The document presents a concept called Luna Gaia, which aims to create a self-sustaining closed-loop habitat on the Moon. Key details include: - The habitat would be located at the North Pole to take advantage of constant sunlight and nearby resources. - Power would be generated primarily through solar thermal technology to provide scalable and reliable electricity. Secondary power would come from photovoltaics. - The modular habitat would be constructed from materials like carbon fiber and inflatable technologies to provide living and working spaces. It would incorporate closed-loop life support systems for air, water, and waste. - The presentation provides requirements, assumptions, and recommendations to realize the goal of establishing a permanent

1. LUNA GAIA
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
LUNA GAIA: A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
NASA Ames Research Center
Director’s Colloquium
Thursday 16th November 2006
1
Presenter: Mr. James CHARTRES (AU)

2. LUNA GAIA
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
MISSION STATEMENT
“To create a responsible framework for
the establishment of a long-term lunar
settlement, functioning as an efficient
self-sustained closed-loop system with
potential Earth applications.”
2

3. LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA:
PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
Requirements and Operations
Tracy Gill
Location and Power
Jeroen Vandersteen
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
Architectural Design
Francesc Betorz
Closed Loop Life Support
Nil Garcia
Human Health
Erin Tranfield
3

4. LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA:
PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
Framework Enablers
Jean-Francois Gauthier
Philosophy, Ethics & Society
Sarah Jane Pell
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
Legal Framework
Kwan Ting Ho
Risk & Further Research
Jessica Scott
Earth Applications & Conclusions
James Chartres
Communication & Education
Sara Poirier 4

5. LUNA GAIA ASSUMPTIONS
• Functional crew size of 11 with a nominal crew
size of 12
• Utilization of established and short term
technologies
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
• Establishment of a permanent habitat as
progress towards the Human exploration
of Mars
• Duration of 36 months to simulate Martian exploration
missions
• Establishment of a permanent habitat by
the year 2030 5

6. LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA
PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS
• C.L.L.S.S The proposed design for a lunar habitat shall
make every effort to use a fully closed loop life support
system
• LOCATION The location for the Moon settlement shall be
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
chosen to maximize in situ resource utilization (ISRU), use
of terrain and exposure to sun
• DESIGN ARCHITECTURE The habitat shall be modular to
increase redundancy, facilitate construction and expansion
• TRANSPORT The proposed strategy for launching shall
consider and make use of existing or near-term solutions
from a variety of sources
6

7. LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA
PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS
• POWER & DESIGN ARCHITECTURE The concept shall
balance risk by using existing or near term solutions as the
baseline while recommending research on areas with a
potential to improve feasibility and reduce cost, mass and
schedule
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
• RISK/ FURTHER RESEARCH The habitat shall provide
adequate protection for its inhabitants against radiation and
contaminants such as lunar dust
• LEGAL FRAMEWORK The proposed concept shall include
recommendations for establishing a policy legal framework
to appropriately regulate all aspects of the project
• BUDGET The proposed concept shall have a realistic and
responsible budget based on current assumptions
7

8. LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA
PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS
• HUMAN HEALTH The habitat shall be designed to maintain
and support the physical and psychological health of settlers
• ETHICS & PHILOSOPHY The concept shall explore the
ethical and philosophical considerations associated with
establishing a responsible lunar settlement
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
• POLICY ENABLERS The proposed concept shall explore
the inner workings of private-public partnership (PPP) and
International cooperation
• EARTH The habitat shall be designed with an emphasis on
identifying, and developing, technologies with applications
and benefits on Earth and to promote sustainability
• MARS & BEYOND The proposed concept shall be a stepping
stone to permanent human presence in space in the form of
colonies and further exploration of Mars and beyond 8

9. LUNA GAIA
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS
• OPERATIONS TIMELINE
• PHASED MISSIONS
• TRANSPORTATION
9
Presenter: Mr. Tracy GILL (USA)

10. LUNA GAIA A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS
Preliminary Phase (2007-2019)
Research Launch Vehicle Planned Lunar 4 Specific Robotic
and Lander Observation Precursor
Development Development Missions Missions
Construction Phase (2019-2029)
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
Robotic Human and Bio regenerative
Module Robotic Systems support
Assembly Assembly 4 then up to 12
Operations Phase (2029-?)
18 month crew 36 month crew
rotations rotations 10

11. LUNA GAIA PRELIMINARY PHASE (2007-2019)
MISSIONS
LUNAR-A & SELENE 2007 (L) Images Courtesy of JAXA.
Preliminary Planned missions
• NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)
mission planned for October 2008
• INDIA Chandrayaan scientific spacecraft
planned for September 2007
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
• CHINA Chang’e in 2008
• JAXA Selene in 2007
Luna Gaia precursor missions
Image courtesy of NASA
1. Solar Thermal Power demonstrator
2. First mini-rover mission
3. Second mini-rover mission
4. ISRU/drilling technology mission
11

12. LUNA GAIA CONSTRUCTION (2019-2029)
& OPERATIONS PHASES (2029+)
Artists Impression of Lunar Precursor Mission Activities.
Construction
1. Deployment and robotic assembly to
launch, pre-stage, and assemble as
much mass as possible without human
intervention.
2. Assembly requiring human support will
occur at a solar minimum to minimize
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
the radiation risk of the lunar expedition
crew.
3. Four crew member operations in
physicochemical environmental
systems, to implement and maintain the
regenerative systems that allow long-
term sustainability.
Images courtesy of NASA
Operations
4. Permanent occupation of a fully
operational settlement occurs with the
operational crew of eleven & maximum
operational capacity of twelve.
12

13. LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA
TRANSPORTATION LSAM
Earth to Moon: Crew & Cargo
• Nominally use Ares I for
crew launches
CEV
• Ares V for cargo launches
• Seek cost and risk
mitigation by expanding
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
beyond NASA
Constellation options
(See Operations Concept
Recommendations)
.Images courtesy of NASA & JAXA
Lunar Transportation
• Fuel Cell powered rovers
• Space suits using docking
Rescue vehicles
mechanisms and/or
mechanical counter
pressure Fuel Cell powered lunar rovers
13

14. LUNA GAIA OPERATIONS CONCEPT
RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS WITH BUDGET PRIORITIES
Safety Risk Mitigation
Soyuz : Image AGI
• Develop an interface adapter between
Soyuz and the planned LSAM to allow
an alternate crew rescue vehicle.
• Develop another human-rated Lunar Lander
to provide an alternate to LSAM and to act as a lunar
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
rescue/emergency vehicle alternative to the LSAM.
Cost Risk Mitigation
• Develop a standard commercial Lunar Lander and transfer
stage to get cargo from LEO to the lunar surface to allow for
commercial and international launch options at a lower cost
than human-rated vehicles incur.
• Invest in inflatable habitat technology to significantly reduce
launch mass (requires packaging scheme for LSAM cargo
version launch)
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
• Develop suitable space suits for lunar environment use 14

15. LUNA GAIA LOCATION & POWER
Considering the location and
power possibilities to enable the
lunar habitat as independent
from Earth as possible, thus
reducing the cost of re-supply
and increasing the long-term
sustainability – Luna Gaia
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
15
Presenter: Mr. Jeroen VANDERSTEEN (BE)

16. LUNA GAIA LOCATION CONSIDERATIONS
• Available resources
(O, H, Si, Ti, Al, Mg, Fe, …)
• Temperature variation
• Availability of sunlight
(and darkness)
• Line of sight with earth
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
(communications, psychological)
ESA Smart One image of the Moon
• Environmental conditions Credits: Clementine, BMDO, NRL, LLNL
(radiation, topology, surface composition)
Polar Non-polar
North pole South pole Earth side Far side
Data from: Apollo (1969-1972), Russian sample return missions, Lunar Prospector (1989-
1990), Clementine (1994), Smart-1 (2006), Gallileo (1990-1992) 16

17. LUNA GAIA LOCATION RECOMMENDATION
North Pole: Peary Crater
(88° x 75°
N E)
– Peaks of Eternal Light (PELs)
due to higher altitude
(compared to South Pole)
– Solar energy is a viable
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
and constant power source
– Increased number of craters
of eternal darkness
– Availability of varied in situ resources
(i.e. high concentrations of Hydrogen)
– Recent observations: no water ice is present
(D. Campbell, D. Page)
– Continuous communications with Earth
(may require relay node) 17

18. LUNA GAIA LUNAR RESOURCES/ ISRU
To make the habitat as independent from Earth as possible, reduce
the cost of re-supply and increase long term sustainability
OXYGEN
• Breathable atmosphere
• Fuel (power generation, transportation systems)
• Through Ilmenite reduction, Oxide melt, Pyrolysis
METALS (Fe)
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
• By-product with Oxygen production
• Infrastructure, tools, machinery, electrical distribution
HYDROGEN
• combined with O2 to form water
• Fuel
• Through heating above 700° C
SILICON
• Glass and fiberglass
• Through heating above 1050° C
REGOLITH
• Construction
• Radiation protection
SUNLIGHT 18

19. 19
LUNA GAIA POWER BUDGET
NOMINAL
LUNA GAIA A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON

20. LUNA GAIA POWER GENERATION
Primary Power
• NUCLEAR FISSION
– High power density
• Political/social issues
• Radiation protection needed
• Large area required for heat
dissipation
• SOLAR THERMAL
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
– Scalable
– Source of heat for habitat
• Large area required
Nuclear: Submerged in water, the fuel element is removed
• Complex infrastructure from the reactor at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
(Reproduced by permission of Photo Researchers, Inc.)
Secondary Power
• PHOTOVOLTAIC
– Scalable, reliable, proven
technology
• Large area required
• Degrades over time Photovoltaic cells ©Total
20

21. LUNA GAIA POWER STORAGE &
REGULATION
Primary Power Storage & Regulation
• FLYWHEELS
– High-speed lightweight carbon flywheels
– 1825 kg can provide minimum power for one hour
– Operate in vacuum to reduce drag
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
Secondary Power Storage
• FUEL CELLS
– Fuel can be used for rovers
– 2307 kg of cells provide nominal power
– 39 tons of fuel per year: provide 14 days nominal
power
21

22. LUNA GAIA DESIGN ARCHITECTURE
• Construction Type
• Configuration
• Radiation Shielding
• Life Support System
• Further Research
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
22
Presenter: Mr. Francesc BETORZ (ES)

23. LUNA GAIA DESIGN ARCHITECTURE
KEY OBJECTIVES
• Create comfortable living and working spaces for
long duration off-world activity, which maximize
benefits for the inhabitants
• Create an integrated environment to effectively
sustain a closed-loop ecosystem
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
Environmental / Size & Type of
Location
Protection Construction
Health &
ISRU / Power
Countermeasures
23

24. 24
STRUCTURE LOCATION
CONSTRUCTION TYPE
LUNA GAIA A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON

25. LUNA GAIA CONFIGURATION + COVER +
LOCATION = PROTECTION
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
25

26. LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA CONSTRUCTION TYPE
• Earth - like environment
• Adaptable & Expandable design
• Modular CFRP
• Inflatable Technologies
• Lunar Concrete
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
26

27. LUNA GAIA INCORPORATION OF CLLSS
WATER & AIR CYCLE
Key:
D = Dormitory
F = Fish tanks
D/F
A = Algae ponds
P = Plant fields
P A/L
L = Lab/Work Areas
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
SF = Social Focus Area
A/L P
D/F
27

28. LUNA GAIA FURTHER
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Accurate lunar topography for site selection
2. Research and development of inflatable technologies
3. Characterize the composition of the regolith for in situ resource
utilization (ISRU)
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
4. Development of Artificial Intelligence to enable robotic
assembly works
5. Build and test the proposed lunar habitat on Earth
6. Test the proposed building materials in lunar environment
7. Identify and study the minimal capabilities required for a self-
sustainable lunar settlement
8. Research and develop Lunar Concrete as a construction
material for further expansion of the base
28

29. LUNA GAIA CLOSED LOOP LIFE SUPPORT
Identifying proven past
technologies
Extending previous
research
Combining, improving
and hybridizing
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
systems
Proposing a new
robust and efficient
solution
Making
recommendations of
further research
29
Fish Beijing, 2006 Photo Lawrence English
Presenter: Mr. Nil GARCIA (ES) SergeSpitzer_Re-Search1996-2002

30. LUNA GAIA LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM
REQUIREMENTS
Life Support Considerations
Life Support Considerations
• Missions of 18 – 36 months
• Missions of 18 – 36 months
• Mars exploration planning
• Mars exploration planning
• Capacity: 12 crew members
• Capacity: 12 crew members
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
Philosophy of Luna Gaia
Philosophy of Luna Gaia
• Mostly bio-regenerative
• Mostly bio-regenerative
• Physico-chemical support/
• Physico-chemical support/
back-up system
back-up system
• Minimal re-supply
• Minimal re-supply
• Energetically open
• Energetically open
30

31. LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM
MELiSSA Black water and wastes efficient treatment
ALL IN
BIOS 3
Incorporation of microalgaes (chlorella
and spirulina) in a photoreactor:
•Oxygen
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
•Food
•Water purification
NASA JSC
ONE
Advanced
Aquatic plants and fish
Life
Support
LuGaLiSuS initiatives:
•Including insects
CEBAS
•Methane fuel for machines
31

32. 32
LUNA GAIA LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM
LuGaLiSuS
LUNA GAIA A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON

33. LUNA GAIA LuGaLiSuS CHAMBERS
Micro algal
cultivator
Aquatic plant,
fish, insects
Aquatic and
Cyanobacteria, chamber invertebrates
Chlorella and Spirulina
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
Photoheterotrophic
3 Bacterial Higher Plants
chamber Compartments compartment
Nitrifying
chamber
Liquefying
chamber
Wheat, crops, etc
33

34. LUNA GAIA ATMOSPHERE LOOP
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
BIOREGENERATIVE SYSTEM
SUPPORT SYSTEM
CO2
Algae 2BMS Molecular Sieve
Aquatic
plants CO2
Sabatier Reactor
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
H2O & CH4
Higher
SPE Water Electrolysis
plants CO2
O2 & H2
O2 Settlers & Crew
34

35. LUNA GAIA WATER & WASTE LOOP
Liquefying Photo heterotrophic
compartment
compartment
MELiSSA technology Nitrifying
compartment
Settlers
& Preprocessing of
wastes by using MELiSSA, Bios 3 &
Crew
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
Fungi JSC technology
Algal cultivator
(Cyanobacteria, some
Chlorella and Spirulina)
Charcoal,
UV Treatment,
Reverse Osmosis Aquatic plants
compartment.
WATER Fish, insects &
Vegetables and
invertebrates
GREY WATER higher plants
compartment CEBAS technology35
BLACK WATER

36. LUNA GAIA LuGaLiSuS FOOD CYCLE
• 20m2 per person growth area
• All food groups covered:
Algae: Cyanobacteria Spirulina
Fruits and Vegetables:
Soybeans 100g
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
Peanuts 100g
Wheat 400g
Carrots 300g
Lettuce 200g
Tomatoes 100g
Protein & Essential Oils:
Tilapia (Fish) 50g
• Re-supply
Luxury Items (processed foods)
Vitamin & Mineral Supplements
36
Images © NASA

37. LUNA GAIA FURTHER RESEARCH
• Plant crop optimization
– Lighting systems
– Growth mediums
– Algal growth solutions
– Nutrient enriched
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
growth beds
• Supplements storage
• Minimizing Re-supply
• Merging such different technologies in one
• Fish and insects stability in the system
• Contamination technologies & prevention
• Optimization of the overall performance
37
Images © NASA

38. LUNA GAIA HUMAN HEALTH
Health is a state of
complete physical,
mental, and social
well-being and not
merely the
absence of
disease or
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
infirmity (WHO)
38
Presenter: Ms. Erin TRANFIELD (CA)

39. LUNA GAIA PROVIDING PHYSICAL HUMAN
HEALTH NEEDS
Architecture Fresh Air,
Fresh Air,
Food and Water
Food and Water
Countermeasure
Protection and Rest and
Training
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
Safety Recovery
Bio Monitoring Asphyxiation
Famine & Dehydration
Radiation Exposure
Contingency Lunar Dust
Fire
Prevention Temperature Extremes
System Failure
Reverse Contamination
Further Research
39

40. LUNA GAIA KNOWN BIOMEDICAL RISKS
Effects of Radiation Medical Practice Issues
• Carcinogenesis • Trauma & acute medical
• Synergistic effects with problems
microgravity or • Illness & ambulatory
environmental factors health problems, renal
• Late degenerative tissue stone formation
effects • Toxic exposure
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
Physiological Changes Behavior and
• Carcinogenesis due to Performance Problems
immune system changes • Disorientation and
• Cardiac dysrhythmia inability to perform
landing, egress, or other
• Acceleration of age- physical tasks, especially
related osteoporosis during /after
• Manifestation of G-level changes
previously asymptomatic • Poor psychosocial
cardiovascular disease adaptation
• Toxic exposure • Sleep & circadian rhythm
problems 40

41. LUNA GAIA A RISK REDUCTION STRATEGY
FOR LUNA GAIANS
1. Further explore pharmacological
countermeasures
2. Develop countermeasures
specific for the 1/6 g environment
3. Define hardware requirements for
exercise countermeasure and
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
monitoring hardware
4. Research acceptable radiation
levels
5. Study the physiological and
pathological effects of lunar dust
6. Further materials research, space
suit technologies and habitat
architectures
41

42. LUNA GAIA HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT
COUNTERMEASURES
Simulated weight-bearing
exercise in space
– Bungee treadmill
– Inertia reel rowing
machine
– Russian penguin suit
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
– Stationary cycle
– Exercise devices + LBNP
Pharmacologic treatment
– Osteoporosis
– Cardiovascular
– Vitamin and nutrient
supplements
42

43. LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA COUNTERMEASURES
Luna Gaia proposes a critical and timely opportunity to test human
responses, and further develop innovative countermeasures, for
long duration human habitation of space
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
Dr. Sarah Jane Pell 2004 © Aquabatics Research Australia
Hydro-therapy Tank
provides a vibration and radiation
protected environment to perform
omni-directional resistive exercises
and stretching
Centrifuge Induced Artificial Gravity Device
David Blaine ‘Drowned Alive’ 2006
43
‘108 hours in the little house under
Lincoln Centre, New York. Image APA the sea’, Italy 2005 Image APA

44. LUNA GAIA PROVIDING PSYCHO/ SOCIAL
HUMAN HEALTH NEEDS
IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE
Health is state of complete physical, mental, and social well-
being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO)
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
Personal and Social
Physical Well-being
Well-being of
of the Crew
the Crew
Group
Behavior Develop
Performance
Shaping Counter-
Challenges
Constraints measures
and risks
44

45. LUNA GAIA SOCIAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL
HEALTH RISKS
Behavior
Shaping Constraints
in the Closed-loop • High potential hazards
Habitat and
• Isolation
Moon Environment
• Artificial environment
for working and living
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
Humans’
Behavior and
Impaired human
Group Performance
Challenges and risks
performance due to:
• Poor psychosocial adaptation
• Neurobehavioral problems
• Group conflicts
• Mismatch between workers
cognitive capabilities and task
demands
45

46. LUNA GAIA PSYCHO/ SOCIAL
COUNTERMEASURES
1. Further explore crew selection criteria
2. Conduct ground-based training studies to develop
effective psychological countermeasures
3. Develop psychological support and monitoring
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
4. Interfaces Design/ User-centered design
5. Assess workload and function allocation
6. Reduce uncertainty and increase the familiarity
(e.g., earth Resemblance simulations in habitats)
46

47. LUNA GAIA RISK & FURTHER RESEARCH
“Discovery consists in seeing
what everyone else has seen
and thinking what no one else
has thought.”
Albert Szent-Gyorgi
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
47
Presenter: Ms. Jessica SCOTT (CA)

48. LUNA GAIA FUTURE RESEARCH:
RADIATION MITIGATION
1. Delineate radiation exposure limits
2. Formalize alert/warning
communications infrastructure
3. Determine appropriate materials for
active and passive shielding
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
4. Examine the potential use of storm
shelters
• Emergency Inflatable Radiation
Shelter (EIRS)
• Shield Chambers
5. Identify potential
nutritional/pharmacological
countermeasures
6. Consider issues surrounding 48
prescreening for radiation tolerance

49. LUNA GAIA FUTURE RESEARCH:
LUNAR DUST MITIGATION
1. Characterize the shape,
surface area, and
composition of dust particles
2. Determine the potential for
human exposure to dust
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
within the habitat
3. Examine the consequences
of size distribution and
reduced gravity on
dispersion into lung
4. Investigate the potential for
translocation of particles to
other sites within the body
49

50. LUNA GAIA FUTURE RESEARCH:
MCP SUIT
1. Continue research into:
• Advanced material technology
• Lines of non extensions
and areas of concavity
• Advanced seals and joints
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
2. Analyze the effects of electrostatic charging
• Use dust properties to repel rather than attract dust
3. Examine the use of disposable covers
4. Determine influence of long term operation
on human health 50

51. LUNA GAIA FUTURE RESEARCH:
CONTAMINATION MITIGATION
1. Develop superior sterilization
techniques to prevent forward
contamination
2. Develop protocols and facilities for:
• the quarantine of extraterrestrial
samples
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
• the detection of microbial
structures
3. Assess the possibility of Helium 3
extraction from lunar regolith
4. Examine the use of bioengineered
bacteria to liberate oxygen from
regolith
51

52. LUNA GAIA FUTURE RESEARCH:
PREPARING FOR MARS EXPLORATION
• Technology advancement can reduce mission
costs and support expanded human exploration
• Systems testing and technology test beds can
develop reliability in harsh environments
• Common investments in hardware systems for
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
Moon, Mars and other space objectives
• Human and machine collaboration: Machines
serve as an extension of human explorers, together
achieving more than either can do alone
• Breaking the bonds of dependence on Earth
52

53. LUNA GAIA FRAMEWORK ENABLERS
We are at a point in history where a
proper attention to space, and
especially near space, may be
absolutely crucial in bringing the
world together. - Margaret Mead
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
ISS Astronaut Panel, SSP06 Photo: Jean-Francois Gauthier
53
Presenter: Mr. Jean-Francois GAUTHIER (CA)

54. LUNA GAIA TIMELINE:
CRITICAL PATH FOR POLICY
• •Need: Framework required to enable
Need: Framework required to enable
international cooperation
Governing
Governing international cooperation
Body • •Recommendation: Inter-governmental
Recommendation: Inter-governmental
Body Agreement (basic backbone like ESA)
Agreement (basic backbone like ESA)
Political
Political
• •Need: Attracting Industry to play aasignificant
Need: Attracting Industry to play significant
role in the development of Luna Gaia
role in the development of Luna Gaia
Incorporating
Incorporating • •Recommendation:
Recommendation:
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
Industry
Industry • •Enable property rights
Enable property rights
Economic
Economic
• •Export Controls: Review of ITAR
Export Controls: Review of ITAR
• •Need: Forward and backward protection of
Need: Forward and backward protection of
celestial bodies from contamination
celestial bodies from contamination
Scientific
Scientific Planetary
Planetary • •Recommendation: Use/improve on policy
Recommendation: Use/improve on policy
Protection guidelines from International Council for
Protection guidelines from International Council for
Science Committee on Space Research
Science Committee on Space Research
Societal
Societal
• •Need: Nuclear fission reactor
Need: Nuclear fission reactor
Recommendation: International Agreement
Nuclear
Nuclear Recommendation: International Agreement
that takes into consideration peaceful use,
that takes into consideration peaceful use,
Power
Power human safety, and waste mechanisms
human safety, and waste mechanisms
54

55. LUNA GAIA BUDGET ALLOCATIONS
Comparison of Projected Cost $billion (USD, 2005)
ESAS Baseline ESAS Baseline Adjusted Difference from ESAS
Cost for Luna Gaia Baseline
Development Phase 83 107.43 24.43
Deployment Phase undefined 12.5 N/A
Total undefined 119.93 N/A
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
Total cost from 2006-2029:
~120 Billion
20 % of 9 largest space agencies’
budgets over 23 years estimated to
be close to 100 Billion
International cooperation is vital to success but not
sufficient
55
Private sector participation also required

56. LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA RECOMMENDATIONS
1. GOVERNING BODY
Integration model based on solid
agreements regulating financial
and decisional accountabilities.
A working example is ESA
Use lessons learned from the past such as
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
Image courtesy of NASA
the International Space Station, United Nations…
2. PARTICIPATION OF PRIVATE SECTOR
ITAR rules need to be re-visited so as to not hamper the
participation of private companies from various countries.
Commercial interest in the venture seen as a catalyst since it is
likely to generate public interest and stabilize funding; however, the
need for enforceable guidelines is crucial to maintain proper control
What good is the Moon? You can't buy it or sell it. - Ivan F. Boesky,
Wall Street broker convicted of insider trading (shortly after his release from prison.) 56

57. LUNA GAIA PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
Public -Led PPP
ts International Agency/ Government
os
M
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Contracts
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
R&D,
Tech /Knowledge Build / Transfer
Infrastructure Transfer Operations
Procurement
Support
Contracts
O&M/ Life -
Cycle Commercial
Applications
Support
• Patent rights
• Spin -Offs
• Commercial sales
Industry Partners
57

58. LUNA GAIA FURTHER RECOMMENDATIONS
3. PLANETARY PROTECTION
Build on COSPAR policies and make
partners accountable for following them
Important framework since it will likely
form the basis for all future space
exploration to Mars and beyond
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
‘Twin’ Images Courtesy of NASA
4. NUCLEAR POWER
Invest in improvements for security,
waste, safety and environmental
concerns
Must educate the public, policy and law
makers on nuclear power to eliminate old
stigmas and allow to focus on improving
the technology
58

59. LUNA GAIA
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GAIA ETHICS & PHILOSOPHY
“Ethical requirements apply even when
legal requirements do not. They constitute
moral – or ethical – obligations”
(Pompidou, 2000).
59
Presenter: Dr. Sarah Jane PELL (AU)

60. LUNA GAIA ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
The future is already here, it is just unevenly distributed
– William Gibson
• OBLIGATIONS AND RESTRICTIONS
Legal or otherwise
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
• MORAL STANDING AND MORAL AGENTS
Religious, Societal, Philosophical
• INTRINSIC VS. INSTRUMENTAL VALUES
Cultural, Social, Environmental
• ANTHROPOCENTRISM
Political, Genetic
• BIOCENTRISM & ECOCENTRISM
60
At the Edge of Space, 2006 Photo Dan Holdsworth

61. LUNA GAIA SOCIAL GOVERNANCE
“Paraphrasing the National Space Society charter of 2006, we declare that Luna Gaia
stands for the active pursuit and promotion of human settlement beyond the Earth, with
scientific inquiry and exploration as important precursors. Luna Gaia advocates any and all
methodologies that support the achievement of our vision in an ethical manner consistent
with the preservation of fundamental human rights.”
‘Golden Egg’, 2003 All rights reserved artist Ho SuiKee
MOTIVATIONS HESITATIONS
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
Social/ Educational Risks
Curiosity & Growth Human
New Knowledge Environmental
Social/Societal
Economic/ Political
Economic
Prosperity
Sovereignty & Power State organization
Resource Access
Expense
Scientific
Uncertainty
Learning
Survival of species Timing & Readiness
61

62. LUNA GAIA ENABLING FACTORS
Definition of a common standard of operation,
data collection and information transfer system:
Geophysical Network Instruments
Navigation and Positioning System
Local Communication and Information System
Mission Documentation
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
Installation of an Interplanetary Internet Network (IPN)
Installation nodes & endpoints
Time stamping and synchronisation
LUNA GAIA becomes a strategy to
align exploration infrastructures,
scientific processes and
imagination with global peoples62

63. LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA MODEL
An opportunity to unchain from
past to test innovative social,
political & economic models
1. Establishment of an International
Scientific Working Group (ISWG)
2. Establishment of an International
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
Governmental Protections
Taskforce (IGPT)
An opportunity for humanity to
understand a new perspective
3. Establishment of communication
instrumentation and processes for
long-term dialogue to reflect the
specific dimensions of lunar habitat
4. Next frontier ambassadors 63
Top Image: Below: CNES, 2006 Artist: Kitsou Dubois

64. LUNA GAIA
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
1. Existing Legal Framework
• Applicable legal principles
• Discrepancies & gaps
2. The Moon Agreement Jane & Louise Wilson, DVD 2002 Image Courtesy the artists & Whisson Gallery
3. The International Space Station
4. Luna Gaia Federation
5. Luna Gaia Legal Framework
6. Luna Gaia Sustainable Development
64
Presenter: Ms. Kwan Ting HO (CA)

65. LUNA GAIA EXISTING LEGAL FRAMEWORK
5 TREATIES:
1967 The Outer Space Treaty
1968 The Rescue Agreement
1972 The Liability Convention
1975 The Registration Convention
1979 The Moon Agreement
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5 RESOLUTIONS:
1962 The Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of
States in the Exploration and Uses of Outer Space
1982 The Principles Governing the Use by States of Artificial Earth
Satellites for International Direct Television Broadcasting
1986 The Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of the Earth from
Outer Space
1992 The Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources
in Outer Space
1996 The Declaration on International Cooperation in the Exploration
& Use of Outer Space for the Benefit and in the Interest of All
States, Taking Into Account the Needs of Developing Countries
65

66. LUNA GAIA OBSOLESENCE OF THE
MOON AGREEMENT
OUTER SPACE TREATY – 98 States
MOON AGREEMENT – 12 States*
(*Not ratified by USA, Russia, China)
Article XI:
• Role of developing countries
• Non-appropriation (property rights)
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
for non-governmental entities Image: Universe Today
• Commercial activity
• International regime under
auspices of United Nations
• Regulation of exploitation of lunar
resources, commercial activities,
and profit-sharing between private
& public partners
• Private property rights key to Photo Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
attracting private investment 66

67. LUNA GAIA EXAMINING THE INTERNATIONAL
SPACE STATION
“This Agreement is a long term international cooperative framework on
the basis of genuine partnership, for the detailed design, development,
operation, and utilization of a permanently inhabited civil Space
Station for peaceful purposes, in accordance with international law.”
International Space Station
NASA, ESA, RKA, JAXA, CSA
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
Multilayer Legal Structure:
1. Intergovernmental Agreement
2. Memoranda of Understanding
3. Commercial Contracts
4. Codes of Conduct
• Registration determines jurisdiction
& liability
• Model for legal framework of ISEA:
International Space Exploration Agency
67

68. LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA FEDERATION
Establishment through cooperation between intergovernmental
organizations & private companies under existing space law
International Space Exploration Agency (ISEA)
- UN Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969)
ISEA Goals:
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
• Development of Luna Gaia habitat & lunar exploration
• Joint international responsibility between ISEA & member states
• Technology transfer to developing countries
• Dual use technologies in an internationally accepted framework
Main Challenges:
1. Cost
2. National security
3. Competition
4. State Politics
68

69. LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA FRAMEWORK
Inter-
Current Legal
Governmental
Framework
Cooperation
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
FRAMEWORK
Unique Government &
Considerations/ Private
Issues Partners
69

70. LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
Shelter, 2002 Artist Installation © Paul Kelly Gallery
CONTAMINATION & POLLUTION
• Outer Space Treaty, Article IX
• Moon Agreement, Article VII
NUCLEAR POWER
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
Further Legal Recommendations:
• Limit nuclear power sources to missions where no non-nuclear
power source alternatives (UNCOPUOS, 1991)
• Guidelines & specifications for safe use of nuclear power &
waste disposal
• Diminishing dependence on nuclear energy with goal of
complete independence
• Replacement with equivalent source of power, e.g. - solar
thermal power
70

71. LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA RECOMMENDATIONS
• Current space law insufficient to support lunar development; many
questions unanswered
• Development and modification of existing regime to create
framework that supports space activities with commercialization
• Respect for principles of non-appropriation & benefit to mankind
• Dual focus:
- Protection of lunar environment
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
- Promotion of lunar development
• Additional protocols and international agreements
• International Space Exploration Agency (ISEA)
• Intergovernmental & public-private cooperation
using existing space laws for initial implementation
and execution of Luna Gaia
Luna Gaia will be a collaboration Photo Courtesy: NASA
between governments & public-private partnerships
71

72. LUNA GAIA EARTH APPLICATIONS
“When I orbited the Earth
in a spaceship, I saw for
the first time how
beautiful our planet is.
Mankind, let us preserve
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
and increase this beauty,
and not destroy it!”
Yuri Gagarin
72
Presenter: Mr. James CHARTRES (AU)

73. LUNA GAIA SPIN OFF/ SPIN IN
BENEFITS FOR EARTH
The design of a closed-loop lunar habitat necessitates the
development of:
• New technologies
• Innovative uses of existing
technologies
• Innovative operational and
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
scientific knowledge
There is a great deal of opportunity for Earth Applications
resulting from Luna Gaia to contribute to the sustainable
development of Earth and the responsible management of its
resources.
73

74. LUNA GAIA EARTH’S PRESSING ISSUES
• Global Climate Change
• Air pollution
• Declining water quality and availability
• Declining fossil fuel resources
• Increasing desertification
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
MULTI GOVERNMENT RESPONSE
Development of sustainable resource
and waste management,
environmental monitoring and quality
control strategies and technologies. 74

75. LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA EARTH APPLICATIONS
• Furthering radiation protection technology
• Improving air quality by decreasing CO2
• Microbial monitoring in hospitals
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
• Improving surgical technology
• Water recycling and filtration
• Waste management
• Reducing desertification
75

76. LUNA GAIA SPIN OFF COMMERCIALIZATION
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS:
Enabling the commercialization of new
products, technologies, services and
opportunities resulting from Luna Gaia.
SPIN OFF COMMERCIALIZATION:
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
• Tourism on the Moon
• The Moon as entertainment
76

77. LUNA GAIA EDUCATION & INFORMATION
To prosper in a fiercely
competitive global economy
requires leadership in science
and innovation. Luna Gaia will
help foster a culture of innovation,
and awaken the next generation
of innovators.
A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON
Student explore properties of ferromagnetic nano-particles at a Materials
Science exhibition at the Ontario Science Centre
77
Presenter: Ms. Sara POIRIER (CA)