Inernational Ataturk-Alatoo university, by MJ and ND

1. COMMUNISM
IN THE SOVIET UNION AND
CHINA

2. What is Communism?
Who controls the
government?
•State
How is government •Revolution
put into power?
What roles do the •Work for the state’s benefit
people have?
Who controls
production of goods?
•State
Who controls
distribution of goods?
•State

3. Major Works
The
Communist Animal
Utopia Manifesto Farm
Republic (1516) by (1848) by
(1945) by
by Plato Thomas Karl Marx
and George
More
Friedrich Orwell
Engels

4. Major Figures

5. COMMUNISM IN CHINA

6. May Fourth Movement, 1919 =>
Birth of Chinese Communism

7. Fitzgerald, Charles
Patrick
“The Birth of
Communist China”
“ it was clear that
the Western way
was not the
solution, and tacitly
it was abandoned ,
even by the
revolutionary
element ”

8. CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY
July, 1921 =>
The First Chinese
Communist Party was
formed by Chinese
Marxists aided by
Russian Gregor
Voitinsky

9. CHIANG KAI-SHEK
• Leader of
Kuomintang,
Nationalist Party
• Came to power
in 1925
• Lacked
ideological
attraction to
communism
• Led the Northern
Expedition
• Purge of Nanking

10. Northern Expedition , 1926 - 28
aimed at uniting the country by force

11. The Purge of Nanking
major effort by Chiang Kai-Shek to destroy the
Communists as his main rivals for power in China

12. MAO AND THE LONG MARCH
The Long March(to Shensi) in October,1934 was a massive retreat
to remove the CCP and its Red Army from the blows of Chiang’s
extermination campaign

13. UNITED FRONT IDEA AGNST JAPAN

14. 1949
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

15. CHINA UNDER THE
MAO
Mao Zedong used
Marxism-Leninism to
build a communist
China that today
embraces
capitalism. Mao’s
portrait was
ubiquitous.

16. FIRST FIVE-YEAR PLAN
1953 - 57
Political
centraliza
Industrialization tion
Collectivization
of agriculture
Main focus: development of heavy industry on the
Soviet model

17. HUNDRED FLOWERS CAMPAIGN
“Let a hundred
flowers bloom
and a hundred
schools of
thought to
contend”
A period of debate in 1956 – 57, when citizens were invited to voice
their opinions of the communist regime

18. GREAT LEAP FORWARD
•Slow growth of agriculture
Problem and quick industrial growth
•Collectives Communes
Solution •Promotion of equality
•Loss of Stalin’s economic aid
Result •Decrease in economy

19. CULTURAL REVOLUTION
Aim Outcome
Attacks on
Restoration of intellectuals
power with the
help of Red A large-scale purge at
party posts
Guards
Appearance of a
personality cult
1966 - 68

20. Chinese accused of being “capitalist roaders” being
paraded through Beijing in 1967 during the Cultural
Revolution

21. DENG XIAOPING AND HIS FOUR
MODERNIZATIONS
• Industry
• Agriculture
• National defense
• Science and
technology

22. June 4, 1989 => Brutal attack on the democracy
demonstrators in Tiananmen Squire

23. COMMUNISM
IN SOVIET UNION

24. The October Revolution, 1917 =>
Birth of The Soviet Communism

25. COMMUNISM
UNDER LENIN
• Totalitarian
System
• Single Party
• Control over
the Means
of
Production
and
Distribution

26. BOLSHEVIKS
Members of
the majority
faction of
the Russian
Communist
Party led by
Lenin

27. UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALISTIC
REPUBLICS
RSFSR
USSR BSFSR 15
REPUBLICS
Subsequent
USFSR years
1922

28. March 4, 1919 => Comintern (The Third International )
was formed by Russian Marxists

29. COMINTERN (Third International)
Attempt of Marxian movements to get organized at the
international level
Aim: Dominate and control over
communist parties around the world
Founder: Vladimir Lenin
Active dates: 1919-1924
First conference held in Moscow, 1919, with 52 delegates

30. LENIN’S DEVIATION FROM MARXIST THEORY
Silencing the opposition and eliminating
the threats
Closing not pro-Bolshevik newspapers
Getting rid of the Constituent Assembly
Confiscation of goods and products from
the peasants
Redistribution of the materials to his troops
He felt that this was the 1st step to socialism

31. NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP)
• Limited private property
• Compensation for goods taken from
the peasants
• Profit and efficiency
incentives

32. JOSEPH STALIN
Strong ideology of
communism-loyalty
towards State
Five-Year Plans(1929-
1933), industry and
agriculture became
communal
Had created second
military and industry
superpower after
USA

33. FIVE-YEAR PLANS
1929-33 => Collectivization of
agriculture and development of
heavy industry.
1933-37 => Triple steel and oil
production; electricity and coal
production
1938-42 => Focus on military
base, effective productivity per
capita

34. The Soviet Gulags (Concentration Camps) =>
resource for the construction of industries, esp railways and roads,
mining operations, and timber industry

35. WWII, 1941-45

37. NIKITA KHRUSCHEV
Housing program; Improvement
of foreign relations;
Destalinization;
“ Capitalism and Communism
could coexist ”
Attempts to end the Cold War

39. COLD WAR
• 1949 => Creation of
NATO against the
communist expansion
• Invention of Atomic
Bomb
• 1962 => Caribbean
Crisis
• From 1945 => Spread
of Communism among
Yugoslavia, Southern
Asia, Eastern Europe,
China, North Korea

40. MIKHAIL GORBACHEV
Restructuring
Collapse of USSR
Supported Social-
Democracy
Allowed private
bussiness

41. SIMILARITIES
Soviet Union China
Overthrow of Romanov Dynasty Overthrow of Qing Dynasty
Five-Year Plan under Stalin (1929- Five-Year Plan under Mao Tse-tung
33) (1953-58)
Personality cult of Lenin, Stalin Personality cult of Mao Tse-tung
Slow growth of agriculture and quick growth of heavy industry

42. REFERENCES
• Political Theories for Students, Jaime E. Noce and Matthew
Miskelly, 2002
• The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right, volume II:
the Right, Rodney P. Carlisle , 2005
• An Introduction to Politics, third edition, Trevor Munroe, 2002
• A Short history of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade and
Influence , Martin Stuart-Fox, 2003
• The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume III, The Twentieth
Century, Ronald Grigor Suny, 2006
• A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End,
second edition, Peter Kenez, 2006
• Gowealthy.com
• ForeignAffairs.com

43. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
• Why do you think communism failed?
• What are the similarities between
Stalin’s and Mao Tse-tung’s
dictatorship under communism?
• Which political system in your opinion is
more beneficial for current society?