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Aw@re V2 n1 2011
1.
ISSN 2179-3506!
Aw@re Rev. Elet., v.2, n.1, 2011 AW@RE 2011/01 SUMÁRIO SUMARIO / SUMMARY EDITORIAL O estranhamento da morte e o processo de 37 elaboração de luto na contemporaneidade - Uma Em português 2 contribuição da perspectiva gestáltica Versión en español 3 Gisele Genovez Cavallazzi English version 3 CONT(R)ATO TERAPÊUTICO na clínica gestáltica. 44 Luciana Rosa DEBATE O desenvolvimento humano nas perspectivas da 50 Gestalt Terapia e teoria de Jean Piaget Le contact, à la source de l’expérience 4 Cristina Folster Pereira Jean-Marie Robine Contact, at the source of experience 8 RESENHA - RESEÑA - REVIEW In Response to “Contact, at the Source of 11 Experience” – Dan Bloom joins Jean-Marie Robine in a GÊNIO INDOMÁVEL: Uma reflexão sobre a relação 55 “duet” terapêutica Dan Bloom Poliana Gonçalves Barbosa e Letícia Palhares Machado “Contact, at the source of experience” comentado 18 Lilian Frazão ENTREVISTA - INTERVIEW “Contact, at the source of experience” commented 19 JEAN-MARIE ROBINE 58 Comentário sobre o artigo de Robine 21 Por Luciana Medeiros e Angela Schillings Selma Ciornai Commentary regarding Robine’s article 22 EXPRESSÃO LIVRE - EXPRESIÓN LIBRE - FREE EXPRESSION Author’s reply 24 BRANCA DE NEVE X CINDERELA 61 Jean-Marie Robine Rafaela Schmitt Garcia ARTIGOS - ARTÍCULOS - ARTICLES Expediente - Masthead O processo de formação e fechamento de gestalt 25 em situações de perdas e morte 62 Michele Daiane Birck O uso de drogas sob o enfoque da Gestalt Terapia 30 Larissa Antunes Aw@re Revista Eletrônica © 2009-2011 1
2.
ISSN 2179-3506!
Aw@re Rev. Elet., v.2, n.1, 2011 AW@RE 2011/01 EDITORIAL Por Angela Schillings Novamente estamos chegando até tendo como debatedores três gestalt contato, awareness e Self, vocês, agora com o 2º número da nossa terapeutas: duas colegas brasileiras, relacionando-os à formulação de um AW@RE - Revista Eletrônica. E, como Lilian Meyer Frazão e Selma Ciornai e contrato entre as partes cliente e não poderia deixar de ser, estamos o americano, Dan Bloom. Este debate, terapeuta. muito satisfeitos por fazer parte da sem dúvida, se constitui em um E! Cristina Folster Pereira nos comunidade de gestalt terapeutas que trabalho Instigante e proveitoso para apresenta uma discussão interessante se dedica a promover a divulgação das todos nós. entre as fases do desenvolvimento várias formas de expressão escrita Na sessão Artigos, os temas luto e infantil descritas por Piaget e uma sustentada pela Gestalt Terapia. Neste morte são abordados de forma sensível interlocução com a Gestalt, através do número continuamos contando com a por duas colegas: Michele Daiane artigo intitulado ‘O desenvolvimento participação de colegas já Birck que nos fala sobre ‘O processo de humano nas perspectivas da Gestalt reconhecidos, tanto do Brasil quanto formação e fechamento de gestalt em Terapia e teoria de Jean Piaget’. do exterior e também de gestalt situações de perdas e morte’ e Gisele A Resenha ‘Gênio Indomável – terapeutas iniciantes, o que nos Genovez Cavallazzi que escreve sobre uma reflexão sobre a relação confirma a perspectiva de que estamos a dificuldade de lidar com estas terapêutica’ nos leva a reafirmar a em um ‘bom caminho’, que nos mostra temáticas no seu artigo ‘O importância da postura do terapeuta que as gerações mais novas estão se estranhamento da morte e o processo em estar disponível para aceitar o dedicando a dar maior consistência aos de elaboração de luto na outro na sua singularidade. seus trabalhos, através de produções contemporaneidade – uma Em Expressão Livre, Rafaela científicas. Pensamos que isto é contribuição da perspectiva gestáltica’. Schmitt Garcia, nos encanta com seu revitalização e que adere ao sentido de O tema da drogadicção, tão texto ‘Branca de Neve x Cinderela’. novidade, tão necessário à Gestalt presente nos dias atuais e de relevância Esperamos que vocês saboreiem Terapia e suas bases primordiais. para o trabalho psicoterapêutico é esta edição e que se sintam motivados Neste número, contamos com abordado de maneira consistente por a utilizar esta Revista Eletrônica como nosso colega da França Jean Marie Larissa Antunes através de seu artigo veículo de divulgação da Gestalt Robine que, de forma expressiva ‘O uso de drogas sob o enfoque da Terapia e contamos com seu interesse contribuiu conosco através de uma Gestalt Terapia’. em participar nos enviando seus entrevista onde fala do seu percurso na Luciana Rosa nos contempla com trabalhos para publicação. Gestalt Terapia e de sua percepção um trabalho inovador intitulado ‘Cont sobre a Gestalt na França e na Europa (r)ato terapêutico na clínica gestáltica’, Um grande abraço, e também nos brinda com um texto onde discute de maneira criativa e Angela Schillings disponibilizado para debate – “O essencial ! alguns conceitos Editora Geral contato como fonte da experiência”, fundamentais da Gestalt Terapia - Aw@re - Revista Eletrônica Angela Schillings Mestre em Psicologia; Especialista em Psicologia Clínica; Gestalt Terapeuta há 25 anos; Professora do Departamentode Psicologia da UFSC há 28 anos; Formadora de Gestalt Terapeutas há 21 anos; Diretora do Centro Comunidade Gestáltica – Clínica e Escola de Psicoterapia em Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, BR. Master en Psicología; Especialista en Psicología Clínica; Gestalt Terapeuta hace 25 anos; Profesora del Departamento de Psicologia de la UFSC (Universidad Federal de Santa Catarina) hace 28 anos; Formadora de Gestalt Terapeutas hace 21 anos; Directora del Centro Comunidade Gestáltica – Clínica e Escola de Psicoterapia en Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. Master in Psychology; Clinical Psychology Specialist; Gestalt Therapist for 25 years; Teacher of UFSC’s Psychology Department for 28 years; Gestalt Therapist Trainer for 21 years; Director of Comunidade Gestáltica’s Centre – Practice and Psychotherapy School in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, BR. Aw@re Revista Eletrônica © 2009-2011 2
3.
ISSN 2179-3506!
Aw@re Rev. Elet., v.2, n.1, 2011 Editorial - versión en español AW@RE 2011/01 Nuevamente llegamos hasta ustedes, como fuente de la experiencia”, teniendo Self, relacionándolos a la formulación de ahora con el 2º número de nuestra como debatores tres gestalt terapeutas: dos un contrato entre las partes cliente y AW@RE - Revista Electrónica. Y, como colegas brasileñas, Lilian Meyer Frazão y terapeuta. no podría dejar de serlo, estamos muy Selma Ciornai, y el americano Dan Y Cristina Folster Pereira nos satisfechos por formar parte de la Bloom. Este debate, sin dudas, se presenta una discusión interesante entre comunidad de gestalt terapeutas que se constituye en un trabajo que nos instiga y las fases del desarrollo infantil descriptas dedica a promover la divulgación de las es provechoso para nosotros todos. por Piaget y una interlocución con la varias formas de expresión escrita En la sesión Artículos, el tema luto y Gestalt, a través del artículo intitulado ‘El sostenida por la Gestalt Terapia. En este muerte son abordados de manera sensible desarrollo humano en las perspectivas de número continuamos contando con la por dos colegas: Michele Daiane Birck la Gestalt Terapia y la teoría de Jean participación de colegas ya reconocidos, que nos habla sobre ‘El proceso de Piaget’. tanto de Brasil como del exterior y for mación y cierre de gestalt en La Reseña ‘Genio Indomable – una también de gestalt terapeutas situaciones de pérdida y muerte’ y Gisele reflexión sobre la relación terapéutica’ nos principiantes, lo que nos confirma la Genovez Cavallazzi que escribe sobre la lleva a reafirmar la importancia de la perspectiva de que estamos en un ‘buen dificultad en el manejo de estas temáticas postura del terapeuta en estar disponible camino’, que nos muestra que las en su artículo ‘La extrañeza de la muerte para aceptar al otro en su singularidad. generaciones más nuevas se están y el proceso de elaboración del luto en la En Expresión Libre, Rafaela Schmitt dedicando a darle una mayor consistencia contemporaneidad – una contribución de García, nos encanta con su texto a sus trabajos, mediante producciones la perspectiva gestáltica. ‘Blancanieves x Cenicienta’. científicas. Pensamos que esto es El tema de la drogadicción, tan Esperamos que saboreen esta edición revitalización y que se adiere al sentido de presente en la actualidad y de relevancia y que se sientan motivados a utilizar esta novedad, tan necesario a la Gestalt para el trabajo terapéutico es abordado de Revista Electrónica como vehículo de Terapia y sus bases primordiales. manera consistente por Larissa Antunes a divulgación de la Gestalt Terapia y En este número, contamos con través de su artículo ‘El consumo de contamos con su interés en participar nuestro colega de Francia Jean Marie drogas bajo el enfoque de la Gestalt enviándonos sus trabajos para Robine que, de manera expresiva Terapia’. publicación. contribuyó con nosotros a través de una Luciana Rosa nos contempla con un Un gran abrazo, entrevista donde habla de su trayectoria trabajo innovador intitulado ‘Cont(r)ato Angela Schillings en la Gestalt Terapia y de su percepción terapéutico en la clínica gestáltica’, donde Editora General sobre la Gestalt en Francia y en Europa, y discute de manera creativa y esencial Aw@re - Revista Electrónica también nos brinda con un texto algunos conceptos fundamentales de la disponible para debate – “El contacto Gestalt Terapia - contacto, awareness y Editorial - english version Here we are once again. This time therapists; two Brazilian colleagues; Lilian relates the construction of a contract with our second edition of AW@RE- The Meyer Frazão and Selma Ciornai, and the between parties involved; client and Electronic Magazine. And as it should be, American Dan Bloom. This debate, therapist. we are very satisfied to be part of the without a shadow of a doubt, is an ! Cristina Folster Pereira presents us gestalt therapists community which is instigating and very worthwhile for all of with an interesting discussion betwen the dedicated to promoting the spreading of us. stages of childhood development the many means of written expression Under the section Articles, the described by Piaget and an interlocution supported by Gestalt therapy. In this subjects of greiving and death are dealt with Gestalt, in the article intitled; edition we continue to count on the with in a sensitive manner by two “Human development under the Gestalt participation of already known colleagues, colleagues: Michele Daiane Birck, who therapy perspective and Jean Piaget both in Brazil and abroad as well as tells us about “The Formation Process and theory.” beginning Gestalt therapists. All of which Gestalt Closing in Situations of Loss and The Review “Untameable Genius – confirms the perspective that we are are Death”. Gisele Genovez Cavallazzi writes reflecting on therapeutical relationships,” on a “good path,” and shows us that the about the dificulty of dealing with these causes us to reaffirm the importance of new generations are dedicating themselves topics in her article “The! awkardness! of therapists attitude in being willing to to giving greater consistency to their work, death and the mourning process in accept others with all of their singularities. through scientific productions. We believe modern times - A contribution from the In Free Expression, Rafaela Schmitt that this is revitalization and adheres to Gestalt perspective” Garcia, enchants us with her text “Snow the feeling of new, which is so needed for The subject of drug addiction, very White x Cinderella”. Gestalt therapy and it’s primar y present in our times and of extreme We hope that you enjoy this edition foundation. relevance to the psychotherapists job, is and feel motivated to use this electronic In this edition we counted on our dealt with in a consistent manner by magazine as a means to spread Gestalt colleague from France, Jean Marie Larissa Antunes in her article “Drug Use Therapy and we count on your interest in Robine, who in an expressive way from the Gestalt Point of View” participating by sending us your articles contributed through an interview in which Luciana Rosa gives us her innovating for publishing. he speaks of his journey in Gestalt therapy work intitled “Therapeutical Cont(r)act in Sincerely, and his perception of Gestalt in France the gestaltic clinic.” In which she discusses Angela Schillings and Europe and also gave us a text for some fundamental concepts to the Gestalt General Editor debate – “Contact with the experiment Therapy – contact, awareness and Self-- Aw@re - Electronic Journal source.” The debators being three gestalt in a creative and essential way, where she Aw@re Revista Eletrônica © 2009-2011 3
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Aw@re Rev. Elet., v.2, n.1, 2011 AW@RE 2011/01 DEBATE *Le contact, Jean-Marie à la source de l’expérience Robine Jean-Marie Robine Gestalt-thérapeute didacticien. Psychologue clinicien. Pré- Fondateur de l’Institut Français Le pré gisant ici comme le participe passé par excellence de Gestalt- S’y révère aussi bien comme notre préfixe des préfixes, thérapie. Préfixe déjà dans préfixe, présent déjà dans présent. Bordeaux. Francis Ponge Contact est le concept organisateur le plus essentiel de relation car la relation entre le thérapeute et son patient n’est la théorie de la Gestalt-thérapie. Contact désigne tout pas une fin en soi, ne constitue pas la figure mais un moyen!: mouvement entre un organisme donné et son environnement, un moyen d’explorer, de travailler et de transformer autant c’est-à-dire tout mouvement du champ. Le contact est donc que nécessaire la qualité de la relation de l’homme avec ce le phénomène qui précède toute organisation de qui est autre, avec son environnement, humain et non- l’expérience! : pré-oedipien, pré-objectal, pré-conscient, pré- humain. représentationnel, pré-émotionnel, pré-psychique… Avant d’être sédimentée en un “psychisme”, l’expérience a été Avec contact, et elle le sera ensuite puisque c’est dans et par le contact que la psyché va pouvoir ex-sister et présider aux Si une surface rouge et une surface bleue sont en contact expériences ultérieures. Le pré- est genèse mais il est l’une avec l’autre, alors une ligne bleue et une ligne rouge également structure. coïncident. C’est par ce concept que s’origine et se concrétise le Franz Brentano changement de paradigme, la mutation radicale opérée par Perls et Goodman avec la création de la Gestalt-thérapie. Certes, si une surface rouge et une surface bleue sont Avant eux, c’est la psyché qui était la lentille et l’objet en contact, il ne se crée pas une ligne violette pour les réunir, privilégiés de toutes les ‘psy’ psychothérapie, psychologie, même si une illusion perceptuelle pouvait le laisser halluciner. psychiatrie, psychanalyse… Mais, dès les premiers mots de Le contact n’est pas une expérience de mutualité, de leur texte fondateur, nos auteurs ont relocalisé réciprocité puisque nous pouvons être en contact, par l’expérience!puisque «!l’expérience se situe à la frontière entre exemple par le regard ou le souvenir, avec quelqu’un ou l’organisme et l’environnement!»1. Contacter et être contacté quelque chose sans que cette personne ou cet objet soit le sont les actions qui s’opèrent en frontière et grâce auxquelles moins du monde en contact avec nous. La définition de la le champ va se différencier en un Je et un non-Je. réciprocité implique en effet l’équivalence de la façon dont Ce concept, sans doute à cause de son apparente s’exerce l’action d’un premier terme sur un second et d’un simplicité et de son usage commun, s’est trouvé second sur le premier. progressivement déformé, peu ou pas différencié de celui de Pourtant, le con-tact implique un avec. Toucher avec. Et relation, et a été ainsi mis au service d’une éthique dialogale, c’est sans doute cet ‘avec’ qui a généré bien des glissements d’une idéologie de la rencontre ou d’une inscription de la de signification, tant il est de possibilités d’être ‘avec’. «!Je suis gestalt-thérapie aux premiers rangs des “psychothérapies encore avec ce film que j’ai vu la semaine dernière…! », relationnelles”. «!J’irais bien faire un tour avec la voiture!», «!Je suis et serai Certes, et maintes recherches l’ont bien confirmé, un avec toi dans ce moment difficile…! », «! J’aimerais vivre avec facteur important, voire essentiel, qui détermine le succès toi…!». La référence étymologique au tact, au toucher, ajoute d’une psychothérapie, quelle de l’ambiguïté car le toucher est qu’elle soit, réside dans la le seul de nos cinq sens qui qualité de la relation créée * This article has been published: implique une réciprocité! : je entre le thérapeute et le client peux voir sans être vu, entendre et de la qualité de leur alliance - originally in French, in Cahiers de Gestalt-thérapie, vol. 25, 2010 sans être entendu… je ne peux thérapeutique. Mais la gestalt- - online in Spanish, in www.gestaltnet.net toucher sans être touché. thérapie n’est pas prioritairement - online in Russian, in!http://geshtaltart.dp.ua Toutefois, si je dois reconnaître centrée sur la qualité de cette que lorsque je touche mon Aw@re Revista Eletrônica © 2009-2011 4
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Aw@re Rev. Elet., v.2, n.1, 2011 AW@RE 2011/01 clavier, je suis simultanément touché par lui, ceci ne fait Le monde n'est ni subjectif ni objectif! : il est l'en-soi nullement référence à l’expérience vécue, dimension investissant la conscience et en contact avec elle, tel qu'elle le fondamentale lorsque le contact est interhumain. Je vis une dépasse dans son néant.!» écrivait J.-P. Sartre6. expérience de contact avec mon clavier, mon clavier ne vit pas La non-conscience et le non-contact, en gestalt- une expérience de contact avec moi. Le contact est donc thérapie, sont appelés confluence7. Cette non-conscience est également une forme de conscience, un “savoir avec”. constituée des habitudes et des connaissances, des évidences Si j’établis un contact physique avec quelqu’autre, par assimilées au fil de l’expérience autant que des introjects. exemple si je lui pince le bras, son vécu probablement Certaines expériences confluentes demeurent potentiellement douloureux de ce contact sera foncièrement différent de mon contactables!: il est possible par exemple de s’interroger sur le propre vécu. Même si le contact est un acte qui met en jeu un bien-fondé du choix de tel ou tel mot utilisé spontanément, “avec” et un “entre”, l’expérience vécue ne peut être c’est-à-dire de ramener ce mot en figure alors que j’étais dans considérée comme commune, car l’avec n’implique pas la un rapport de confluence avec ma langue maternelle. “mêmeté”: dans cet exemple, il permet au contraire la D’autres expériences sont plus difficilement contactables à différenciation. cause du refoulement ou d’autres modalités de leur fixation8. Tout contact implique une mise en présence de l’alterité, du deux. Il serait peut-être même préférable de dire!: Un rapport figure/fond vécu comme du deux. Lorsque certains thérapeutes suggèrent à leurs clients «!d’entrer en contact avec leurs émotions!», cela Le contact […] est la formation d’une figure d’intérêt se montre que ces thérapeutes, dans leur anthropologie ou leur détachant sur un fond ou contexte! : le champ weltanschauung2, considèrent que les émotions sont à poser organisme / environnement. comme quelque chose de séparé et de distinct de soi, et ils Perls, Hefferline & Goodman9 transmettent ainsi implicitement leur conception à leur client. Paradoxe pour qui prétend contribuer à unifier l’expérience Cette conscience ou, pourrions-nous dire en nous en une Gestalt!! appuyant sur les travaux de Brentano puis de Husserl, cette Il est certain que parfois, cela peut avoir du sens pour intentionnalité, construit des rapports figure/fond!: pour ce, elle un patient de s’exprimer de cette façon, par exemple lorsque amène en avant-plan, sélectionne dans le champ des telle ou telle partie de son propre corps est vécue comme possibilités certains extraits qui ainsi deviennent signifiants. étrange ou étrangère. Perls et Goodman citent le cas de la Contacter, c’est donc viser et construire du sens. douleur localisée dans une certaine partie du corps de telle Contacter, c’est construire une forme!: «!La forme est le lieu de sorte qu’elle n’est pas vécue comme ‘moi’ mais comme la rencontre entre l’organisme et son milieu! » écrivait déjà quelque chose qui m’arrive, comme si ça venait d’un von Weizsäcker en 1940 et, par voie de conséquence, quelconque “extérieur”… et que cela ne m’appartenait pas. Maldiney10 a pu avancer que la formation de formes crée Mais le langage manié par le thérapeute peut aussi l’exister. bien aider le client à se réapproprier son expérience qu’il Pour être certain de faire usage du concept de contact peut créer, amplifier ou soutenir la séparation ou le clivage. de façon cohérente, il serait préférable de systématiquement ajouter à «!contact!»!non seulement «!avec quoi ou avec qui!» Contact comme conscience et «!selon quelles modalités!». À propos de la question!: contact «!avec quoi!ou avec La conscience est caractérisée par le contact, la qui!?!», je renverrai volontiers à l’introduction de l’ouvrage de sensation, l’excitation et la formation de Gestalt. Perls, Hefferline et Goodman!: «!Se pose alors une question Perls, Hefferline et Goodman3 cruciale!: avec quoi est-on en contact!? L’individu qui regarde une peinture moderne peut croire qu’il est en contact avec le Pour Perls et Goodman, le lien entre conscience et tableau, alors qu’en fait il est en contact avec le critique d’art contact est posé dès l’introduction de Gestalt Therapy lorsqu’ils de son journal favori.! »11. Ceci soulève, entre autres, la affirment «! Le contact en soi est possible sans conscience, question du transfert! : au-delà du contact perceptuel et mais pour être conscient, le contact est indispensable.! »4. Je sensoriel, avec qui mon client est-il en contact!? suis en contact avec le sol, avec le siège sur lequel je suis assis, Toucher, voir, entendre… sont certes des modes usuels avec l’air que je respire. Ces formes de contact sont parfois du contacter, mais aussi se souvenir, fantasmer, penser, être nommées “physiologiques” ou “physiques” et opposées aux excité, parler, chanter, écrire, rêver, être ému et ainsi de suite. formes “psychologiques” qui impliquent une conscience - fût- Je peux contacter un ami en le regardant, en l’écoutant, en elle implicite - et la construction d’une figure. Pourtant, les lui téléphonant, le touchant, en allant le voir, en me le schèmes de ce contact “physiologique” (je garde cette remémorant, en le prévoyant, l’imaginant… médiocre dénomination à défaut de pouvoir en proposer une Nous pourrions nous appuyer sur le principe des plus satisfaisante) ne sont pas en opposition aux modalités variations noético-noématiques élaboré par Husserl à propos dites “psychologiques” et il existe bel et bien une continuité de la conscience pour les appliquer au contact. Lorsque des unes aux autres! : ma façon d’être en contact avec le sol j’établis un contact avec quelqu’un, par exemple avec un est en rapport d’analogie avec mes enracinements, ma façon patient, je contacte cette personne et cette personne me de respirer est en cohérence avec mes autres modalités contacte. Nous n’avons pas le même “objet” de contact, le d’échange avec l’environnement par le prendre et le donner. même contenu ni le même objectif de contact. (La part Ces plans apparemment distincts peuvent légitimement être noématique de l’expérience!: autrui comme noème). abordés comme la consistance5 de l’expérience. Ils sont à ‘Penser’, ‘aimer’, ‘haïr’, ‘imaginer’… sont tous des considérer dans une continuité dans l’épaisseur de verbes qui s’appliquent à ce que fait l’esprit. Marcher, l’expérience, et non comme modalité distincte. respirer, sentir, penser, entendre, aller vers, fantasmer, rêver… «!Ainsi le rapport du monde à la conscience est-il un sont des modalités du contacter (noésis). Avec le même rapport de contact. Le monde existe pour la conscience en “objet” (par ex.! : autrui), je peux avoir différents types de tant qu'il est concrètement et singulièrement ce qu'elle n'est contact!: le toucher, l’écouter, le regarder, me souvenir de lui, pas. Elle le touche en ce sens que sa néantisation partielle ne ressentir, projeter, anticiper, penser à lui, l’aimer… peut établir qu'une extériorité sans distance entre elle et lui. 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Aw@re Rev. Elet., v.2, n.1, 2011 AW@RE 2011/01 pertinent de parler du contacter car les actions sont mieux “Tout contact implique une mise en présence parlées par les verbes que par les noms. La Gestalt-thérapie de l’alterité, du deux. Il serait peut-être même promeut une culture du verbe plus qu’une culture du nom, préférable de dire!: vécu comme du deux. de l’adjectif ou de l’adverbe. Lorsque certains thérapeutes suggèrent à Lorsque j’écoute un patient, ce seront les verbes de leurs clients «!d’entrer en contact avec leurs son récit que j’écouterai plus volontiers puisqu’ils décrivent les processus, les actions, son contacter selon des modalités émotions!», cela montre que ces thérapeutes, qui peuvent souvent être considérées comme son expérience dans leur anthropologie ou leur en tant que telle sinon, parfois, comme la métaphore ou la weltanschauung2, considèrent que les métonymie de son expérience. émotions sont à poser comme quelque chose de séparé et de distinct de soi, et ils Du contact à la frontière-contact transmettent ainsi implicitement leur conception à leur client. Paradoxe pour qui Apparaître signifie, pour une essence singulière ou un être singulier, sa venue dans l’ouvert, son surgissement entre prétend contribuer à unifier l’expérience en ciel et terre, dans l’espace-intervalle et le temps une Gestalt!!” intervalle. Eugen Fink17 Jean-Marie Robine Le concept de frontière-contact découle comme une rassemblées autour de deux axes, de deux mouvements conséquence directe de celui de contact, et il présente un essentiels!: aller-vers ou s’éloigner, autrement dit s’intégrer ou intérêt pratique certain. Toutefois, on rencontre souvent une se différencier, fusionner ou se séparer, joindre ou disjoindre, certaine confusion entre ‘frontière-contact’ et ‘frontière’ ou appartenir ou s’écarter… «! (le contact) pousse et porte à ‘frontières’, dans un usage de ce concept qui s’apparente à toucher et à joindre […]. L’enjeu du contact et son risque celui qu’en fait, par exemple, la thérapie familiale seront tour à tour tantôt d’aboutir à une rencontre là où une structurale! : limites, contours… C’est ainsi le cas des séparation s’est accomplie, tantôt de pouvoir se séparer d’une différentes frontières décrites par Erv et Miriam Polster, qui union intégrale jusqu’à la fusion.!» écrivait Lekeuche12. C’est n’ont pas grand-chose à voir avec le concept de ‘frontière- aussi ce double mouvement du contact qui est introduit dans contact’ de Perls et Goodman, ce qui peut générer de la bipartition ouverte par Imre Hermann entre “s’accrocher” multiples confusions. ‘Frontière-contact’ est une sorte et “partir à la recherche de”. Cette voie sera prolongée par d’abstraction épistémologique, comme c’est le cas pour ‘self ’. Balint dans sa description des types “ocnophile” (s’accrocher, Il n’y a pas lieu de réifier, de transformer une expérience en se cramponner) et “philobate” (partir à la recherche de)13. objet et ainsi de justifier que l’on puisse parler de “sa” frontière-contact comme on pourrait parler de ses propres Flexions du contacter frontières. Lorsque j’enseigne ce concept, j’utilise parfois une «! …l’âme se trouve là où est l’action, c’est là qu’est analogie à la manière de Merleau-Ponty lorsqu’il essayait de l’âme!: là où est l’action.!» faire comprendre certains concepts difficiles. P. Goodman14 «!La plupart du temps, je ne suis pas conscient de ma main parce que je n’y éprouve aucune sensation spécifique. Et puisque chaque situation est nouvelle même si elle Lorsque je pose ma main sur un objet ou sur l’épaule de comporte des points communs avec des situations rencontrées quelqu’un, par le même acte je sens ma main et je sens l’objet précédemment, chaque contact sera à la fois adaptation et ou autrui. Toucher cet objet le fait exister dans mon création. Les formes que peut revêtir l’adaptation créatrice expérience tactile et, par la même opération, cela crée des dans une situation donnée sont multiples mais les formes que sensations dans ma main, et donc la fait exister. C’est le peuvent prendre les interruptions, distorsions, inhibitions, contact en tant que tel qui donne simultanément existence à fixations de cette activité d’ajustement créateur sont limitées, l’autre et à moi et qui, par la même opération, différencie et c’est précisément vers ces flexions de l’expérience que l’un de l’autre, le ‘moi’ du ‘non-moi’. La même opération, le s’orientera l’acte thérapeutique. même acte, sépare ET assemble. Le contact crée une Plutôt que de parler d’interruptions du contact, frontière et la frontière crée le contact. Sans contact, il n’y a concept générateur d’ambiguïtés, j’avais proposé en 199715, pas de différenciation! ; sans différenciation, il n’y a pas de dans la lignée de Binswanger, d’utiliser le terme de flexion. contact, et donc pas d’expérience.!»18 Ce terme, emprunté à la linguistique, désigne l’ensemble des «Le contact, c’est le toucher touchant quelque modifications subies par le signifiant des mots. Transposé au chose!»19, la vue n’est ni l’œil ni l’objet regardé mais «l’ovale registre qui nous occupe, les variations de modalités, les de la vision! »20 et donc relie les yeux avec le monde qui est déformations et autres fluctuations du contacter ainsi ne vu. Est à l’œuvre un processus semblable à celui que montre subissent pas l’opprobre que pourrait induire l’idée Husserl lorsqu’il dit qu’il n’y a pas de “conscience” mais d’interruption. Pourtant, lorsque Perls & al. parlent des seulement la “conscience de” quelque chose. interruptions du contact, il importe de se souvenir qu’ils Une expérience pourrait paraître intrapsychique alors considèrent en même temps que «!la continuité du processus qu’elle est, en fait, événement de frontière-contact! ; un n’est pas perdue!»16 mais que, dans la séquence du contacter, événement continu puisque nous sommes toujours engagés la créativité peut être interrompue par certaines modalités, et dans un contact ou un autre. donc que le contact pourra éventuellement se poursuivre Ceci est lourd de conséquences pour la pratique de la dans des routines ou mis en œuvre par un self réduit (“pertes psychothérapie. Tout client décrit la majorité de son des fonctions-moi” du self). expérience comme une souffrance intrapsychique! : la honte, Si le contact jalonne chaque mouvement entre un la culpabilité, la haine, l’abandon, le rejet, la colère, le conflit sujet et son environnement, c’est-à-dire tout mouvement DU et ainsi de suite, alors que ces expériences doivent être champ, le contact est un acte, pas un résultat. Il est alors plus considérées comme des expériences de contact. Les Aw@re Revista Eletrônica © 2009-2011 6
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Aw@re Rev. Elet., v.2, n.1, 2011 AW@RE 2011/01 considérer non plus comme des phénomènes solipsistes mais Maldiney H. (1990), «!La dimension du contact au regard du comme des phénomènes de frontière-contact change la vivant et de l’existant!», in Schotte J. (Ed). Le contact, perspective et est d’un impact thérapeutique extrêmement Bruxelles, DeBoeck-Wesmael. puissant. Si «!la frontière-contact est l’organe spécifique de la Perls F.S., Hefferline R.!, Goodman P., (1951), Gestalt-thérapie, conscience immédiate»21, la frontière-contact, en tant trad. franç. Bordeaux, l’exprimerie, 2001 qu’expérience, est le “lieu” primordial où thérapeute et client Polster E. & M. (1973), La Gestalt, nouvelles perspectives théoriques ont ensemble à travailler. et choix thérapeutiques et éducatifs. Montréal, Le Jour, 1983 Ponge Francis, La fabrique du pré. Les sentiers de la création/ Post Skira, 1971, p. 191 Robine J.-M., (1990) «! Le contact, expérience première! », Après quelque soixante années d’existence de la Revue Gestalt, n°1, Société Française de Gestalt, reédité p. gestalt-thérapie, marquées par l’introduction du «! contact 64 sq in Robine J.-M., Gestalt-thérapie, la construction du soi, comme expérience première», introduction ouvrant à de L’Harmattan, Paris 1998 multiples conséquences pratiques et méthodologiques, il Robine J.-M. & Lapeyronnie B. (1996), «!La confluence, demeure étonnant que la communauté gestaltiste se soit peu expérience liée et expérience aliénée!». Cahiers de Gestalt- intéressée à affiner ce concept, l’enrichir et le différencier. Il thérapie n°0, 1996 et reédité p.105 sq in Robine J.-M., était un concept important dans les travaux de l’Ecole Gestalt-thérapie, la construction du soi, L’Harmattan, Paris Hongroise de Psychanalyse (Hermann et Balint, déjà 1998 évoqués, mais aussi Spitz, Mahler et surtout Szondi dont Robine J!;-M. (1997), «!Anxiété et construction des Gestalt!», l’œuvre a été prolongée par Jacques Schotte). Aujourd’hui, ce in Cahiers de Gestalt-thérapie n°1, , reédité p.125 sq in concept gagnerait encore à être enrichi des travaux de Robine J.-M., Gestalt-thérapie, la construction du soi, Todorov, de Bin Kimura et de son concept d’aïda, de l’entre- L’Harmattan, Paris 1998 deux de Winnicott, Lacan et autres psychanalystes, de travaux Robine J.-M., Melnick J., Schack M.-L., Spinelli E. (2007), de Merleau-Ponty et de Maldiney… Et il importerait en «!Contact and Intrapsychic Perspectives!: Gestalt outre d’articuler le concept de contact dans le contexte de Therapists Reply to Questions From the Editors and relation, en particulier de la relation thérapeutique, non From Ernesto Spinelli!», Studies in Gestalt Therapy, vol. 1, n réductible au contact, pas plus qu’elle n’est réductible au °2 transfert, à l’identification projective, à l’interaction ou à la Robine J.-M., Le maintenant a-t-il un avenir!? in GORIAUX communication, au dialogue ou à l’intersubjectivité. P. - Y. ( s o u s l a d i r e c t i o n d e - ) , L e m a i n t e n a n t , Minibibliothèque de Gestalt-thérapie, n°110, IFGT, 2008 “Mais si l'on veut s'expliquer nettement l'action, la Sartre J.-P., Carnets de la drôle de guerre. Gallimard, Paris 1995, souffrance et le mélange, il faut, nécessairement aussi, étudier pp. 400sq. ce que c'est que le contact des choses entr'elles. Les choses ne Schotte & al., Le contact, Bruxelles, DeBoeck-Wesmael, 1990 peuvent pas réellement agir et souffrir l'une par l'autre, Todorov T., La vie commune, Paris Seuil, quand elles ne peuvent pas se toucher mutuellement ; et si Weizsäcker V. Von (1940)!: Le cycle de la structure. Paris, Desclée elles ne se sont pas touchées antérieurement, d'une façon de Brouwer, 1958 quelconque, elles ne peuvent pas du tout être mêlées l'une à l'autre. Il faut donc d'abord définir ces trois phénomènes : le Notes contact, le mélange, et l'action.!“ Aristote 1 PHG, p. 49 2 Conception du monde 3 Perls, Hefferline, Goodman (ci-après!: PHG), p. 39 Bibliographie 4 ibid. 5 A propos de l’intérêt de ce concept de consistance, voir Aristote, Traité de la production et de la destruction des Robine J.-M. (2008) choses, Paris, Librairie Philosophique De Ladrange, 1866 6 J.P. Sartre, p. 400 sq 7 PHG pp.303-4 (Livre 1, ch. 6, §4) 8 voir à cet égard!: Robine J.-M. & Lapeyronnie B. (1996) Balint M. (1959), Les voies de la régression, Paris, Payot, 1972 9 PHG, p. 54 Binswanger L. (1947-55), Introduction à l’analyse existentielle, 10 Maldiney H. (1990) trad. franç. Paris Ed. de Minuit 1971 Binswanger L. (1947-57), Discours, parcours et Freud, trad. franç. 11 PHG, introduction, pp. 39 12 Lekeuche, p. 34 Paris, Gallimard, 1970 13 J’avais déjà abordé ces deux notions en rapport avec la Brentano F. (1914), On What is Continuous in Philosophical Investigations of Space, Time and the Continuum. London!: dynamique du contact in Robine J.-M., 1990 14 entretien de P. Goodman avec Glassheim E., in Glassheim Croom Helm, 1988. Fink E., l’analyse intentionnelle et le problème de la pensée (1973) 15 Robine J.-M. (1997-98) p.125 spéculative, in Problèmes actuels de la phénoménologie, Paris, 16 PHG p. 301 Desclée de Brouwer, 1952, 17 Fink E., pp. 70-71 Glassheim E., The movement towards freedom in Paul Goodman’s The Empire City. Dissertation of Ph. D., The University of 18 Robine, 2007 19 PHG, p. 217 New Mexico, 1973 20 PHG, p. 269 Hermann I. (1943), L’instinct filial, Denoël, Paris, 1972 21 PHG, p. 85 Husserl E. (1913), Idées directrices pour une phénoménologie, trad. franç. Paris, Gallimard, TEL, 1985 Kimura B., Ecrits de psychopathologie phénoménologique, Paris, PUF-Psychiatrie ouverte, 1992 Lekeuche in Le contact, Schotte & al., Le contact, Bruxelles, DeBoeck-Wesmael, 1990 Aw@re Revista Eletrônica © 2009-2011 7
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Aw@re Rev. Elet., v.2, n.1, 2011 AW@RE 2011/01 However con-tact implies with. Touch with. It is definitely this “with” that generates shifts in meaning, there ENGLISH VERSION being so many possibilities of being “with.” “I am so with this film I saw last week…”, “I’ll go for a ride with my car”, “I am and will be with you in this difficult time…”, “I’d love to live with you…”. The etymological reference to tactility increases Contact, ambiguity because touching is the only one of the five senses that implies reciprocity: I can see you without being seen, at the source of experience hear you without being heard… I cannot touch you without Jean-Marie Robine being touched. When I touch a keyboard I am simultaneously touched by it, but this does not at all refer to a lived experience, a fundamental aspect when the contact is interhuman. I Pre- experience touching a keyboard, but the keyboard does not live this experience with me. Contact is therefore also a form Contact is the most important organizing concept of of consciousness, a “knowing with”. Gestalt therapy theory. Contact refers to all the movements of If I establish physical contact with someone, like a given organism and its environment, that is, all the field pinching their arm, their probably painful experience with movements the field Contact is therefore the phenomenon this contact will be fundamentally different from the one I that precedes any organization of experience: pre-Oedipal, lived through. Even if contact is an act that puts into play a pre-object, pre-conscious pre-representation, pre-emotional, “with” and a “being”, the lived experience cannot be pre-psychic... Becoming sedimented in a “psyche”, considered the same because “with” does not mean experience was and will be again contact, for it is in and “sameness”. On the contrary, in this example, it allows through contact that the psyche will ex-ist and preside over differentiation. future experiences. The pre is both genesis and structure. All contact implies placement being in the presence of This concept originates and confirms the shift of otherness, of two. Maybe it is better said as: experienced as two. paradigm, the radical brought organized by Perls and When some therapists suggest to their clients to “get in Goodman with the creation of Gestalt therapy. Before them, contact with their feelings”, it shows that these therapists, in the psyche was the lens and object privileged by the “psys” their anthropology or their weltanschauung2, consider psychotherapy, psychology, psychiatry, psychoanalysis… feelings as separate and distinct from the self, and they However, since the first words of their founding text, our transmit this implicit notion to their client. It is paradoxical authors have relocated experience because “Experience for those who mean to unite experience into a single Gestalt! occurs at the boundary between the organism and its Sometimes it may indeed make sense for a patient to environment.”1 Contacting and being contacted are the express themselves in this way, like when parts of their own actions operating at the boundary and thanks to which the body are experienced as strange or foreign. Perls and field differentiates into an I and a not-I. Goodman cite the case in which a pain is localized in a body ! This concept, doubtlessly because of its apparent part and not experienced as “me,” but as something that simplicity and common usage, became increasingly distorted, happened to me, as if it came from “outside”… and that does little or not all differentiated from that of relationship. It has not belong to me. been used for an ethics of dialog, an ideology of relationship, Sometimes the therapist’s language can help the client or for inscribing Gestalt therapy in the premier ranks of reappropriate their experience as well as it can create, “relational psychotherapies”. amplify, or support the separation or splitting. ! Certainly, as much research confirms, an important factor, essential even, that determines the success of a Contact as awareness" psychotherapy, whatever that may be, resides within the quality of the relationship created between the therapist and Awareness is characterized by contact, by sensing, by the client, as well as with the quality of their therapeutic excitement and by Gestalt formation. alliance. But Gestalt therapy is not primarily centered on the Perls, Hefferline et Goodman3 quality of the relationship between therapist and patient for that is not an end in itself but the means. It is the means of For Perls and Goodman, the connection between exploring, working and transforming as much as necessary awareness and contact was established with the introduction the qualities of an individual’s relationship with what is of Gestalt therapy when they affirm that “contact as such is ‘other’ and his environment, human and non-human. possible without awareness, but for awareness contact is indispensible”4. I am in contact with the ground, with the seat With on which I sit, with the air that I breathe. These forms of contact are sometimes called “physiological” or “physical” If a red surface and a blue surface are in contact with and are opposed to “psychological” forms that imply each other, a blue line and a red line coincide. consciousness—even if implicit—and the construction of a Franz Brentano figure. However, the patterns of this “physiological” contact (I maintain this mediocre terminology for lack of a more Certainly, if a red surface and a blue surface are in satisfying one) are not in opposition to the “physiological” contact, they do not create a violet line when they are united, modalities. There really and truly is a continuation from one even if this is hallucinated through an illusion of perception. to the other: my manner of being in contact with the ground Contact is not a mutual or reciprocal experience because we is related by analogy to my roots; my manner of breathing is can be in contact with someone or something, for instance"by coherent with my other exchange modalities of taking and gaze or by memory, without this person or object being in the giving with the environment. These apparently distinct planes least bit of contact with us. The very definition of reciprocity can be legitimately approached as consistency5 of experience. implies the equal exertion of an action by the first to the They should be considered as a continuity within the breadth second as by the second to the first. of experience and not as a distinct modality. Aw@re Revista Eletrônica © 2009-2011 8
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Aw@re Rev. Elet., v.2, n.1, 2011 AW@RE 2011/01 “Thus the connection between the world and awareness “All contact implies placement being in the is one of contact. The world exists for the awareness in so far presence of otherness, of two. Maybe it is as the world is concretely and singularly what the awareness is not. The awareness touches the world since its partial better said as: experienced as two. When neutralization can establish exteriority without distance some therapists suggest to their clients to between them. The world is neither subjective nor objective: “get in contact with their feelings,” it shows it is the ‘it-self ’ that invades and contacts the awareness, just that these therapists, in their anthropology or as the awareness passes the world in its nothingness,” wrote their weltanschauung, consider feelings as J.-P. Sartre.6 separate and distinct from the self, and they Non-awareness and non-contact are called confluence7 in Gestalt therapy. This non-awareness consists of habits and transmit this implicit notion to their client. It knowledge, of facts gathered throughout experience and is paradoxical for those who mean to unite through introjects. Certain confluent experiences remain experience into a single Gestalt!” potentially contactable. For example, it is possible to question the legitimacy of a spontaneously used word, that is, to bring Jean-Marie Robine the word into figural while I am in a relationship of confluence with my mother language. Other experiences are her, feeling, projecting, cautioning, thinking of him/her, harder to contact because of repression or other modes of loving him/her… fixation.8 But the contacting modalities can be united around two axes, two essential movements: going towards or distancing. A figure/ground relation Or, in other words, integrating or differentiating; fusing or separating; linking or unlinking; belonging or diverging… “Contact […] is the forming of a figure of interest “(Contact) leads to touching and uniting […]. The stakes of against a ground or context of the organism/ contact and its risks will be as much about leading to an environment field.”! encounter where a separation occurred as being able to Perls, Hefferline & Goodman9 separate from an integral union right down to the fusion,” wrote Lekeuche.12 It is also the double movement of contact This awareness, or, relying on the works of Brentano introduced in the bipartition brought by Imre Hermann in and then Husserl, this intentionality, builds figure/ground “clinging” and “going out to search”. This will be extended relationships. It brings to the foreground and selects within by Balint in his description of “ocnophile” types (to cling, to the field of possibilities excerpts that can become significant. hang on) and “philobate” (going out to search). 13 Contact, therefore, aims and builds meaning. Contacting is Inflexions of contacting building a form. “Form is where organism and its milieu! meet,” Weizsäcker wrote already in 1940 and, as a consequence, Maldiney10 was able to advance that the “…the soul is wherever the action is, that’s where the formation of forms creates existence. soul is, where the action is.” To be certain of using the concept of contact in a P. Goodman14 coherent manner, it would be preferable to systematically add to the word “contact” not just “with whom or with what” but And since each situation is new, even if it has similarities “through which modalities.” to previous encounters, each contact will be at the time " Regarding the question “with whom or what?”, I adjustment and creation. The forms that can entail creative would readily suggest to come back to the introduction of adaptation within a given situation are many, but the forms Perls’, Hefferline’s, and Goodman’s book. “The crucial that can take on the interruptions, distortions, inhibitions, question is: with what is one in contact? The spectator of a and fixations of this creative adjustment are limited. It is modern painting may believe that he is in contact with the precisely towards these “inflexions” of experience that the picture while he is actually in contact with the art critic of his therapeutic act will be focused. favorite journal”11. This raises, among others, the question of Rather than using the phrase “interruptions of transference: beyond perceptual and sensorial contact, with contact,” a concept that generates ambiguities, I proposed in whom is my client in contact? 199715, following Binswanger’s tradition, the use of the term Touching, seeing, hearing… are regular modes of “inflexion”. This term, borrowed from linguistics, refers to contact, but so are remembering, fantasizing, thinking, being the ensemble of modifications of a word to express different excited, singing, writing, dreaming, being moved and so on. I grammatical categories such as tense, grammatical voice, can contact a friend by looking at him, hearing him, gender and so on. Transposed to the topic that interests us, telephoning him, touching him, going to see him, the modality variations, the deformations and other remembering him, anticipating him, imagining him… fluctuations in contacting are thus not subject to the We can use as a basis the principle of noetic-noematic opprobrium that the idea of interruption can bring. variations as elaborated by Husserl regarding consciousness However, when Perls & al. discuss interruptions of contact, it to apply to contact. When I establish contact with someone, is important to keep in mind that they believe that “the on- like a patient, I contact this person and this person contacts goingness of the process will not be lost”16. They believe that, me. We do not have the same contact “object,” the same in the sequence of contacting, creativity can be interrupted contents or even the same objective. (This is the noematic by certain modalities and that therefore contact can aspect of experience: the other as noema). eventually be carried on within routines or acted by a “Thinking,” “loving,” “hating,” “imagining”… they are reduced self (i.e., losses of ego-functions of the self). all verbs for what the mind does. Walking, breathing, feeling, If contact accompanies each movement between a thinking, hearing, going to, fantasizing, dreaming… are subject and its environment, which is to say all movement OF contacting types or modalities (noesis). With the same THE field, contact is an act, not a result. It is therefore more “object” (the “other”, for example), I can have different types relevant to speak of contacting because actions are better of contact: touching, hearing, looking, remembering him/ expressed through verbs than nouns. Gestalt therapy Aw@re Revista Eletrônica © 2009-2011 9
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Aw@re Rev. Elet., v.2, n.1, 2011 AW@RE 2011/01 promotes a culture of verbs over that of nouns, adjectives or Post adverbs. When I listen to a patient, it is the verbs of his narrative After some sixty years of Gestalt therapy, which has that I most eagerly listen to. This is because they describe the been marked by the introduction of “contact as first processes, actions and contacting according to modalities that experience” that brought multiple practical and can often be considered his experiences as such, if not, methodological consequences, it is surprising that the Gestalt sometimes, as a metaphor or metonym of his experience. community should be little interested in refining, enriching and differentiating this concept. It was an important concept About contact at the contact-boundary! in the works of the Hungarian School of Psychoanalysis (Hermann and Balint, whom have already been mentioned, To appear means, for a singular essence or being, its as well as Spitz, Mahler, and especially Szondi, whose work coming into the open, its advent between sky and earth, was continued by Jacques Schotte). This concept would today in space-interval and time-interval.! benefit from the enrichment through the works of Todorov; Eugen Fink17 Bin Kimura’s concept of aïda; Winnicott’s concept of betweeness; Lacan and other psychoanalysts; and Merleau- The concept of contact-boundary is a direct Ponty’s and Maldiney’s works… It is also important to consequence of contact and represents a specific practical articulate the concept of contact within the context of interest. Nonetheless, there is often confusion between relationships, particularly of therapeutic relations, which are “contact-boundary” and “boundary” or “boundaries” in the non-reducible to contact, transference, projective use of this concept that resembles that of, for example, identification, interaction, communication, dialogue or structural family therapy: limits, contours.This is the case of intersubjectivity. the different boundaries Erv and Miriam Polster described, which have little connection to Perls’ and Goodman’s concept “But if we must investigate ‘action-passion’ and of contact-boundary, which can cause much confusion. ‘combination,’ we must also investigate ‘contact.’ For “Contact-boundary” is a sort of epistemological abstraction, action and passion (in the proper sense of the terms) can such as with “self ”. There is no good reason to reify or to only occur between things which are such as to touch one transform an experience into an object and thereby justify another; nor can things enter into combination at all speaking of “one’s” contact-boundary! as could be said of unless they have come into a certain kind of contact. actual boundaries. Hence we must give a definite account of these three “When teaching this concept, I sometimes use an things—of ‘contact,’ ‘combination,’ and ‘acting.’” analogy drawn from the way the famous philosopher Merleau-Ponty taught his own difficult concepts. Most of the Aristote time, I am not aware of my hand because I do not feel any specific sensation there. When I lay my hand on an object or Jean-Marie Robine, didactician of Gestalt therapy. Clinic psychologist. on somebody’s shoulder, through the same act I feel my hand Founder of the French Institute of Gestalt Therapy. Bordeaux, Associate and I feel the object or the other. Touching this object gives it Member, New York Institute for Gestalt Therapy existence in my tactile experience and, through the same operation, it gives sensations, thus existence, to my hand. It’s Notes contact that simultaneously gives existence to the other and to me and which, by the same token, differentiates one from 1 PHG, p. 49 the other. The same operation, the same act, separates and 2 World view joins. Contact creates a boundary and boundary creates 3 Perls, Hefferline, Goodman (hereinafter!: PHG), p. 39 contact as well. Without contact, there is no differentiation; 4 ibid. without differentiation, there is no contact, thus no 5 For more on the concept of consistency, see Robine J.-M. experience”18. (2008) “Contact is touch touching something”19. Sight is 6 J.P. Sartre, p. 400 sq neither the eye nor the object but the “oval of vision”20. It 7 PHG pp.303-4 thus links the eyes with the world that is seen. At work is a 8 for more!: Robine J.-M. & Lapeyronnie B. (1996) process similar to that shown by Husserl when he said that 9 PHG, p. 54 there is no “consciousness” but only the “consciousness of ” 10 Maldiney H. (1990) something. 11 PHG, introduction, pp. 39 An experience can seem to be intrapsychic when it 12 Lekeuche, p. 34 actually is a contact-boundary event. An event continues 13 I examined these two notions in relation to the dynamic of because we are always engaged in one contact or other. contact in Robine J.-M., 1990 This has many consequences for psychotherapy. Every 14 P. Goodman interview with Glassheim E., in Glassheim client describes the majority of their experiences as an (1973) intrapsychic suffering: shame, guilt, hatred, neglect, rejection, 15 Robine J.-M. (1997-98) p.125 anger, conflict, and so on. These experiences should be 16 PHG p. 301 considered as contact experiences. By considering them not 17 Fink E., pp. 70-71 as solipsistic phenomena but as contact-boundary 18 Robine, 2007 phenomena, it changes the perspective and has an extremely 19 PHG, p. 217 powerful therapeutic impact. If “the contact-boundary is the 20 PHG, p. 269 organ of awareness,” 21 then contact-boundary, as experience, 21 PHG, p. 85 is the prime “location” where the therapist and client should work together. Aw@re Revista Eletrônica © 2009-2011 10
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Aw@re Rev. Elet., v.2, n.1, 2011 AW@RE 2011/01 In Response to “Contact, at the Source of Experience” Dan Bloom joins Jean-Marie Robine in a “duet” By Dan Bloom Jean-Marie Robine’s essay, ”Contact, at the source of Contact is “pre”, as Jean-Marie observes. I state this experience” is an important essay that takes “contact”, gestalt phenomenologically in order to historicize gestalt therapy, to therapy’s core concept, and opens it up for us to look at it in situate it in the tradition of thought from which it developed. different ways. I am happy to offer my response to his essay. I believe it is important for gestalt therapists to understand Jean-Marie and I “grew up” as gestalt therapists on our place in the history philosophy and psychology. I will different continents but as students of the same teacher, return to this theme several times. Isadore From. Isadore taught precise understanding of gestalt therapy in New York City and in Europe. So it should be 2. Jean-Marie: “…experience was and will be again clear from what follows that we have much in common in our contact, for it is in and through contact that the psyche will understanding of gestalt therapy even though our differences exist and preside over future experiences”. should be equally clear. We are in tune so often that most of Again, I expand to widen this other remarkable my response will focus on areas of our differentiation, of declaration phenomenologically: contact, where our ideas may be more clearly distinguishable. Contact as a process is an ongoing further developing Since I call us “in tune”, let me offer this metaphor. temporal sequence of experience itself, with contact opening Consider what follows as my part in a “musical duet”1 with to and creating a world of sensation, feeling, emotion, Jean-Marie, where I will take – up some of his themes in movement, thought, action and meaning, which reflexively is “musical” variation, harmony, accompaniment, and the further basis for contact. Contact and continuing contact counterpoint. is a functioning of the organism/environment field and of the At times I will take an idea in a different direction. self/lifeworld field. Lifeworld ((E. Husserl, 1936/1970), Sometimes I will question something I “hear”. And (Binswanger, 1963; M Heidegger, 1962),(Boss, 1983) , sometimes my response will differentiate my perspective from (Steinbock, 1995)) is an expansion of gestalt therapy’s “field” his.2 in a phenomenological direction, and I will and I will take And then, I will add my own ideas relevant to the this further in my solo part of this duet. central theme of his essay, as if stepping out from this duet and playing a solo. 3. When gestalt therapists write about the inspired His essay has so many melodies that I must select originality of contact and consequently of gestalt therapy among them. Hopefully, our “music” will be a whole different itself, there is a possibility that this might be encourage than the sum of its parts. “gestalt therapy exceptionalism” – a way of thinking about I divide my part of this duet into “movements” to gestalt therapy that sees it as having a savior’s mission. This correspond to the named sections of Jean-Marie’s essay. And might be one to steps away from a gestalt fundamentalism or within these movements, I number my responses into even fanaticism. This can be avoided by our understanding sections. the context within which contact and our other ideas emerged. Opening Movement: “Pre’” Perls and Goodman’s “contact” was an inspired synthesis of concepts from American pragmatism, Gestalt psychology, 1.“Contact is the most important organizing concept of and phenomenology. They brought their synthesis into the Gestalt therapy theory,” begins Jean-Marie. psychotherapy world and radically reorganized the prevailing I broaden his declaration with my own to underscore psychoanalytic emphasis on a one-person intrapsychic the relevance of our concept of contact to phenomenology paradigm; their feat cannot be overstated. While and to all phenomenological or experiential psychotherapies: Daseinanalysis for example, situated a patient as a person-in- Contact3 is experience in its immediacy, its imminence, the-world (Umwelt, Mitwelt, Eigenwelt, being-in-the-world) and prior to any organizing or further development; and before brought an existential-phenomenological focus to the emergence of figure/ground itself. psychotherapy,(May, Angel, & Ellenberger, 1958) in principal In the terms of generative phenomenology (Steinbock, ways it was committed to an intrapsychic model. They were 1995) , (Zahavi, 2005) contact is pre-reflective and the supra- central to mid-20th Century Zeitgeist, albeit ideas not sensible substrata from which all forms of consciousness are embraced by psychoanalysis. emergent. Experience, contact, is “pre-gestalt.”. If the By the time Goodman and Perls presented “contact” as personalist William Stern’s comment makes sense, “There is the pre-cursor to the psyche or mind, the Cartesian “ghost in no gestalt without a gestalter”, there is no “gestalter” without the machine” monadic mind had been under assault from all contact. Contact precedes the organizer/organizing of directions. Not only had the American pragmatists done their experience. work, but in Europe, phenomenologists, famously from Husserl, Heidegger, and Merleau-Ponty drawing on substantial roots in previous centuries presented a unifies Dan Bloom notion of human experience emergent of interaction with the world. Self, subject, Dasein, Ego, or the subject developed Psychotherapist in private practice since 1978, supervisor, teacher, from a previous undifferentiated world. lecturer, editor, writer, and organization leader. Training and advanced supervision as a gestalt therapist with Laura Perls, Isadore From, Here are specific examples from sources Goodman Richard Kitzler, and Patrick Kelley with the New York Institute for undoubtedly knew. In 1934, the well-known American Gestalt Therapy. Presently training privately and in affiliation with the New York Institute for Gestalt Therapy. 2010- Present - Vice-President, pragmatist John Dewey, wrote Association for the Advancement of Gestalt Therapy. “Experience is a matter of the interaction of organism Website: http://www.djbloom.com with its environment, an environment that is human as well as physical”. Art as Experience p. 246 (Dewey, 1934/1980) Aw@re Revista Eletrônica © 2009-2011 11
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