Bishop Kenny NJROTC Naval Science 2

1. CHAPTER 1
SEA POWER AND EARLY
WESTERN CIVILIZATION

2. Early Western Civilization

3. Sea Power
The ability to use the sea
to meet a nation’s needs

4. Sea Power
• Being able to defend a nation’s
own sea-lanes
• The ability to deny an enemy the
use of the sea in time of war

5. Early Fear of the Sea

6. Early people learned to use the sea
for:
• Fishing • Traveling • Trading

7. Travel by sea was:
• Fast
• Cheap
• Safe

8. Countries bordering the Mediterranean
Sea became the richest and most
powerful.

10. CRETE (2500-1200 B.C.)
• First to use sea power
• Dominated its neighbors
• Controlled major sea routes

11. Phoenicians (2000-300 B.C.)

12. • Tin from Britain

13. • Amber from the
Baltic Sea

14. Italy
Atlantic
Ocean
Spain
West
Africa
• Slaves and ivory
from western Africa

15. Mediterranean
Sea
• Established ports in
Tyre and Sidon
(modern Lebanon)
Sidon
Tyre

16. Phoenician ships carried the wealth
of the Orient to coastal trading cities
around the Mediterranean and to
northern Europe.

17. Phoenician’s Alphabet
• Written language
of traders
• Basis for our
alphabet

18. Carthage
• Greatest Phoenician colony
• Main opponent of Rome
Rome
Carthage

19. Q. Which of the following countries was
the first to use sea power to
dominate its neighbors and control
major sea routes?
a. Greece
b. Italy
c. Crete
d. Phoenicia

20. Q. Which of the following countries was
the first to use sea power to
dominate its neighbors and control
major sea routes?
a. Greece
b. Italy
c. Crete
d. Phoenicia

21. Greeks
Wrote semi-fictional accounts
of early sea power

22. Greece

23. Greeks
• Trojan War
• TROY

24. Hellespont (1200-1190 B.C.)

25. Prosperous Greek colonies
in Asia Minor, Sicily, Italy,
France, and Spain

26. Early Trading Vessels
Clumsy and easy prey for
swifter craft

27. Merchants began crewing their
galleys with trained fighting men.

28. Galley
A seagoing vessel propelled
mainly by oars, used in ancient
and medieval times, sometimes
with the aid of sails

29. Greeks vs. Persians (492 B.C.)

30. The Greeks were able to hold off two
Persian invasions in the next 12 years.

31. Invasion
Entering another country by force

32. The Greeks withdrew from Thrace
and Macedonia.
Macedonia Thrace

33. King Xerxes Invades Greece
(480 B.C.)
• 1,300 galley navy
• 180,000 man army
• Fleet guards army's
flank

34. Flank
Extreme right or left side of the
fleet or army

35. Greek Commander
Themistocles:
• Breaks Persian sea line
of communications
• Builds naval force of
380 triremes

36. Trireme
A galley, used chiefly as a warship,
with three rows or tiers of oars on
each side, one above another

37. Sea Line of Communications
Control of the highways of the sea

38. Greek strategy was to hold the Persian
army at the pass of Thermopylae.

39. Persians destroyed Greek defenders
at Thermopylae.

40. Xerxes’ army moved
south to plunder Athens.

41. Plunder
To rob goods or valuables by open
force

42. Gulf of
Attica
Corinth
Megaris
Athens
Corinth Isthmus of
Corinth
Argolis
Aegina
Mycenae
Argos
Saronic
Gulf
The Greeks took up a new
position at the Isthmus of Corinth.

43. The Greek fleet sailed to waters
around the island of Salamis.

44. The Greek fleet used
hit-and-run attacks.

45. • In the narrow straits, the
Persians lost the advantage
of numbers.
• The Greeks prevailed with half
the Persian fleet sunk.

46. Battle of Salamis
• Persian fleet reduced to 800 vessels
• Only 300 Greek triremes left

47. With his fleet
destroyed, Xerxes
ordered his army
to retreat.

48. Golden Age of Athens

49. Sculpture
Theater
Philosophy
(Aristotle) Writing
(Sophocles)

50. Democracy was born, and the
foundations of Western civilization
were laid in Athens.

51. The Battle of Salamis was the
turning point.

52. Greek Conquests
Macedonia
Thrace
Greece Asia
Minor
Armenia
Babylon
Egypt
India

53. • Greek civilization
moved eastward
• Conquered most
of Persian Empire

54. Greek culture spread throughout
the entire eastern Mediterranean by
Alexander the Great of Macedonia.

55. He established the great port of
Alexandria.
MACEDONIA
Alexandria

56. Persia was driven from the seas,
and the Phoenician reign ended.
MACEDONIA
Alexandria

57. Q. In which of the following
battles did the Greeks destroy
the Persian fleet?
a. Corinth
b. Salamis
c. Thermopylae
d. Actium

58. Q. In which of the following
battles did the Greeks destroy
the Persian fleet?
a. Corinth
b. Salamis
c. Thermopylae
d. Actium

59. Macedonia
• Became the world’s greatest
sea power
• Conquered most of the Western
and Middle Eastern world

60. The Greeks controlled the eastern
Mediterranean for the next two
centuries.

61. Carthage
• Rising sea power in Western
Mediterranean
• Kept the Greeks in check
CARTHAGE

62. Carthage
(265 B.C.)
CORSICA • ROME
MACEDONIA
SARDINIA
NEW
CARTHAGE
CARTHAGE SICILY
CRETE
NUMIDIA
LIBYA

63. Rome (275 B.C.)
• ROME
• Conquered Italy and southern
Greek colonies
• Absorbed Greek culture
• Advanced Western civilization

64. First Punic War (265 B.C.)
Carthage vs. Rome
• ROME
CARTHAGE

65. Carthaginian Navy
• Protected Carthage from attack
• Harassed Roman sea lines of
communications
• Plundered Roman coast

66. First Punic War
(265 - 241 B.C.)
• Rome acquired Sicily.
SICILY

67. Second Punic War
(218 - 201 B.C.)
• Rome acquired Spain.
SPAIN

68. Third Punic War
(149 - 146 B.C.)
• Rome invaded North Africa.
• Carthage was burned and destroyed.

69. Q. In which Punic War was
Carthage finally burned
and destroyed?
a. First
b. Second
c. Third
d. Fourth

70. Q. In which Punic War was
Carthage finally burned
and destroyed?
a. First
b. Second
c. Third
d. Fourth

71. The Roman Empire spread
throughout the Mediterranean.
Spain
• Rome
Italy
Greece
Africa
Libya

72. Roman Navy
• Cleared Mediterranean of pirates
Spain
• Rome
Italy
Greece
Africa
Libya

73. Roman Navy
• Supported Roman armies
Spain
• Rome
Greece
Libya

74. Roman Navy
• Defeated hostile fleets
Spain
• Rome
Italy
Africa
Libya

75. Rebellion of Romans and
Egyptian Allies
Mark Antony Cleopatra

76. Rebellion
Open, organized, and armed
resistance to one’s government
or ruler

77. Death of Julius Caesar
(44 B.C.)

78. Tried to Overthrow the
Roman Empire
Mark Antony
Cleopatra

79. Battle of Actium
(31 B.C.)
• Roman Admiral Agrippa
destroyed the Egyptian
fleet.

80. Agrippa defeated Pompey earlier
at the Battle of Naulochus.
Agrippa Pompey

81. Actium

82. The Battle of
Actium put the
whole eastern
Mediterranean
in the Roman
empire.

83. Roman Empire
(117 A.D.)
• Rome

84. Mare Nostrum
Latin for “Our Sea” - all
Mediterranean coasts, ports, and
naval bases controlled by Rome

85. On land and sea the PAX ROMANA
(Roman Peace) prevailed for over five
centuries, the longest period of peace
in world history.
• Rome

86. Roman
Legacy
• Law
• Government
• Art
• Language
• Religion

87. Roman Empire
• Rome
• Constantinople
Eventually, Rome’s greatness began
to decline due to social, political, and
economic breakdowns.

88. Roman Empire
(about 395 A.D.)
• Rome
• Constantinople
Western Empire
Eastern Empire
(Byzantine)

89. Barbarians from northern and central
Europe conquered Rome and deposed
the last emperor in 476 A.D.
Romulus
Augustulus
(last Emperor)

90. Dark Ages
(476 - 1050 A.D.)
The period of Western European history
from the fall of Rome until about the
eleventh century.
Reasons for the Dark Ages include:
• Numerous invasions by barbaric tribes
• Incursions by North African Moors
• Religious bigotry
• General lack of education among the
masses of people

91. Only the region around
Constantinople
preserved much of the
Roman tradition.
There was a general
advance of culture.
The Crusades began to hasten a
reawakening of culture and education.
This movement flourished in the 13th
through the 16th centuries.

92. The Renaissance (the rebirth) movement
flourished in the thirteenth through
sixteenth centuries.

93. Byzantine Empire
Constantinople

94. The Byzantine Empire, centered
in Turkey, defeated the Muslims
at Constantinople in 717 A.D.

95. The Muslims became largely
content with:
• Piracy on the
Mediterranean
• Controlling and
strengthening
their huge North
African and Middle
Eastern territories

96. Piracy
Robbery or illegal violence at sea

97. By the eleventh century, Christendom
was ready to contest Muslim control.

98. Crusades
King Richard I
(The Lion Heart)

99. Crusades - Religious-military expeditions
undertaken by the Christians of Europe
in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries for
the recovery of the Holy Land from the
Muslims

100. First Crusades
• Initiated by Pope
Urban II in 1095 A.D.
• Recaptured
Jerusalem
• Nearly swept the
Arabs from the
Mediterranean

101. The Italian states turned to
commercial expansion.

102. • Venice
Biggest center of commerce
between the Orient and
Europe

103. Venice
Venice
• Profited from the
Crusades
Rome
• Acquired Crete and
Cyprus during the
Crusades
• Reached the height of
its power by 1400 A.D.
Crete
Cyprus

104. The Hanseatic League
• Formed by north German port cities on
the far end of the Venitian trade route
Riga
Bruges
Lubeck Rostock Danzig
Hamburg

105. The Hanseatic League
• Dominated the north and west
European economy
Riga
Bruges
Lubeck Rostock Danzig
Hamburg

106. The Hanseatic League
• Turned the Baltic and North seas into
the Mediterranean of the north
Riga
Bruges
Lubeck Rostock Danzig
Hamburg

107. Mediterranean Sea
Ottoman Turks

108. Ottoman Turks
• Captured Constantinople in 1453 A.D.
• Swept to the gates
of Vienna, Austria
• Sought domination
of the Mediterranean
and east-west trade

109. Lepanto
Battle of Lepanto
(1571 A.D.)

110. GREECE
Lepanto
Turkish
Christian
Fleet
Fleet
Battle of Lepanto
(1571 A.D.)
Ionian
Sea

111. Spain and the Italian states agreed to
combine their fleets for a conclusive
battle with the Turks.

112. The winner of this battle would
determine the course of Western
civilization.

113. Don John of Ali
Austria Pasha
Christian Fleet Ottoman Fleet
Commander Commander

114. Comparison of Forces
CHRISTIANS TURKS
Navy Navy
200 galleys 250 galleys
Army Army
Armed with Armed with bows
arquebus and arrows

115. Christian soldier
armed with early
musket called the
arquebus

116. Outcome of Battle
of Lepanto
The Christians defeated the Turks.
• 30,000 Turks killed
• 192 of the Turkish ships
destroyed or captured
• 15,000 Christians used as slaves
freed

117. The Turks never again seriously challenged
control of the Mediterranean, but Muslim
pirates continued to harass merchant
shipping for the next 250 years.

118. The Battle of Lepanto ended:
• Muslim attempts to move further into
Europe
• Muslim control of the Mediterranean
• The age of the galley

119. Age of Discovery
The age of discovery was an age of
sea power.

120. Early Explorers
• Portuguese
• Spanish
• English
• French
• Dutch

121. Brave men in wooden ships explored
the world and founded colonies while
seeking fortunes for king and country.
Jacques Cartier
(French explorer)

122. Prince Henry the
Navigator hired
explorers to try
and find a new
sea route to the
Indies and Orient.
PORTUGAL
Prince Henry

123. Bartholomeu
Dias travels to
Cape of Good
Hope in 1487.

124. Europe
Asia
Africa
Vasco
da Gama
travels to
India in
1498.

125. Portugal’s leadership was short-lived
because neighboring Spain soon
overwhelmed it.

126. Q. Which country led the way to
the Age of Discovery with early
explorations around Africa?
a. England
b. Spain
c. Italy
d. Portugal

127. Q. Which country led the way to
the Age of Discovery with early
explorations around Africa?
a. England
b. Spain
c. Italy
d. Portugal

128. Queen Isabella of
Spain contributes
$5,000 in royal
jewels and finances
Columbus’ first
voyage of discovery.

129. Discovery of America
Santa Nina
Maria
Pinta
Christopher
Columbus

130. First Voyage of Columbus
(1492)

131. Second Voyage of Columbus
(1493)

132. Third Voyage of Columbus
(1498)

133. Fourth Voyage of Columbus
(1502)

134. Through sea power, Spain
established a huge empire.

135. Convoy
Warships protecting merchant
shipping from hostile action

136. Convoy Examples
• Spain used warships to protect
treasure-laden ships from the new
world.
• During World War II, Allied warships
protected Allied merchant shipping
from submarines.

137. Mercantilism
A system of economic organization
based on the theory that total wealth
is a fixed quantity. To become richer
and more powerful, a nation had to
make some other nation poorer
through capture of its trade and
colonies.

138. Mercantile Theory
Kept the world in almost continuous
conflict well into the 1800s

139. Pope Pius V In 1570, Pope Pius V
called upon King
Philip II of Spain to
drive the Muslims from
Europe and the
Mediterranean.
King Philip II

140. Pope Pius V also wanted
King Philip II to crusade
against the “heretic and
usurper,” Queen Elizabeth
I in Protestant England.

141. Queen Elizabeth I
wanted to protect
her throne against
the Catholic Mary
Queen of Scots.
Queen
Elizabeth I
Catholic Mary Queen
of Scots

142. Elizabeth knew that an attack would soon come
from Spain, so she:
• secured England’s flank with an
alliance with France.
• secretly released her
fortune-seeking seamen
to raid the treasure ships
of Spain.
• began rebuilding her
navy with the money Queen
from the treasure ships.
Elizabeth I

143. Privateering
English ships raiding Spanish treasure
ships

144. Privateers
Privately owned ships commissioned
by a government to fight or harass
enemy ships

145. English Privateering Seadogs
Sir Martin
Frobisher
Sir Francis Sir John
Drake Hawkins

146. Sir Francis Drake
was the most
famous of the
English raiders.

147. Uruguay
Argentina
Drake sailed his
ship, the Golden
Strait of Hind, into the
Magellan
Pacific through
the Strait of
Cape
Horn Magellan.

148. Drake raided Spanish cities and shipping
along the west coast of South America.

149. Drake returned to England with gold,
silver, and jewels worth half a million
pounds sterling (many millions in
today’s dollars).

150. Drake was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I
on the quarterdeck of the Golden Hind.
Queen Elizabeth I Sir Francis Drake

151. England had a big
advantage over Spain
in her superb seamen.

152. With the seadogs in command of the
world’s best sailors, England prepared
to meet Spain in a great contest for
supremacy on the seas.

153. In 1588, King Philip II
of Spain believed he
had an unbeatable
naval armada.
King Philip II
Spanish Armada

154. Armada
A large fleet of warships

155. The Men in Command
Charles Howard, Duke of
Lord Admiral of England Medina Sidonia

156. The Forces
Spain
124 galleons
1,100 guns
8,000 sailors
19,000 soldiers England
34 men-of-war
163 armed
merchantmen
2,000 guns
16,000 men

157. The Spanish Armada had fewer guns
but superior total firepower. The
English had maneuverable smaller
ships and long-range culverins.

158. The Culverin
A light cannon that could fire a
17-pound cannonball 1¼ miles -
more than a ¼-mile farther than
heavier
cannons

159. Maneuver
Planned and regulated movement
of troops or warships

160. The Strategies
• King Philip's orders were to “grapple
and board and engage hand-to-hand.”
• The English intended to fight with
guns alone because they had fewer
soldiers.

161. Grapple
A hook by which one ship fastens
onto another for boarding and
combat

162. First Encounters
• Each side used 100,000 rounds of
shot.
• Spanish fire had little effect on
English ships.
• English ships pounded Spanish
ships.

163. English Fireships
• Medina Sidonia enters French port
of Calais to rest and resupply.
• Howard forces Spanish out of port
with eight fireships.
• English and Dutch allies attack
Spanish without fear.

164. English
Supply System
• It proved to be
inadequate like
the Spanish system.
• Howard ran out of
ammunition.
• The defeated
Spanish sailed to
the North Sea.

165. Route of Spanish
Scotland
Armada
• 35-40 ships Ireland (Fleet Rest and
Resupply)
sank at sea England
Calais
• 20 ships were
wrecked off France
Scotland and
Ireland
• Only half the
Armada returned Spain
to Spain
• Cadiz

166. Results of Spanish Armada Defeat
• The decline of Spain as a world
power began.
• Other seafaring nations (England,
France, Holland) began expanding
their overseas colonies and trade
routes (sea lines of communications).
• Pirates and privateers plundered
the Spanish Main.

167. Q. What city was used by the Spanish
Armada to rest and resupply during
the battle?
a. Lisbon
b. Cadiz
c. Dublin
d. Calais

168. Q. What city was used by the Spanish
Armada to rest and resupply during
the battle?
a. Lisbon
b. Cadiz
c. Dublin
d. Calais

169. Colonization Funding
Queen Elizabeth I John Smith
Private groups and individuals who
received charters (licenses) paid for
England’s efforts at colonization.

170. Jamestown, Virginia
The first successful British colony in
North America, 1607
John
Smith

171. Jamestown nearly failed because
most of the settlers were “gentlemen”
who thought they were too good to
work.

172. Later American Colonies
These colonies included Massachusetts,
Pennsylvania, and Maryland started by
groups seeking freedom to practice
their own religion.
The last colony on the East Coast was
Georgia started by volunteers in 1732,
trying to stay out of debtors’ prison.

173. Massachusetts, Maryland,
John Winthrop George Calvert
(1630) (1632)

174. Pennsylvania, Georgia,
William Penn James Oglethorpe
(1682) (1733)

175. English and Dutch Wars
(1652-1674)
First Dutch and English Naval War
Battle of Livorno (1653)

176. English and Dutch Wars
(1652-1674)
Second Dutch and English Naval War
Battle of Lowestoft (1665)

177. English and Dutch Wars
(1652-1674)
Third Dutch and English Naval War
Battle of Kijkdium (1673)

178. English and Dutch Wars
(1652-1674)
England was the winner and gained the
Dutch colony of New Amsterdam which
the English renamed New York.
Dutch
English

179. Q. The ______ were the first to
challenge England after the
defeat of the Spanish Armada.
a. French
b. Dutch
c. Italians
d. Germans

180. Q. The ______ were the first to
challenge England after the
defeat of the Spanish Armada.
a. French
b. Dutch
c. Italians
d. Germans

181. French and English Wars
The English fought a series of wars with
France between 1689 and 1763.
French
English

182. The French were England’s
only serious rival at sea.

183. Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
Known in America as the French and
Indian War.
• England fought land and sea battles
all over the world.
• England gained many new
possessions including Canada.

184. The colonies existed on the East
Coast of North America because
of the sea.

185. Sea’s Influence
The sea provided New England with
some of the world's richest fishing.

186. Sea’s Influence
Virginians used the sea to send large
quantities of tobacco to the Old World.

187. The inland rivers and coastal waters became
highways for products to be moved to larger
coastal communities and then overseas to
England.

188. England’s American colonies were:
• Born of the sea
• Maintained by the sea
• Enriched by the sea

189. Colony Enrichment
American seamen and American-built
ships made up about one-third of the
English merchant marine.

190. With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in
1763, England was supreme. Its navy and
merchant fleets controlled the world’s seas.

191. Q. What was the result of the French
and Indian War in America?

192. Q. What was the result of the French
and Indian War in America?
A. England acquired many new
possessions, mainly Canada,
and its navy and merchant
fleets now controlled the
world's seas.

193. Sea Power and
Early Western Civilization
2500 - 1200 B.C. ~ Crete dominated
Mediterranean
1200 B.C. ~ Trojan War
480 B.C. ~ Battle of Salamis
275 B.C. ~ Rome conquered Italy
31 B.C. ~ Battle of Actium
476 ~ Last Roman emperor
deposed
1095 ~ First Crusade

194. Sea Power and
Early Western Civilization
1492 ~ Columbus discovered
America
1571 ~ Battle of Lepanto
1588 ~ Spanish Armada defeated
1607 ~ Jamestown colony
established
1756-63 ~ French and Indian War

195. What is sea power?

196. What is sea power?
A nation's ability to use the sea
to meet a nation’s needs

197. Sea control means two things.
What are they?

198. Sea control means two things.
What are they?
a. The ability to defend one's
own sea lanes
b. The ability to deny an
enemy the use of the sea in
time of war

199. Who were the first people
known to use sea power?

200. Who were the first people
known to use sea power?
The Cretans

201. Who defeated the Phoenicians
to take control of the sea trade?

202. Who defeated the Phoenicians
to take control of the sea trade?
The Greeks

203. What are galleys?

204. What are galleys?
Small fast fighting ships

205. What war began at Thermoplye
Pass and ended with the defeat
of the Persians at Salamis?

206. What war began at Thermoplye
Pass and ended with the defeat
of the Persians at Salamis?
Greek-Persian conflict

207. What city is considered the
birthplace of democracy?

208. What city is considered the
birthplace of democracy?
Athens

209. Whom did Rome fight in the
Punic Wars?

210. Whom did Rome fight in the
Punic Wars?
Carthage

211. What was the longest period
of peace in world history
called?

212. What was the longest period
of peace in world history
called?
Pax Romana

213. What was the name of the
Eastern Roman Empire, and
where was its capital?

214. What was the name of the
Eastern Roman Empire, and
where was its capital?
a. Byzantine Empire
b. Constantinople

215. What effect did Turkish
control of the Middle East
have on trade?

216. What effect did Turkish
control of the Middle East
have on trade?
It caused seafaring nations to
look for sea routes to the
Orient.

217. Whom did the Christian
forces defeat at the Battle
of Lepanto?

218. Whom did the Christian
forces defeat at the Battle
of Lepanto?
The Ottoman Turks

219. Who were the first to
discover new trade routes to
the Indies and the Orient?

220. Who were the first to
discover new trade routes to
the Indies and the Orient?
The Portuguese

221. How did trade influence the
spread of civilization?

222. How did trade influence the
spread of civilization?
Port cities, colonies, and
trading stations were
established which grew into
new centers of civilization.

223. Before the Age of Discovery,
the wealth of the world was
considered to be limited.
Competition for control of
this wealth was known as
what?

224. Before the Age of Discovery,
the wealth of the world was
considered to be limited.
Competition for control of
this wealth was known as
what?
The Mercantile Theory

225. The shift of wealth and power
in Europe caused the
development of what class
of people?

226. The shift of wealth and power
in Europe caused the
development of what class
of people?
The middle class

227. With what country did
England align itself when
preparing to battle Spain?

228. With what country did
England align itself when
preparing to battle Spain?
France

229. What is a privateer?

230. What is a privateer?
Privately owned ships
commissioned by a
government to fight or harass
enemy ships

231. What were seadogs?

232. What were seadogs?
English privateers

233. King Philip II of Spain fought
the English for two reasons.
What were they?

234. King Philip II of Spain fought
the English for two reasons.
What were they?
a. To stop raids on his ships
and ports by the English
seadogs
b. To bring England back
into the Catholic church

235. In the battle between Spain
and England, what advantage
did the English fleet have?

236. In the battle between Spain
and England, what advantage
did the English fleet have?
The English had an advantage
in maneuverability, clear
decks, and range.

237. Where did England defeat
Spain?

238. Where did England defeat
Spain?
In the English Channel

239. How were England’s colonies
financed?

240. How were England’s colonies
financed?
By private groups who
received charters (licenses)
for that purpose from the
crown

241. Why did the settlement at
Jamestown almost fail?

242. Why did the settlement at
Jamestown almost fail?
Because most of the settlers
were "gentlemen" who
thought they were too good
to work

243. What is another name for the
French and Indian War?

244. What is another name for the
French and Indian War?
The Seven Years’ War