services
21.2 Fixed-line Statistics
21.3 Wireless Local Loop Statistics
21.4 International Infrastructure
21.5 Satellite Program
21.6 Satellite Band Usage In Mongolia
21.7 Chronological Data Of Ict Developments In Mongolia
22. Myanmar
22.1 National Infrastructure
22.1.1 Background
22.1.2 Fixed-line Statistics
22.1.3 Wireless Local Loop (wll)
22.1.4 National Backbone Network
22.2 International Infrastructure
22.2.1 Overview
22.2.2 Satellite Networks
23. Nepal
23.1 National Telecom Network
23.1.1 Overview
23.1.2 Nepal East West Sdh Project
23.2 International Infrastructure
23.2.1 Overview
23.2.2 Proposed Satellite
23.3 Voice Over Internet Protocol (voip)
24. North Korea
24.1 National Telecom Network
24.1.1 North-south Connections
24.2 International Infrastructure
24.2.1 Satellite Networks
24.3 Kwangmyongsong 3-2 Satellite
25. Pakistan
25.1 National Telecom Network
25.1.1 Overview
25.1.2 Fixed Line Statistics
25.1.3 Opening Up Of Market
25.1.4 Rural Services
25.1.5 Universal Service Fund (usf)
25.1.6 Mobile Services
25.1.7 Fibre Optic Networks
25.1.8 Broadband Networks
25.1.9 Payphones And Public Call Offices (pcos)
25.1.10 Wireless Local Loop (wll)
25.1.11 Next Generation Networks (ngns)
25.1.12 Backhaul
25.2 International Infrastructure
25.2.1 International Gateways
Asia - Fixed Telecommunications Infrastructure

6. 25.2.2 Pakistan-india Link
25.2.3 Submarine Cable Networks
25.2.4 Satellite Networks And Systems
25.3 Infrastructure Developments
25.3.1 Voice Over Internet Protocol (voip)
26. Philippines
26.1 Philippines And Typhoon Haiyan (known Locally As Typhoon Yolanda)
26.1.1 The Typhoon
26.1.2 Aftermath
26.2 Infrastructure Overview
26.3 National Infrastructure
26.3.1 Overview
26.3.2 Fixed-line Statistics
26.3.3 Globe Telecom’s National Fixed-line Licence
26.4 Background: Service Area Scheme (sas)
26.5 National Fibre Optic Networks
26.5.1 Background
26.5.2 Developments – 2012 / 2013
26.6 Next Generation Networks (ngns)
26.6.1 Pldt
26.6.2 Etpi
26.7 International Infrastructure
26.7.1 International Gateways
26.7.2 Submarine Cable Networks
26.7.3 Satellite Systems
26.8 Infrastructure Developments
26.8.1 Wireless Local Loop (wll)
26.8.2 Voice Over Internet Protocol (voip)
26.8.3 Very Small Aperture Terminal (vsat) Services
27. Singapore
27.1 National Telecom Network
27.1.1 Overview
27.1.2 Fixed-mobile Convergence (fmc)
27.2 Next Generation National Infocomm Infrastructure (next Gen Nii)
27.3 International Infrastructure
27.3.1 Submarine Cable Networks
27.3.2 Submarine Cable Systems Under Construction
27.3.3 Flag Telecom
27.3.4 Satellite Networks
27.4 Infrastructure Developments
27.4.1 International Services
27.4.2 Ip Networks
28. South Korea
28.1 National Submarine Cable Infrastructure
28.2 International Submarine Cable Infrastructure
28.3 Satellite Infrastructure
28.4 Internet Infrastructure
28.4.1 Internet Exchange (ix)
28.4.2 South Korea Registered Domains
28.4.3 Ipv6
28.4.4 South Korea International Internet Bandwidth
28.5 Smart Grids
28.5.1 Smart Grid: New Laws
28.5.2 Smart Grid Stages: 2010 - 2030
28.5.3 Five Smart Grid Implementation Areas
28.5.4 Jeju Island
28.6 Smart Cities
28.6.1 New Songdo City
28.6.2 Busan
29. Sri Lanka
Asia - Fixed Telecommunications Infrastructure

7. 29.1 Overview
29.2 National Telecom Network
29.3 Fixed-line Statistics
29.4 Infrastructure Development
29.4.1 Stl’s Role
29.4.2 Wireless Local Loop (wll)
29.4.3 Fibre Optic Networks
29.4.4 National Backbone Network (nbn)
29.4.5 Payphones
29.4.6 Numbering Plan
29.4.7 Internet Protocol (ip) Networks
29.5 International Infrastructure
30. Taiwan
30.1 Market Overview
30.2 Fixed Network Operators’ Market Share
30.3 Submarine Cable Networks
30.4 Satellite Networks
31. Tajikistan
31.1 National And International
31.2 Infrastructure Developments
31.2.1 Next Generation Networks (ngns)
32. Thailand
32.1 National Telecom Network
32.1.1 Overview
32.2 Fixed-line Network
32.2.1 Background
32.2.2 Statistics
32.2.3 Public Payphones
32.3 Next Generation Network (ngn)
32.4 International Infrastructure
32.4.1 Overview
32.4.2 Submarine Cable Networks
32.4.3 Submarine Cable Systems Under Construction Or Proposed
32.4.4 Satellite Networks
33. Timor Leste
33.1 National Infrastructure
33.2 International Infrastructure
33.2.1 Satellite Networks
33.2.2 Submarine Cable
34. Turkmenistan
34.1 National And International
34.1.1 Fibre Optic Networks
35. Uzbekistan
35.1 National Telecom Network
35.1.1 Fibre Optic Cables
35.2 Satellite Communications
36. Vietnam
36.1 National Telecom Network
36.1.1 Overview
36.1.2 Background To Development
36.1.3 Payphones
36.1.4 Next Generation Networks (ngns)
36.1.5 Wireless Local Loop (wll)
36.2 National Infrastructure Projects And Equitisation
36.2.1 Sk Telecom
36.3 International Infrastructure
Asia - Fixed Telecommunications Infrastructure

8. 36.3.1 Background To Development
36.3.2 Submarine Cable Networks
36.3.3 Satellite Networks
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Asia - Fixed Telecommunications Infrastructure