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CR-3 CALCULATOR SIDE
1. TIME - DISTANCE – SPEED
      a.
             GIVEN:
                                              1. Place the GS (20 standing for 200)
                 •    GS = 200mph                opposite to the TIME INDEX
                 •    DISTANCE = 300sm
                                              2. Opposite to the DISTANCE (30 standing
             FIND:                               for 300) on the outside (white) scale
                                                 TIME ENROUTE on the inner grey scale
                 •    TIME ENROUTE
                                                     ANSWER: 90 min or 1:30h

      b.
             GIVEN:
                                               1.    Place DISTANCE opposite TIME. The
                 •    DISTANCE = 210sm           later on the inner scale
                 •    TIME ENROUTE = 50min     2.    Opposite to TIME INDEX GS

             FIND:                                           ANSWER: 252mph

                 •    GS



     NOTE: Any figure on the outer scales (white and grey) of the computer can stand for
     any number containing the given digits: i.e.: 40 can stand for 0.4, 4, 40, 400, ...

2. FUEL CONSUMPTION

   Is worked out in the same manner as 1

      •     Place FUEL CONSUMPTION opposite to TIME INDEX
      •     Place FUEL CONSUMED (Gallons) on outer scale
      •     Place TIME OF OPERATION OF THE ENGINE on inner scale

    GIVEN:                                     1. Place on the outer scale the amount of
                                                  FUEL CONSUMED
       •     FUEL CONSUMED = 105 USGall
                                               2. Opposite to it, on the inner scale, place
       •     TIME = 1h 30min
                                                  the TIME
    FIND:                                      3. Read FUEL CONSUMPTION on the outer
                                                  scale opposite to TIME INDEX
       •     FUEL CONSUMPTION
                                                  ANSWER: 70 USGall/h
3. CONVERSIONS

   Place the arrow of the first unit of measure on one scale opposite the arrow of the other
   unit on the other scale. Read corresponding values opposite each other on the two scales

SPECIAL CASES:

    •   ºC - ºF   Special conversion scale
    •   Weight of fuel and oil
    •   Minutes to seconds Time index opposite to the blackgrounded 10 and read
        minutes on the outer white scale and seconds on the inner grey scale

4. ALTITUDE
   • INDICATED ALTITUDE = Reading on the altimeter set with QNH
   • CALIBRATED ALTITUDE = Indicated altitude corrected for instrument, position and
       installation errors.
   • TRUE ALTITUDE = Calibrated altitude corrected for non-standard atmospheric
       conditions
   • PRESSURE ALTITUDE = Indicated altitude when set with QNE
   • DENSITY ALTITUDE = PA corrected for non-standard temperature
      a. DENSITY ALTITUDE (Near the centre of the computer)

             GIVEN.                                      1. Place PA in front of TAT
                                                         2. Read DA 5000’
                 •    PA = 3000ft
                 •    TAT = (25ºC)

             FIND:

                 •    DA


        b. TRUE ALTITUDE (Use the calibrated altitude and TAT)

            Greater accuracy can be obtained if you also know the altitude of the ground
            station giving you the altimeter setting.

             GIVEN:                                              1. Place PA opposite to TAT
                                                                 2. Substract to CA the GSA in
                 •    PA = 10000ft                                  order to get the CA above
                 •    CA = 9000ft                                   ground level
                 •    TAT = -20ºC                                3. Opposite to CA above ground
                 •    Ground station altitude = 5000ft
                                                                    on the inner scale is TA
             FIND:                                                  above ground on the outer
                                                                    scale
                 •    TRUE ALTITUDE (TA)
4.    Add station altitude to TA above ground to get TRUE ALTITUDE ABOVE SEA
                        LEVEL.
                  5.    If station altitude is at SL or unknown, find the TA on the outer scale
                        opposite to CA on the inner scale

  5. TRUE AIRSPEED

       On fast flying aircraft the air is compressed in front of the aircraft and is heated by
       compression (OAT bulb feels a higher temperature than what really exist in the
       surrounding non-compressed air). Also the rush of air over the OAT bulb creates a friction
       causing further heating and still higher (false) reading.

       This increase in temperature       TEMPERATURE RISE

       NOTE: Even though both knots and mph can be used, a more accurate TAS answer will be
       given using knots



       Following parameters are necessary

                1. CAS (or IAS if unable)
                2. PA (or altitude if unable)
                3. Indicated OAT (ºC)

TEMPERATURE RECOVERY COEFINCIENT (Ct): Varies with installation and design of the probe for
every aircraft (0.6 – 1.0). Can be considered constant even though it varies slightly with speed
and altitude CR-3 only consider Ct 0.8 or 1.0

       •   SOLID LINE (Ct=1.0) Standard stratosphere temperature (-55ºC)
       •   DASHED LINE (Ct=1.0) Standard SL temperature (+15ºC)

                                       Between them interpolate

                           NOTE: If not otherwise stated will assume Ct = 1.0

               a) DIRECT METHOD

      GIVEN:                                    1. Place CAS opposite to PA
           •    CAS = 400kts                    2. Ct 1.0 line crosses intersection between SPIRAL
           •    PA = 15000ft                       LINE and INDICATED TEMP wiggly line
           •    IAT = 30ºC                      3. Read TAS underneath

      FIND:                                        ANSWER: 500kts

           •    TAS
MACH NUMBER: Read at the pointer indication directly beneath TAS
            Represents different TAS at different Temperatures

  b) TAS FROM M NUMBER AND TEMPERATURE


GIVEN:                                       1. Place M # in front of M # ARROW underneath
                                                TAS
   •        M = 0.55                         2. Set Ct line over intersection of SPIRAL with
   •        TAT = -15ºC                         TEMP (IAT)
FIND:                                        3. Read TAS in knots under cursor line

   •        TAS                                   ANSWER: 673kts

                   NOTE: If OAT is not available is possible to use reported or estimate air
                      temperature (the result will be as accurate as the estimation)

  c) DOUBLE-ENDED MACH INDEX ARROW

           Relates ISA altitude with ISA temperature (ESTIMATED TAT)

 GIVEN:                                      1. Set MACH INDEX ARROW in front of PA in ISA
                                                scale
       •     PA = 28000ft
                                             2. Read on the other side of the arrow ISA temp
 FIND:                                          for that PA

       •     ESTIMATED FREE AIR                                ANSWER: -40ºC
             TEMPERATURE


  d) TAS FROM TAT

                  1. If the aircraft is equipped with a M # indicator and you know the TAT
 GIVEN:
                                    1. Place M # ARROW opposite to TAT
       •     M # = 0.55             2. Opposite to M # on inner scale read TAS on outer
       •     TAT = -15ºC               scale.
 FIND:
                                                           ANSWER: 344kts
       •     TAS
2. If the aircraft is equipped with conventional airspeed indicator:
                                     1. Use the direct relation method matching CAS with PA
          GIVEN:
                                         and finding the M # on the M INDEX section
             • PA = 14500ft              underneath the TAS
             • CAS = 280kts          2. Follow the steps above ANSWER: 343kts/0.55
              •     TAT = -15ºC

          FIND:

              •     M # / TAS



TEMPERATURE RISE: Probes nowadays use recovery coefficient of 1.0. But, if temperature rise is
desired for a temperature probe with a Ct = 0.8, the Ct = 0.8 must be used, and the value for the
“TEMPERATURE RISE Cº(CT 1.0)” scale multiplied by 0.8
                                        1. Place CAS opposite to PA
            GIVEN:
                                        2. Move green cursor until hair line passes through
                • CAS = 276kts               intersection of IAT line and SPIRAL line.
                • PA = 10000ft          3. Read Trise on the section bellow MACH NUMBER
                • IAT = 0ºC             4. Must take into account: IAT = TAT +Trise
              •     CT = 1.0
                                                   ANSWER: Trise = 13ºC / TAT = -13ºC
           FIND:

              •     TAS /Trise


            e) “OLD METHOD” TO FIND OUT TAS
                This method doesn’t correct for temperature rise nor compressibility and ,
                though, is not suited for high speed calculus (<200kts)

           GIVEN:                           1. Place PA opposite to TAT
                                            2. Opposite to CAS on the inside grey scale, read
              •     CAS = 166kts
                                               TAS .
              •     PA = 5000ft
              •     TAT = 10ºC                                ANSWER: 180kts
           FIND:

              •     TAS

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CR-3 Computer Side

  • 1. CR-3 CALCULATOR SIDE 1. TIME - DISTANCE – SPEED a. GIVEN: 1. Place the GS (20 standing for 200) • GS = 200mph opposite to the TIME INDEX • DISTANCE = 300sm 2. Opposite to the DISTANCE (30 standing FIND: for 300) on the outside (white) scale TIME ENROUTE on the inner grey scale • TIME ENROUTE ANSWER: 90 min or 1:30h b. GIVEN: 1. Place DISTANCE opposite TIME. The • DISTANCE = 210sm later on the inner scale • TIME ENROUTE = 50min 2. Opposite to TIME INDEX GS FIND: ANSWER: 252mph • GS NOTE: Any figure on the outer scales (white and grey) of the computer can stand for any number containing the given digits: i.e.: 40 can stand for 0.4, 4, 40, 400, ... 2. FUEL CONSUMPTION Is worked out in the same manner as 1 • Place FUEL CONSUMPTION opposite to TIME INDEX • Place FUEL CONSUMED (Gallons) on outer scale • Place TIME OF OPERATION OF THE ENGINE on inner scale GIVEN: 1. Place on the outer scale the amount of FUEL CONSUMED • FUEL CONSUMED = 105 USGall 2. Opposite to it, on the inner scale, place • TIME = 1h 30min the TIME FIND: 3. Read FUEL CONSUMPTION on the outer scale opposite to TIME INDEX • FUEL CONSUMPTION ANSWER: 70 USGall/h
  • 2. 3. CONVERSIONS Place the arrow of the first unit of measure on one scale opposite the arrow of the other unit on the other scale. Read corresponding values opposite each other on the two scales SPECIAL CASES: • ºC - ºF Special conversion scale • Weight of fuel and oil • Minutes to seconds Time index opposite to the blackgrounded 10 and read minutes on the outer white scale and seconds on the inner grey scale 4. ALTITUDE • INDICATED ALTITUDE = Reading on the altimeter set with QNH • CALIBRATED ALTITUDE = Indicated altitude corrected for instrument, position and installation errors. • TRUE ALTITUDE = Calibrated altitude corrected for non-standard atmospheric conditions • PRESSURE ALTITUDE = Indicated altitude when set with QNE • DENSITY ALTITUDE = PA corrected for non-standard temperature a. DENSITY ALTITUDE (Near the centre of the computer) GIVEN. 1. Place PA in front of TAT 2. Read DA 5000’ • PA = 3000ft • TAT = (25ºC) FIND: • DA b. TRUE ALTITUDE (Use the calibrated altitude and TAT) Greater accuracy can be obtained if you also know the altitude of the ground station giving you the altimeter setting. GIVEN: 1. Place PA opposite to TAT 2. Substract to CA the GSA in • PA = 10000ft order to get the CA above • CA = 9000ft ground level • TAT = -20ºC 3. Opposite to CA above ground • Ground station altitude = 5000ft on the inner scale is TA FIND: above ground on the outer scale • TRUE ALTITUDE (TA)
  • 3. 4. Add station altitude to TA above ground to get TRUE ALTITUDE ABOVE SEA LEVEL. 5. If station altitude is at SL or unknown, find the TA on the outer scale opposite to CA on the inner scale 5. TRUE AIRSPEED On fast flying aircraft the air is compressed in front of the aircraft and is heated by compression (OAT bulb feels a higher temperature than what really exist in the surrounding non-compressed air). Also the rush of air over the OAT bulb creates a friction causing further heating and still higher (false) reading. This increase in temperature TEMPERATURE RISE NOTE: Even though both knots and mph can be used, a more accurate TAS answer will be given using knots Following parameters are necessary 1. CAS (or IAS if unable) 2. PA (or altitude if unable) 3. Indicated OAT (ºC) TEMPERATURE RECOVERY COEFINCIENT (Ct): Varies with installation and design of the probe for every aircraft (0.6 – 1.0). Can be considered constant even though it varies slightly with speed and altitude CR-3 only consider Ct 0.8 or 1.0 • SOLID LINE (Ct=1.0) Standard stratosphere temperature (-55ºC) • DASHED LINE (Ct=1.0) Standard SL temperature (+15ºC) Between them interpolate NOTE: If not otherwise stated will assume Ct = 1.0 a) DIRECT METHOD GIVEN: 1. Place CAS opposite to PA • CAS = 400kts 2. Ct 1.0 line crosses intersection between SPIRAL • PA = 15000ft LINE and INDICATED TEMP wiggly line • IAT = 30ºC 3. Read TAS underneath FIND: ANSWER: 500kts • TAS
  • 4. MACH NUMBER: Read at the pointer indication directly beneath TAS Represents different TAS at different Temperatures b) TAS FROM M NUMBER AND TEMPERATURE GIVEN: 1. Place M # in front of M # ARROW underneath TAS • M = 0.55 2. Set Ct line over intersection of SPIRAL with • TAT = -15ºC TEMP (IAT) FIND: 3. Read TAS in knots under cursor line • TAS ANSWER: 673kts NOTE: If OAT is not available is possible to use reported or estimate air temperature (the result will be as accurate as the estimation) c) DOUBLE-ENDED MACH INDEX ARROW Relates ISA altitude with ISA temperature (ESTIMATED TAT) GIVEN: 1. Set MACH INDEX ARROW in front of PA in ISA scale • PA = 28000ft 2. Read on the other side of the arrow ISA temp FIND: for that PA • ESTIMATED FREE AIR ANSWER: -40ºC TEMPERATURE d) TAS FROM TAT 1. If the aircraft is equipped with a M # indicator and you know the TAT GIVEN: 1. Place M # ARROW opposite to TAT • M # = 0.55 2. Opposite to M # on inner scale read TAS on outer • TAT = -15ºC scale. FIND: ANSWER: 344kts • TAS
  • 5. 2. If the aircraft is equipped with conventional airspeed indicator: 1. Use the direct relation method matching CAS with PA GIVEN: and finding the M # on the M INDEX section • PA = 14500ft underneath the TAS • CAS = 280kts 2. Follow the steps above ANSWER: 343kts/0.55 • TAT = -15ºC FIND: • M # / TAS TEMPERATURE RISE: Probes nowadays use recovery coefficient of 1.0. But, if temperature rise is desired for a temperature probe with a Ct = 0.8, the Ct = 0.8 must be used, and the value for the “TEMPERATURE RISE Cº(CT 1.0)” scale multiplied by 0.8 1. Place CAS opposite to PA GIVEN: 2. Move green cursor until hair line passes through • CAS = 276kts intersection of IAT line and SPIRAL line. • PA = 10000ft 3. Read Trise on the section bellow MACH NUMBER • IAT = 0ºC 4. Must take into account: IAT = TAT +Trise • CT = 1.0 ANSWER: Trise = 13ºC / TAT = -13ºC FIND: • TAS /Trise e) “OLD METHOD” TO FIND OUT TAS This method doesn’t correct for temperature rise nor compressibility and , though, is not suited for high speed calculus (<200kts) GIVEN: 1. Place PA opposite to TAT 2. Opposite to CAS on the inside grey scale, read • CAS = 166kts TAS . • PA = 5000ft • TAT = 10ºC ANSWER: 180kts FIND: • TAS