CN301 Geoenvironmental Engineering. Kajian kes tentang Tragedi Chernobyl. Semoga perkongsian ini bermanfaat. Ex-Student : Diploma in Environmental Engineering (2010-2013)

1. MEMBERGROUP :
1.MOHAMADFADHIL BINAHAMAD
(17DAS10F2O55)
2.MOHAMADAMIR BAZALI BINSHAMSUDDIN
(17DAS10F2029)
3.MOHAMMADAZHARI BINZAKARIA
(17DAS10F2029)

2. 
INTRODUCTION

3. 
 Occurred in Chernobly, Ukraine in 26 April 1986 due
to the nuclear plant design is not perfect
 Main cause of these cases occurred due to a nuclear
plant is operated by staff who do not receive
adequate training and lack of ethics to be concerned
about security at nuclear plants.
 The Chernobyl Power Complex, lying about 130 km
north of Kiev, Ukraine, and about 20 km south of the
border with Belarus.
 Have 4 units,units 1 and 2 constructed between 1970
and 1977, while units 3 and 4 of the same design
were completed in 1983

4. 
 Have 4 units,units 1 and 2 constructed between 1970
and 1977, while units 3 and 4 of the same design
were completed in 1983
 To the southeast of the plant,have an artificial lake of
some 22 square kilometres, situated beside the river
Pripyat
 About 3 km away from the reactor, in the new city,
Pripyat, there were 49,000 inhabitants.

5. 
STRUCTURE OF RBMK 1000

6. 
 On 25 April 1986, before routine shutdown, the reactor
crew at Chernobyl 4 begin preparations to test how long
turbines would spin long and how much power can be
supplied to the main circulating pump. This is because the
main electrical supply outages.
 A series of operator actions, including the disabling of
automatic shutdown mechanisms, preceded the
attempted test early on 26 April. By the time that the
operator moved to shut down the reactor, the reactor was
in an extremely unstable condition. Then, the reactor
explode.
CRONOLOGY

7. 
 Two Chernobyl plant workers died on the night of the
accident, and a further 28 people died within a few
weeks as a result of acute radiation poisoning.
 About 200-300 tonnes of water per hour was injected
into the intact half of the reactor using the auxiliary
feedwater pumps but this was stopped after half a
day owing to the danger of it flowing into and flooding
units 1 and 2.
 From the second to tenth day after the accident,
some 5000 tonnes of boron, dolomite, sand, clay and
lead were dropped on to the burning core by
helicopter in an effort to extinguish the blaze and limit
the release of radioactive particles.

8. 
 The main cause why the case. When seen again in
this case, the safety factor is not taken seriously or in
other words be underestimated. Safety factor is very
important because of security involving a person's
life. This story should be taken by all parties,
including employers and workers themselves to
secure their own safety and others. If this tragedy,
not just employees who receive the effect, but the
society around. It is possible it will spread to
neighboring countries.
OBJECTIVE

9. 
 The effects of what happened. Each case or the
tragedy that happened would have the effect of its
own. Effects are divided into two, namely rz effects
and adverse effects. However, based on case
studies done in other cases, the majority are
negative. Effects that occur will involve human
beings, animals, plants and surroundings.
 How to overcome the problems that occur in case
that happens. Depending on what happened, if
cases occur in the severe stage, the solution will also
experience difficulties. Increasingly difficult to solve,
the higher cost is required.
 Teaching that can be taken from the case or the
tragedy that occurred. It is important to ensure that
such cases do not recur.

10. 
The principal objectives for a highway design Site
Investigation are as follows:
 Suitability: Are the site and surroundings suitable for
the highway?
 Design: Obtain all the design parameters necessary
for the works.
 Construction: Are there any potential ground or
ground water conditions that would affect the
construction?
PROCESS INVOLVE INVOLVED SITE
INVESTIGATION

11. 
 Materials: Are there any materials available on site,
what quantity and quality?
 Effect of changes: How will the design affect
adjacent properties and the ground water?
 Identify Alternatives: Is this the best location?

12. 
Typical activities included in a site investigation are:
 Identification and selection of appropriate technologies
that allow site investigation and meet the required level of
data quality (e.g., field measurement technologies, field
sampling methods)
Determination of the environmental conditions at the site:
 Sampling and analysis to find out the nature, extent,
source, and significance of the contamination present at
the site
 Sampling and analysis to assess the physical,
geophysical, and ecological conditions at the site,
 Interpretation of the results t characterize site conditions
SITE INVESTIGATION
METHODS

13. 
Baseline assessment of the risk the site may pose to
receptors of concern. Pathways that should be
considered are:
 Soil and dust - direct contact, ingestion, or inhalation
 Water - ingestion and inhalation
 Air - inhalation and ingestion

14. 
Technical methods needed to perform the site
investigation activities are for example:
 Field sampling
 Direct-push sampling
 Sampling based on drilling methods
 Passive diffusion bag samplers
 Soil gas sampling
 Single and continuous water sampling Integral
pumping tests

15. 
 field analytical methods
 In-situ analysis (e.g., fiber optics, laser induced
fluorescence, geophysical measurements, gamma
radiation measurements)
 Ex-situ (detector tubes, field bioassessments, photo-
and flame-ionization detectors)
 laboratory analytical methods
 Gas chromatography
 Spectroscopy
 Immunoassays
 Toxicity tests

16. 
 Received or exposed to high doses of radiation can
cause skin diseases , thyroid cancer, leukaemia and
soon.
 Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) was originally
diagnosed in 237 people on-site and involved with
the clean-up and it was later confirmed in 134 cases.
Causing 28 deaths (result of ARS within a few weeks
of the accident)– six of which were firemen. Nineteen
more subsequently died between 1987 and 2004.
ASSESMENT AND IMPACT
CHERNOBLY ACCIDENT 1986

17. 
 radiation can cause skin diseases , thyroid cancer
and leukaemia

18. 
Effects of radiation exposure fall into two main classes:
 deterministic effects
 where the effect is certain to occur under given
conditions (e.g. individuals exposed to several grays
over a short period of time will definitely suffer Acute
Radiation Syndrome)
 stochastic effects
 where the effect may or may not occur (e.g. an
increase in radiation exposure may or may not
induce a cancer in a particular individual but if a
sufficiently large population receive a radiation
exposure above a certain level, an increase in the
incidence of cancer may become detectable in that
population).

19. 
 some physicians in advised pregnant women to
undergo abortions on account of radiation exposure.
 Chernobyl accident 1986 cause serious social and
economic disruption for large populations in Belarus,
Russia and Ukraine.
 Many person reported have have died at the time
from a coronary thrombosisc.
 Soil contaminated with very highly(radioactive will
absorb in soil and cause pollution to ground water).
 When contaminated ground water resources. living
creatures use this resource was also exposed to
radiation.

20. 
 For the conclusion, site investigation is a investigation
of the physical characteristics of the site and includes
documentary studies, site surveys and ground
investigation. The last item refers to the actual surface or
subsurface investigation, including on site laboratory
tests. In broad sense, site investigation should also
include study of the site history and environment,
interpretation and analyses of all available data, and
making recommendations on the favorable/unfavorable
locations, economics and safe design, and prediction of
potential risks.
CONCLUSION

21. 
 http://www.world-
nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html
 http://en.wikipedia.org
 http://googlebook.com
 http://www.world-nuclear.org
 Lectures Note( CN301-GEOENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING)
REFERENCES

22. 
THANK YOU….