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Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology
The Computer Revolution ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],§1.1 Introduction
Classes of Computers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Processor Market
What You Will Learn ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Understanding Performance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Below Your Program ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],§1.2 Below Your Program
Levels of Program Code ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Components of a Computer ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],§1.3 Under the Covers The BIG Picture
Anatomy of a Computer Output device Input device Input device Network cable
Anatomy of a Mouse ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Through the Looking Glass ,[object Object],[object Object]
Opening the Box
Inside the Processor (CPU) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Inside the Processor ,[object Object]
Abstractions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The BIG Picture
A Safe Place for Data ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Networks ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Technology Trends ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],DRAM capacity 6,200,000,000 Ultra large scale IC 2005 2,400,000 Very large scale IC (VLSI) 1995 900 Integrated circuit (IC) 1975 35 Transistor 1965 1 Vacuum tube 1951 Relative performance/cost Technology Year
Defining Performance ,[object Object],§1.4 Performance
Response Time and Throughput ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Relative Performance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Measuring Execution Time ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CPU Clocking ,[object Object],Clock (cycles) Data transfer and computation Update state Clock period ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CPU Time ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CPU Time Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Instruction Count and CPI ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CPI Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],A is faster… … by this much
CPI in More Detail ,[object Object],[object Object],Relative frequency
CPI Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1 1 4 IC in sequence 2 2 1 2 IC in sequence 1 3 2 1 CPI for class C B A Class
Performance Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The BIG Picture
Power Trends ,[object Object],§1.5 The Power Wall × 1000 × 30 5V -> 1V
Reducing Power ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Uniprocessor Performance §1.6 The Sea Change: The Switch to Multiprocessors Constrained by power, instruction-level parallelism, memory latency
Multiprocessors ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Manufacturing ICs ,[object Object],§1.7 Real Stuff: The AMD Opteron X4
AMD Opteron X2 Wafer ,[object Object],[object Object]
Integrated Circuit Cost ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SPEC CPU Benchmark ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CINT2006 for Opteron X4 2356 High cache miss rates 6.0 6,900 1,143 0.40 2.70 1,058 XML parsing xalancbmk SPECratio Ref time Exec time Tc (ns) CPI IC ×10 9 Description Name 1.79 2.94 0.80 1.61 0.96 0.80 1.09 10.00 1.72 0.85 0.75 1,082 587 3,102 1,623 2,176 2,783 1,658 336 1,050 2,389 2,118 773 690 993 1,047 37 890 721 1,345 24 817 637 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.48 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.47 0.40 0.40 7,020 6,250 22,130 20,720 12,100 9,330 10,490 9,120 8,050 9,650 9,777 Games/path finding Discrete event simulation Video compression Quantum computer simulation Chess game (AI) Search gene sequence Go game (AI) Combinatorial optimization GNU C Compiler Block-sorting compression Interpreted string processing 11.7 9.1 9.1 22.3 19.8 14.5 10.5 14.6 6.8 11.1 11.8 15.3 Geometric mean astar omnetpp h264avc libquantum sjeng hmmer go mcf gcc bzip2 perl
SPEC Power Benchmark ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SPECpower_ssj2008 for X4 493 ∑ ssj_ops/ ∑power 2,605 1,283,590 Overall sum 141 0 0% 180 23,066 10% 206 47,126 20% 222 70,500 30% 233 920,35 40% 246 118,324 50% 256 140,160 60% 265 163,427 70% 275 185,803 80% 286 211,282 90% 295 231,867 100% Average Power (Watts) Performance (ssj_ops/sec) Target Load %
Pitfall: Amdahl’s Law ,[object Object],§1.8 Fallacies and Pitfalls ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fallacy: Low Power at Idle ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pitfall: MIPS as a Performance Metric ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Concluding Remarks ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],§1.9 Concluding Remarks

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Chapter 1 computer abstractions and technology

  • 1. Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology
  • 2.
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  • 10. Anatomy of a Computer Output device Input device Input device Network cable
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  • 34. Uniprocessor Performance §1.6 The Sea Change: The Switch to Multiprocessors Constrained by power, instruction-level parallelism, memory latency
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40. CINT2006 for Opteron X4 2356 High cache miss rates 6.0 6,900 1,143 0.40 2.70 1,058 XML parsing xalancbmk SPECratio Ref time Exec time Tc (ns) CPI IC ×10 9 Description Name 1.79 2.94 0.80 1.61 0.96 0.80 1.09 10.00 1.72 0.85 0.75 1,082 587 3,102 1,623 2,176 2,783 1,658 336 1,050 2,389 2,118 773 690 993 1,047 37 890 721 1,345 24 817 637 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.48 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.47 0.40 0.40 7,020 6,250 22,130 20,720 12,100 9,330 10,490 9,120 8,050 9,650 9,777 Games/path finding Discrete event simulation Video compression Quantum computer simulation Chess game (AI) Search gene sequence Go game (AI) Combinatorial optimization GNU C Compiler Block-sorting compression Interpreted string processing 11.7 9.1 9.1 22.3 19.8 14.5 10.5 14.6 6.8 11.1 11.8 15.3 Geometric mean astar omnetpp h264avc libquantum sjeng hmmer go mcf gcc bzip2 perl
  • 41.
  • 42. SPECpower_ssj2008 for X4 493 ∑ ssj_ops/ ∑power 2,605 1,283,590 Overall sum 141 0 0% 180 23,066 10% 206 47,126 20% 222 70,500 30% 233 920,35 40% 246 118,324 50% 256 140,160 60% 265 163,427 70% 275 185,803 80% 286 211,282 90% 295 231,867 100% Average Power (Watts) Performance (ssj_ops/sec) Target Load %
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