A project report on study on foundry industry belgaum

Slno. Content Page no.

1. Overview of Foundry Industry 2
2. An introduction to Sujay Enterprise 7
3. Foundry Industry Process 9
4. Facilities available with Sujay Enterprises 10
5. Clients OF Sujay Enterprises 16
6. Background of the Entrepreneur 18
7. Entrepreneurial Competencies 21
8. Milestones of Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti 24
10. Project Formulation 26
11. Financing of Enterprises 33
12. Establishing the Enterprise 37
13. Future plans of Sujay Enterprises 39

14. Role of Entrepreneurship
in Economic Development 40
15. Recurring problems of Entrepreneurship 41
16. Dairy Farming 44

Study on Foundry Industry, Belgaum

Overview of Foundry Industry

The Indian Foundry Industry occupies a special place in shaping the country’s economy. India is
currently among the 10 largest producers of ferrous and non-ferrous castings and has over 6500
foundries in the small, medium, and large scale sectors. And is the fifth largest producer in terms
of total casting production in the world, after US, China, Russia, and Germany. Approximately
90% are in the small scale. India exports annually above Rs.700/- crores worth of castings to
countries like USA, U.K., Canada, Germany etc.

Foundry Industry in figures

Production 3 millions tonnes
Grey Iron castings 2.36 million tonnes
Steel castings 400 000 tonnes
Malleable ans SG Iron 268 000 tonnes
non ferrous castings 20 000 tonnes

5th producer in the world
Number of plants 5000 (estimated)
500 medium to large scale

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Modernisation:

Basic technologies have not undergone much change but the emphasis has changed. The world
has become more environmentally conscious and technologies have to conform to more and
more stringent environment norms. The U.S. foundry population has declined by about one-third
over the last 20 years largely due to the cost of legislative compliance. This has given the Indian
producers a good opportunity for export market. But then a reemergence in the developed world
would be with cleaner technology. A study conducted by EXIM bank has shown that in the last
10 years the exports of castings from India have increased seven-fold.

However, there is a still lot need to be done. Even with these improvements the export of
castings from India amounted to only one percent of the world requirement. In the near future
there will be ample scope for the Indian foundry Industry to forge strategic alliances with their
counterparts in the developed countries which are on the verge of closure primarily due to three
major reasons: waste disposal and highly stringent pollution control regulations, high manpower
costs, and acute shortage of trained personnel to work in foundries. This is where Indian
foundries can make their presence felt in the international market by approaching foreign
foundries to source castings from India at more economical prices and thus enhance their market
share. In order to do this, Indian foundries have to equip themselves with the latest technologies
such as Automation, Casting Simulation etc. Indian foundry industries can not afford to ignore
environmental implications which will also become stringent in terms of implementation of
compliance. The industries also have to strive to adopt ecofriendly technologies.

With the Indian government taking the path of de-regulation, open economy & globalization,
many new green field foundries were set up, with modern equipment like High pressure molding
technology, automatic sand plant and latest in NDT like spectrometer, magnetic particle testing,
ultrasonic & X-ray examination.



Entry of many multinational units post 1992 particularly in automotive sector helped the shift
from small scale single owner driven foundry to medium / large sector with professionals
inducted even at departmental levels like molding, & methoding, melting, production etc.
Assimilation of modern technology like simulation software, 3-D modeling of the drawing, use
of computers in solidification simulation, has brought the Industry at par with the best in the
world. Due to the intrinsic better understanding of the drawings, modern equipment, lower labor
costs etc, has made the Indian Casting Industry globally competitive.

Competitiveness of Indian Foundries

After the initial phase of increases in installed capacity, due to domestic recession which lasted
almost till 2001-2002, came the period of shake out, with weaker units either folding up or
getting merged with the stronger players. Now, since the domestic demand has picked up since
last 6 months, the better units are now working almost to 85-90% of installed capacity. This lean
period forced the better foundries to downsize, and increase the productivity, to fight the
diminishing margins. This has made those who survived a fitter & stronger foundry highly
competitive in the world market.

Unlike the Chinese growth in export markets (which in volume / tonnage terms is far greater than
the Indian one), Indian export growth has come in high end cast products, higher technology &
complicated shaped castings, serving the Industries like auto components, pump & valve
Industry, mining & minerals & earthmoving machinery etc.

India has perhaps the largest pool of engineering manpower, with 95% able to speak &
understand English, offshore product development activity is possible. With about 4-5 hours of
time zone difference actually helps in working virtually in real-time. With very low machining
costs, (and matching facilities like heat treatment, plating and painting operations) India is fast
emerging as a hub for purchase of ready to use components (instead of mere casting) or at least a
semi-finished component, with only finishing operations done in Europe.



Additional area where Indian foundry Industry has made a mark is in the area of value
engineering, and cost reduction, like conversion from Steel casting to ductile SG Iron casting,
from Malleable iron casting to ductile iron casting, from forging to casting etc.
In the last few years, large MNCs like GM, Ford, DaimlerCrysler GE Cummins, Caterpillar etc
have opened their international sourcing & strategic buying offices in India to take the advantage
of lower cost, good quality castings from India.
With the entry of multiple auto companies since then, the Industry has modernized itself, with
forging press as the main equipment. Steam hammers have given way to pneumatic & hydraulic
powered hammers, allowing closer tolerance control in hot forged condition, reducing the cut
weight of the job, and reducing the component cost.
This was supplemented through the latest in tooling technology through Japanese collaborations /
outright purchase of technology, making Indian forgings at par in quality with the latest
European technology. This was also supplemented through establishment of cold forging and
warm forging units, for very close dimensional control, catering to a niche area of precision
forging used mainly in automotive field.
.



An Introduction

Sujay Enterprises is involved for the manufacturing and supplying of castings of Cast and S. G.
Iron to automobile and allied industries The company was incorporated in the year 1982 by
Mr.Chandrashekhar Iti, The company exists for 23 years and has full infrastructure to
manufacture Graded C.I. Casting & S.G (Internationally known as Ductile Iron) Iron Casting
along with satisfactory machining setup and have latest testing facilities in laboratory. Today the
company is engaged in the manufacturing of all grades of Gray Iron Casting & S.G. Iron Casting
to the entire satisfaction of their valued customers. The company is equipped with all the latest
equipments and such highly qualified technical personnel whose performance are backed by their
years of rich experience.

Vision Statement

To be the foundry of choice within the industry. Be efficient, therefore
profitable for our customers & meet or exceed all their expectations, so
as to foster an atmosphere of employee pride and mutual respect
Mission Statement

Our goal is to meet our customer's requirements by delivering high quality,
competitively priced products, on time with excellent service so as to give
them a superior part for the best value.

Statement of Values

• Concern for the well-being and security of employees.

• Produce the highest quality product and provide the best customer service.

• Continue our tradition of strong customer and supplier relationships.



• Maintain a strong financial base and continue to reinvest profits in our Company.

Sujay Enterprises always satisfies their customers by supplying quality castings.

• Good Surface Finish

• Accurate shape and dimensional control

• Freedom from defects

• Metallurgical control (Hardness, micro structure)

Group Companies
1. Associated Castings & Components
2. Airotek Pollu Control Projects & Equipments.
3. Airotek Private Limited
4. Airo Sales & Services
5. S-tec Systems (I) Pvt. Ltd.
6. Refricon Magic Systems

Range of Casting Products
Sujay Enterprises is serving a broad industrial base with their casting products, which are the part
of a wide range of most of the well-established engineering brands. We manufacture components
for Hydraulic mechanism for tractors; Water pump and oil pump body for trucks; Clutches &
pressure plates, brake drum insert ring and covers for two wheelers; Cylinder head piston and
valve plate for compressors; Castings components for weighing scales, etc Castings are produced
to IS, BS, DIN, AFNOR, EN, ASTM, UNI and other international standards. The castings is
offered in a weight range of 50 grams to 90 kilograms per piece and is supplied in machined,
semi machined and as cast condition with surface treatment as per customer's need.



Foundry Production Process



Facilities available with Sujay Enterprises

Melting Shop

• Cupola furnace 36'' diameter for duplexing

• Pouring Trolley with laddle

• Electric hoist, 2 ton capacity

Moulding Shop

• Moulding Machines

• Sand Mullers & Mixture

• Sand Grinding Machines

• Sand Testing Equipment

• Compressor Set

Core Shop

• Shell Moulding Machine

• Shell Core Shooter

• Electric Core Room

• Compressor Set

Grey Cast Iron Products: -

Grey Cast Iron Castings & Components are manufactured up to a tensile strength of 300 N/mm2

Housings Brackets
Chain Sprockets Impellors
Adaptors Water Pump & Oil Pump Bodies
Trolley Wheels Roller Wheels


Brake Drums. Manual & Hydraulic Jacks

Foundry Division: -

The foundry has a capacity of producing 4000 MT of castings annually. In a molding area of
3100 meters2 (33790 feet2), molding is done on Jolt & Squeeze machines & manually. Mould
box size is up to 600 x 600 mm. Intricate inner profiles of casting are managed on Hot Box shell
cores. One 32 inches diameter cupola is used for melting the metal. Sand regeneration is through
a semi- automatic process involving sand handling up to molding machines, knock out, sieving,
magnetic separation and then sand mixing for green sand molding.The chemistry, microstructure
and temperature of the melt are controlled to desired level by the use of instant Carbon Silicon
Analyzer .The product quality is systematically controlled right from Raw Material input stage to
the final finished product stage.

Machining Division: -

Initially castings are pre machined on conventional machine tools. Finish turning operations for a
maximum turning dia of 350 mm are done on Lathe Machines to achieve higher dimensional
accuracies up to 20 microns and surface finish up to 1.6  Ra.Complete geometrical parameters
are controlled to the desired specifications. Milling, boring, Multiple drilling, reaming and
tapping operations are done on vertical machining center with a capacity 760 x 510 x 510 mm.
Broaching and Honing operations are done on conventional machine tools.



Testing Facilities:

BRINELL HARDNESS TESTER

Beginning with drawing study, methoding on
computer software, sand testing for cores and
moulds, chemistry and microstructure control
of melt through online analyzer, finished
products are checked as per laid down
systems and procedures for hardness,
microstructure, tensile, elongation and
compressive strength.

MICROSTRUCTURE ANALYSIS & UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE



Chemical & metallurgical analysis is further
carried out to ensure that the product quality
conforms to the customer's
requirement. CAD/CAM facilities are used to
manufacture components requiring reverse
engineering.

ULTRASONIC THICKNESS TESTING

Fully equipped in house Standards Room with
complete methodology and qualified personnel
are available to ensure high integrity of the
quality delivery systems and procedures.
Calibration & Validation Systems are in place
for various instruments, gauges and jigs &
Fixtures.
Foundry Division: -

Core Making



Moulding Conveyor &Knock Out System



Machining Division: -

Housings Brackets



Impellors Adaptors

Chain Sprockets Water Pump Bodies

SATISFIED REPUTED CLIENTS OF SUJAY ENTERPRISES



INTRODUCTION

Definition of an Entrepreneur:



Entrepreneur is an individual who starts his/her own business. He a person who assumes the risk
to start a business with the idea of making a profit.

Entrepreneur is one who recognizes opportunities and organizes resources to take advantage of
the opportunity.

Entrepreneurship:

Entrepreneurship is a process through which individuals and groups pursue opportunity, leverage
resources, and initiate change to create value. Thus, an entrepreneur is one who creates and
manages change by pursuing opportunity, acting with passion for a purpose, living proactively,
and leveraging resources to create value.

Background of the Entrepreneur

Mr.Chandrashekhar Iti born on 25th May 1953 in a village called Biranagaddi in Gokak Taluk is
one among the successful entrepreneurs in Belgaum District.

He completed his primary education in Biranagaddi and his graduation (B.A) in Gokak.


He lost at a very young age and thus had no support to go for further studies.

He completed his graduation in the year 1974 and started looking for job. On 12 th December
1974, he joined DURGA AUTO SERVICES at Belgaum as a petrol boy under the management
of Mr.Parulekar (Proprietor). He was paid Rs.100 per month. He went under quality service
training for a week and used to serve the customers to the best.

One fine day, a gentleman Mr.Ashok Kamat drove in his car to the petrol pump. The hard work
and good service of Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti inspired him, and he enquired about his
qualification. After knowing that Mr.Chandrashekhar Iti is a BA graduate, he immediately
offered him an administrative job in his factory, ALLIED FOUNDARIES.Thus, after completing
one and a half years in DURGA AUTO SERVICES, he joined ALLIED FOUNDARIES and was
earning Rs. 125 per month.

Since, he was earning Rs. 125, it was not sufficient for his livelihood. So, he started a part time
job as a paperboy. He delivered newspapers and Milk door to door early in the morning and rest
of the day worked in ALLIED FOUNDARIES.

Later, in 1976-1977, he went to Dhamne ,a small village about 12kms from Belgaum.He stayed
in the house of Mr.Yellappa Balikundri and taught tuitions to the children of Balikundri family
and traveled to Belgaum daily to work in the foundry (ALLIED FOUNDARIES).

In the year 1978, he got married to Mrs.Vidya Iti.She was a teacher by profession and both of
them started earning to live their life.

In the year 1982, he decided to start his own enterprise with full support and cooperation of his
wife. He took loan of Rs.16, 000 from K.S.F.C and started his own business with a single lathe
machine in a small rented shed .He worked for ALLIED FOUNDARIES for the whole day and
worked alone in his enterprise from evening to late mid night. Thus, he day and night with lost of
dedication and determination.



In the year 1984, there was government self employment scheme which provided loan up to
Rs.25, 000 with low rate of interest for the people who desire to start their own enterprises or to
become entrepreneurs. With this amount, he installed another lathe machine and a drilling
machine. This was the first step of his business expansion.

In the year 1985,he went to Pune in search for his potential customers for his business. He met a
generous person Mr.T.P.Vartak in Pune who offered him lift in his vehicle. He asked
Mr.Chandrashekhar Iti about his profession and realized that Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti could be a
good supplier of raw materials .He immediately took Mr.Chandrashekhar Iti to his factory named
LAKEZONE.His company was in need of winding machine spares and thus, provided a good
opportunity to Mr.Chandrashekhar Iti by placing a bulk order of winding machine spares within
eight days of time.

Mr.Chandrashekhar Iti worked day and night and supplied the required quantity & quality
winding machine spares to Mr.T.P.Vartak within eight days. Mr.T.P.Vartak was inspired by the
work of Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti and placed regular orders, which helped Mr. Chandrashekhar
Iti’s business, run in full swing.

In the year 1987, due to change in government policies LAKEZONE Company had to windup.
Thus, Sujay Enterprise lost potential customer and the payments were held for a year. This year
it was a great loss and completely a slack season for Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti.

In the year 1988, there was a flow of bulk orders from many companies such as Kirloskar Oil
Engines, Kirloskar Filters and Star Volkman Company etc.This year was again a boom to Sujay
Enterprises.



In the year 1991, Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti went for further expansion of Sujay Enterprises by
installing two more lathe machines, two more drilling machines and a milling machine.

In the year 1994, he set up his own foundry by taking a loan of Rs.3, 84,000 which was the
highest loan he had ever made.

Thus, in the subsequent years, Sujay Enterprises is providing quality and quantity assurance its
customers. Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti cleared all his loans and debts year after year by working
hard with complete dedication to his work and determination to achieve goals.

Entrepreneurial Competencies

The underlying characteristics possessed by an entrepreneur, which result in superior
performance, are called entrepreneurial competencies.

Competencies possessed by Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti



The competencies listed below are identified during the course of study through interaction with
the entrepreneur.
These competencies are explained with real facts in the life of Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti
as examples.

1. Initiative
Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti himself took his decision to launch his enterprise in the
year 1982 with a single lathe machine.

2. Seeking and Acting on Opportunities
He always seeks for opportunities and acts accordingly as it happened in the
year 1984 when the government provided an opportunity to expand his
enterprise by installing another lathe machine

3. Persistence
Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti was persistent as it is seen in the year 1987 ,his
business was completely shattered ,when he lost a major contract with a Pune
based LAKEZONE Company and his payments were held for more than a year.
He never lost hopes after this tragedy, instead he was confident enough to
recover his losses and he proved it within the next two years when he got
orders from many reputed companies.

4. Information Seeker
Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti is a good information seeker. Though he is an arts
graduate, he has a lot of knowledge and information about machinery.
It was when he was working for ALLIED FOUNDARIES as a supervisor he
collected every bit of information about the business, machinery and even
learnt different skills.Mr.Ashok Kamat ,Director ALLIED FOUNDARIES
has been a potential source of information to Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti.

5. Quality Conscious



Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti is very quality conscious .He never compromises
quality with price. Because of his quality products and service, reputed
companies like Kirloskar Oil Engines, Kirloskar Filters, LAKEZONE
Equipments, Nexus Engines, Airotech, etc. are his prominent customers.

6. Commitment towards Work
Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti does every sacrifice to get the task completed. It was in
the year 1985 when Mr. T.P.Vartak, Proprietor, LAKEZONE Company of
Pune placed an order to supply winding machine spares within eight days.
Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti himself along with his employees worked day and
night, and supplied the winding machine spares to Mr. T.P.Vartak within eight
days.

7. Efficiency Oriented
Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti makes always-tenacious efforts to get the task
completed within minimum cost and time. He and his son (Mr.Sujay Iti) work
along with their employees to bring out the required efficiency.

8. Good Planner
Mr. Chandrashekhar formulates realistic and proper plans, and then executes
the plans rigorously to accomplish the task. Whenever he receives certain
orders ,he estimates the cost of production ,time required, combination of raw
materials available ,and then goes in for manufacturing the ordered quantity.

9. Problem Solver
Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti always tries to find out ways and means to tide over
the difficulties. Whenever he faces problems he consults his role model,
Mr.Ashok Kamat, he interacts with his employees, he consults other experts
and applies best solution to his problems.

10. Self Confidence
Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti is a strong believer in his strength and abilities.



Before he used to purchase castings from others, and then manufacture the
products. In the year 1994,with full confidence, he installed his own foundry
and produced his own castings instead of purchasing from outsiders.

Milestones of Mr. Chandrashekhar Iti

1974 - Completed his graduation as Bachelor of Arts from Karnatak University, Dharwad.

1974 – Was employed as a petrol boy in DURGA AUTO SERVICES, Belgaum.

1978 - He was married to Mrs.Vidya Chandrashekhar Iti

1982 – Established his own enterprise with a lathe machine.



1984 – First step of business expansion by installing two more lathe machines, two
drilling machines.

1985 – Obtained a major supplying contract with LAKEZONE Company of Pune.

1991 - Further expansion of his enterprise by installing two more lathe machines, two
more drilling machines and a milling machine.

1994 – He set up his own foundry.

How to Identify & Select Goods Business Opportunities

Factors to be considered while identifying and selecting a business opportunity.
• Educational Qualification.
• Work experiences in and/or exposure to any industry or business.
• Financial resources.
• Technical skills.
• Preferences for particular industrial sector or sub-sector.
• Expectations about returns from the business.
• Reasons for setting up an enterprise.
• Attitude to a particular industry.


How Mr Chandrashekar identified & selected this particulars business

Mr Chandrashekar worked for Allied Foundries for more than five years. He had enough
knowledge about the complete in and out of the business, he had learnt technical skills, and he
had a lot of support from his co-workers who helped him start his enterprise. Mr Chandrashekar
follows the footsteps od Mr Ashok Kamat Prop. Allied Foundries as his role model. Mr Ashok
Kamat helped Mr Chandrashekar in building contacts with customers and suppliers of raw
material.

Thus it is the work experience in Allied foundaries Technical skills , contact in industry and
financial sector and the sincere help from his co-workes and Mr Ashok Kamat made Mr
Chandrashekar to identify & select this particular business.

Project Formulation

The first step of an entrepreneur to establish an enterprise is to formulate a project report. A
report or business plan is a written statement of what an entrepreneur proposes to take up. It is a
kind of guide frost or course of action what the entrepreneur hopes to achieve in his business and
how’s he going to achieve.

Contents of Project Report.

• General Information on product profile and product details.
• Promoter : His/her Qualification, work experience, project related experience.
• Location of the project, lease or free hold , location advantage.
• Land & Building.



• Plant & Machinery details .
• Description of production process.
• Utilities & sources of utilities like water, power, steam etc.
• Transport & Communication.
• Raw Material details.
• Man power Requirements.
• Market Analysis.
• Requirements of working capital.
• Requirements of funds.
• B.E.P.
• Schedule of Implementation.

Preliminary Project Report Perfoma.

1.0 General
Name of Entreprenuer____________________________________________
Date of Birth________________ Age ________
Project ________________________________________________________
Location _______________________________________________________
Type of organization______________________________________________
Name of firm ___________________________________________________
Address ________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________



1.1 Educational Qualification:

Qualification Institute Major Sub. Yr of passing
SSLC,or below
Degree/Diploma

1.2 Special Traning

Training in Institute Duration Achievements

1.3 Work Experiences

Organisation Position Nature of work Duration

2.0 Details of Proposal Project ( Manufacturing/servicing )

2.1 Machinery/ Equipment

S.no Description Qty price Total Name & Address of
required Value suppliers
1.
2.
3.
Total



2.2 Production Programme

S.no Item/Product Total Qty per Sale Revenue per Capacity
yr year Utilization
1.
2.
3.
Total

2.3 Raw Materials

S.no Items Total Annual Requirement Source
Quantity Value (rs)
1.
2.
3.
Total

2.4 Utilities

S.no Particulars Annual Total Annual Remarks
Requirement Exp. (Rs)
1. Electricity
2. Water
3. Coal/Oil
4. Any other
Total

2.5 Man Power

S.no Particulars No Total wages & Remarks
salary (rs/yr)



1. Skilled
2. Semiskilled
3. Unskilled
4. Office Staff
Total

3.0 Cost of the Project
3.1 Fixed Capital

S.no Items Value
1. Land & Building
2. Machinery/Equipment
3. Furniture & Fixtures
Total

3.2 Working Capital

S.no Items Duration Quality Value ( Rs )
1. Raw material stock
2. Semi-finished goods stock
3. Finished goods stock
4. One month production exp.
Total

3.3 Total Cost of Project

S.no Particulars Value
1. Fixed capital
2. Working Capital
3. Preliminary & pre-operative exp.
Total



3.4 Means of Finance

S.no Particulars Value ( Rs ) Value ( Rs )
1. Term loan
2. Working capital loan
3. Own Investment
4. Subsidy
Total

3.5 Project Profitability Analysis

S.no Description Value
1. Sales revenue
2. Manufacturing Expenses
(2.3+2.4+2.5)
3. Selling & Distribution exp.
4. Administrative exp.
5. Interest
6. Depreciation
7. Gross Profit
8. Income Tax
9. Net profit
Total

4.0 Supplementary Details
4.1 Do you own house / property, etc
4.2 Own Insurances policy
4.3 Any Interest in other firms
4.4 You belong to SC/ST/ OBC/General
4.5 Present Monthiy Income ( Rs )

5.0 References



S.no Name Address Occupation

Date
Place

Signature

Financing of Enterprises



Having prepared the project report, the time comes when the entrepreneur needs to decide on the
need for and sources of finance as per his/her prosecutions made in the project report.

Finance is one of the important prerequisites to start an enterprise. In fact, it is the availability of
finance that facilitates an entrepreneur to bring together land, labour, machinery and raw material
to combine them to produce goods.

The various sources from which an enterprise can raise to required funds could broadly be
classified in to two sources these are:

1. Internal Sources.
2. External Sources.

1. Internal Sources
Internal sources of funds include the following:
- Own savings and investments
- Personal loans from provident fund (pf) / Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) / Co-
operative Bank etc.
- Personal Borrowings from relatives and friends.
- Money raised through mortgage of personal assets like shares, land, buildings etc.
- Profit earned or transferred from existing business/ Investment or trade.

2. External Sources
External sources of funds include the following:



- Terms loan / Long-term loan.
- Short-term loan.
- Plant Leasing
- Hire purchase
- Working capital loan.

Sources from which Mr. Chandrashekar raised the required funds to establish his enterprise
In the year 1982 when Mr. Chandrashekar established his enterprise with a single leath
machine, he had personal savings of Rs. 4,000/- and obtained loan from KSFC of Rs.
16,000/-.



Problems faced by Mr. Chandrashekar to raise funds for his
enterprise
In the year 1982 Mr. Chandrashekar had a personal savings of Rs. 4,000/- only. So he had to
borrow amount of Rs. 16,000/- from others sources. He applied for loan at KSFC but could not
get the loan since loan was provided to people who were Government employees or income tax
payer or one who had a guarantee of a well-known person.

Mr. Chandrashekar was neither a Government employee nor an income tax payer nor he had any
person for guarantee. In such a harsh position he approached his friend Mr. Daulat Kangralkar to
be guarantee. Mr. Daulat Kangralkar was confident on Mr. Chandrashekar’s ability to repay the
loan and immediately helped Mr. Chandrashekar to avail the loan from KSFC.

Mr. Chandrashekar made proper use of the funds establish his enterprise and repay the loan
within the specified time to KSFC.

Legal Formalities



Before an entrepreneur establishes his enterprise, he has to undergo certain legal formality as
such.

- An entrepreneur should avail corporation license from Municipal Corporation.

- An entrepreneur should avail provisional certificate from District Industrial Center (DIC).

- An entrepreneur should apply for electricity sanction from KPTCL.

- An entrepreneur should go in for sales tax registration.

- An entrepreneur should have ‘No objection certificate’ (NOC) from the pollution
control board.

Establishing the Enterprise
An entrepreneur should consider the following important steps in establishing an enterprise.


1. Select the right location for the enterprise.

An entrepreneur before selecting a location for the project one must weigh its advantages and
disadvantages in relation to the project. By doing so one can avoid future problems.

2. Selection the right infrastructure.

Entrepreneurs need appropriate and adequate infrastructure facilities to run their enterprises
smoothly. These include land, building, utilities like power and water, transportation,
communication facilities, local taxes, zoning restrictions etc.

3. Buying Machinery.

For purchasing machinery certain guidelines should be followed like analyzing the specifications
of machinery (technical specifications), approach only established manufacturers whose brand
names have a reputation in the market, go through various option of machinery minutely,
including technical specifications details of taxes, cost of transport, forwarding, installation, etc.,
and even check the resale value of the machinery.

4. Sources & Evaluation of raw materials.

An entrepreneur should identify all types of sources of raw materials, select the best raw material
suppliers by evaluating the price discounts, duality, transportation costs, time of delivery, mode
of payments, credit terms etc.

5. Recruitment, selection & training of personnel.



There is a growing realization of the urgent necessity of specialized manpower stills for industry
and that success or failure of a business firm is largely dependence upon its human resources,
which constitute one of its most important aspects. Hence, proper attention has to be given to
manpower planning recruitment, selection and training by an entrepreneur.

6. Marketing Management.

The entrepreneur reaches to the stage when production has to start. Before any produce is offered
for sale to market, several decisions need to be taken in regard to its marketing for example the
price of the product has to be determined, the methods of marketing has to be identified and the
channels of distribution have to be worked out. Marketing encompasses different activities like
research, planning, branding, pricing, distribution, selling, packing, merchandizing, warehousing,
after sales service, sales promotion, advertising, credit policy etc.



Future plans of Sujay Enterprises

Mr. Chandrashekar has future plans for his enterprises and as well for his business
diversification.
- Mr. Chandrashekar is planning to start automobile casting and shell moulding casting due
to existing demand. He is facing certain technical difficulties to implement Automobile & shell
moulding casting and he is working different strategies to over come these technical
difficulties.
- Mr. Chandrashekar has plans to diversify in to plantation and milk dairy in the coming
years. He has already owned a piece of land for plantation and even has a preliminary
knowledge of milk dairy since he keeps himself busy with his work he has not been able to
concentrate much on diversification, but sooner or later Mr. Chandrashekar will start his own
plantation & a milk dairy.



Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development

1. Entrepreneurship promotes capital formation by mobilizing the idle savings of the public.

2. It provides immediate large-scale employment. Thus, it helps reduce the unemployment
problem in the country.

3. It promotes balanced regional development.

4. It helps reduce the concentration of economic power.

5. It stimulates the equitable redistribution of wealth, income and even political power in the
interest of the country.

6. It encourages effective resource mobilization of capital and skill, which might otherwise
remain unutilized.

7. It also induces backward and forward linkages, which stimulate the process of economic
development in the country.

8. Last but not the least, it also promotes country’s export trade i.e. an important ingredient
to economic development.



Recurring problems of Entrepreneurship

1. Today’s entrepreneurs are falling short of trained and skilled laborers. Entrepreneurs are
even facing a lot of labour turnover because of competitor policies.
2. Frequent power failure is hampering the smooth running of the business.
3. Financial institutes don’t provide immediate loans to meet emergencies.
4. Large-scale industries are dominating over small-scale industries run by entrepreneurs.
5. There are no technical training centers for unskilled entrepreneurs.
6. There is no parental industry near by Belgaum city, thus Entrepreneurs running ancillary
industries are dependent on the parental industries based in Pune bearing a lot of
transportation costs.
7. Pollution control boards often harass entrepreneurs running small-scale industries.
8. Entrepreneurs find it hard to obtain a corporation license, sales tax registration, building
permissions, FWM and KPTCL permissions, etc due to severe corruption.
9. Small-scale units particularly in Belgaum have been completely neglected by the
Government due to border disputes between Karnataka and Maharashtra.



Charms of being an Entrepreneur

1. An Entrepreneur is an independent being. Entrepreneurship provides an opportunity for
self-expression and the realization of one’s passion for doing something new and
different.

2. There are numerous opportunities for self-development.

3. An Entrepreneur can make his/her own decisions.

4. Monetary rewards can be more commensurate with ones capacity and capabilities.

5. An Entrepreneur with generates employment for others.

6. An Entrepreneur fulfills and realizes goals both individual as well as that of the society.



Tips on being a successful Entrepreneur

1. Do not start an Enterprise without acquiring all the required knowledge about it.
2. Do not expect early and easy returns from your enterprise.
3. Be prepared for delegation whenever needed
4. Take calculated and moderate risks in the start.
5. Be a systematic planner.
6. Manage time effectively for maximum utilization.
7. Do not avoid problems anticipate them and try to solve them.
8. Be cost and quality conscious.
9. Upgrade continuously about your competitors.
10. Be assertive, direct and honest. Have commitment to work.
11. Do not hesitate to consult experts when in need.
12. Take decisions after evaluating and weighing all the implications.



DAIRY FARMING

MILK IS HEALTH – HEALTH IS WEALTH

About 70% of India's population is living in villages and majority of them are engaged in
agriculture and allied activities. With the green revolution in early 70s, the country became
surplus in food grain production. Northern belt of India comprising of Punjab, Haryana, U.P. and
Rajasthan has immensely benefited by the green revolution. However, due to excessive use of
fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides and over exploitation of ground water resources, per acre
productivity is coming down every year. As a result, crop farming is no more economical.
Therefore, in the present circumstances, it has become imperative to find out alternative avenues
to boost the net income of farmers/villagers.

Dairying plays a dynamic role in India's agro based economy. Our country's Dairy Industry is
one of the fastest expanding in the world. Ten years ago only 5% of the milk produced came into
the dairies. Today, it is 10%, and this figure will keep increasing. Today India ranks second only
to the US in terms of milk production and it is expected that at the present rate of growth, it will
soon overtake the US.

According to a recent report prepared by the Ministry of Agriculture, the dairy industry has the
potential to offer about 4.2 crore jobs a year. Today there are barely 50,000 - 60,000 trained
professionals in this field. Given the proper thrust, dairying could in the years ahead, become one
of the largest business sectors of the economy, even overtaking the industrial sector.

Why do Dairy Farming?

Dairying is an important source of subsidiary income to small/marginal farmers and agricultural
labourers. The manure from animals provides a good source of organic matter for improving soil
fertility and crop yields. The gober gas from the dung is used as fuel for domestic purposes as
also for running engines for drawing water from well. The surplus fodder and agricultural by-
products are gainfully utilized for feeding the animals. Almost all-draught power for farm
operations and transportation is supplied by bullocks. Since agriculture is mostly seasonal, there
is a possibility of finding employment throughout the year for many persons through dairy
farming. Thus, dairy also provides employment throughout the year. The main beneficiaries of
dairy programmes are small/marginal farmers and landless labourers. A farmer can earn a gross



surplus of about Rs. 12,000 per year from a unit consisting of 2 milking buffaloes. The capital
investment required for purchase of 2 buffaloes is Rs. 18,223/-. Even after paying a sum of Rs.
4294/- per annum towards repayment of the loan and interest the farmer can earn a net surplus of
Rs. 6000 - 9000/- approximately per year. Even more profits can be earned depending upon the
breed of animal, managerial skills and marketing potential.

According to World Bank estimates about 75 per cent of India's 940 million people are in 5.87
million villages, cultivating over 145 million hectares of cropland. Average farm size is about
1.66 hectares. Among 70 million rural households, 42 per cent operate up to 2 hectares and 37
per cent are landless households. These landless and small farmers have in their possession 53
per cent of the animals and produce 51 per cent of the milk. Thus, small/marginal farmers and
land less agricultural labourers play a very important role in milk production of the country.
Dairy farming can also be taken up as a main occupation around big urban centers where the
demand for milk is high.

Scope for Dairy Farming and its National Importance.

The total milk production in the country for the year 1996-97 was estimated at 68.6 million
metric tonnes. At this production, the per capita availability was to be 201 grams per day against
the minimum requirement of 250 grams per day as recommended by ICMR. Thus, there is a
tremendous scope/potential for increasing the milk production. The population of breeding cows
and buffaloes in milk over 3 years of age was 62.6 million and 42.4 million, respectively (1992
census)

Central and State Governments are giving considerable financial assistance for creating
infrastructure facilities for milk production. The eighth plan outlay on Animal Husbandry and
Dairying was Rs. 1300 crores. During the VIII plan (92-93 to 96-97) average growth of 3.7%
p.a. was envisaged in milk production.

Market size and opportunities



Market size for milk (sold in loose/ packaged form) is estimated to be 36mn MT valued at Rs.
470 bn. The market is currently growing at round 4% p.a. in volume terms. The milk surplus
slates in India are Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashira, Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The manufacturing of milk products is concentrated in
these milk surplus States, The top 6 stales viz. Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat together account for 58% of national production. About 75%
of milk is consumed at the household level which is not a part of commercial dairy industry.
Loose milk has a larger market in India as it is perceived to be fresh by most consumers. In
reality, however, ii poses a higher risk of adulteration and contamination. Over the past 35 years,
dairy farming has grown from this largely unorganized - if complex - activity, into a vast
organized industry, that encompasses not only increased production of milk and milk products,
but also the breeding of higher yielding cattle, and the scientific rearing of cattle and production
of cattle feeds. This has proportionately increased the demand for trained manpower in this
sector. The liberalization of the Indian economy has created a rethinking on public policy
strategies regarding food security and food self-sufficiency. It would appear that a rapidly
modernizing and internationalizing India would direct its productive resources into areas where it
has greater competitive and comparative advantages. There is evidence that these policy changes
are already underway. The dairy industry has been deregulated and this has resulted in greater
private sector participation. It seems inevitable that further reduction of barriers to market entry
would ensue. Therefore, India seems 10 offer excellent medium-term opportunities for
international dairy marketers.

If the advertisements are to be believed and it really takes one glass of milk to produce one slice
of cheese, one can only imagine how many glasses of milk are needed, not only to provide the
thousands of slices of cheese that are being readily gobbled up by India's yuppy children, but
also for regular consumption and alt the other milk derived goodies. The demand for milk is
tremendous, and is growing not only in cities but also in small towns and rural areas.

Dairy farming is a safe business for the following reasons:



• It is eco-friendly and does not cause environmental pollution as compared to other
industries

• Requirement of skilled labour is relatively.

• Dairy product market is active round the year.

• Minimum investment on inventory. (No need to stock raw materials in huge quantities.)

• Entire establishment can be shifted to a new location (if need arises c e fire, floods etc.)

• One can insure animals.

• Less energy requirement. Biogas plant fed with cow dung can supply maximum energy to
meet day to day requirement of farms. Decomposed slurry of such plant can also be
effectively used as organic manure.

How to start a dairy farming unit

• One needs to decide first on the aims and objective of the farm. Every year there should
be a progressive aim for breeding (including number of animals to be maintained) and
production.

• You can visit dairy farms that run on commercial basis and have a discussion with
experienced farm owners, analyze every event logically and, if needed, consult with local
Veterinarians for more information.

• If you plan to manage the farm on your own, look for opportunities to work for an
existing farm for a minimum period of six months.

• Develop interest and study feed and fodder market in your region, its difficulties in
relation to seasons.

• Manage a good team of labourers. You need to choose hardworking, reliable persons
preferably with some experience. You can also train them for specific jobs.

• Visit the cattle market occasionally. Observe animals on sale and talk with persons
engaged with purchasing of animals.



• Read magazines on dairy industry and keep yourself informed.

Middle class health-conscious Indian families prefer low fat milk for consumption as liquid milk.
Therefore, a commercial farm of mixed type (Cross breed cows and buffaloes kept in separate
rows under one shed) should be prefered. Thorough study of the immediate market for marketing
of milk should be made. You can mix milk from both type of animals and sell as per the need of
the market. Hotels and some general customers (can be around 30%) prefer pure buffalo milk.
Hospitals, sanitariums etc. prefer cow's milk.

Infrastructure and manpower requirements
Building a dairy farm involves infrastructures like barns, sheds and stores for teed and
medication. Cattle sheds not only facilitate livestock management but they also provide shade
from rain and sun, providing a condusive environment for hygenic milk production. The sheds
should also have facilities for watering and feeding the livestock. Detailed attention is required in
the selection and construction of the cattle sheds and barns to facilitate:-

• Health and comfort of the livestock

• Security for the livestock

• Effective management

• Avoid pollution and other disturbances

• Production of quality, hygenic and fresh milk

Important factors to be considered in the infrastructure construction like cattle sheds: -

• Supporting beams and building materials should be erect, strong and safe

• Sheds should have good ventilation and maintain a cool environment in the building
despite the hot tropical conditions. Roof-top water sprinklers may assist cooling.

• Roofs should be sloped so as not to trap rain-water. Zinc and asbestos may be used due to
their durability and should exceed 3.5 meters in height to facilitate ventilation.

• Shed/barn flooring should be concrete, non-slippery, easy to clean and rapidly dried with
a slight slope to the drains. Floors should be at least 10cm thick. Perimeter drains with



3cm: 1 meter slopes are required to dram water to retention ponds. The floors and drains
should be constructed at the same time.

• Feeding throughs, when used, should be big enough to contain sufficient grass. Water
may be supplied in pails or special containers. For cattle sheds/ barns without feed
throughs, there should be sufficiently large space between sheds for the passage of
tractors or trolleys which deliver the feed.

• Special enclosures for calves, stores for concentrates and other supplies should be
available. Structures should facilitate future expansion.

• Sufficient fenced open spaces near or with in the sheds are very useful for heat detection
in female cattle.

• Facilities to control livestock are required. Neck crushes for milking or treatment and
artificial insemination. Structures and ropes to tie animals outside the sheds must be
available.

• Milking sheds should be constructed to control cows during milking. Facilities for
milking and cleaning of milk containers should be made available.

• All cattle shed should have electricity and clean water supplies

Technical Feasibility - this would briefly include -
1. Nearness of the selected area to veterinary, breeding and milk collection centre and the
financing bank's branch.

2. Availability of good quality animals in nearby livestock market. The distribution of
important breeds of cattle and buffaloes are given in Annexure II. The reproductive and
productive performance of cattle and buffalo breeds is given in Annexure III.

3. Availability of training facilities.

4. Availability of good grazing ground/lands.

5. Green/dry fodder, concentrate feed, medicines etc.



6. Availability of veterinary aid/breeding centres and milk marketing facilities near the
scheme area.

Economic Viability - this would briefly include -

1. Unit Cost - The average unit cost of dairy animals for some of the States is given in
Annexure IV.

2. Input cost for feeds and fodders, veterinary aid, breeding of animals, insurance, labour
and other overheads.

3. Output costs i.e. sale price of milk, manure, gunny bags, male/female calves, other
miscellaneous items etc.

4. Income-expenditure statement and annual gross surplus.

5. Cash flow analysis.

6. Repayment schedule (i.e. repayment of principal loan amount and interest).

Package of Common Management Practices Recommended for Dariy Farmers
Modern and well-established scientific principles, practices and skills should be used to obtain
maximum economic benefits from dairy farming. Some of the major norms and recommended
practices are as follows:

I. Housing:

1. Construct shed on dry, properly raised ground.

2. Avoid waterlogging, marshy and heavy rainfall areas.

3. The walls of the sheds should be 1.5 to 2 meters high.

4. The walls should be plastered to make them damp proof.

5. The roof should be 3-4 meters high.

6. The cattle shed should be well ventilated.

7. The floor should be pucca/hard, even non-slippery impervious, well sloped (3 cm per
meter) and properly drained to remain dry and clean.


8. Provide 0.25 meter broad, pucca drain at the rear of the standing space.

9. A standing space of 2 x 1.05 meter for each animal is needed.

10. The manger space should be 1.05 meter with front height of 0.5 meter and depth of 0.25
meter.

11. The corners in mangers, troughs, drain and walls should be rounded for easy cleaning.

12. Provide 5-10 sq. meter loaf space for each animal.

13. Provide proper shade and cool drinking water in summer.

14. In winter keep animals indoor during night and rain.

15. Provide individual bedding daily.

16. Maintain sanitary condition around shed.

17. Control external parasites (ticks, flies etc.) by spraying the pens, sheds with Malathion or
Copper sulphate solution.

18. Drain urine into collection pits and then to the field through irrigation channels.

19. Dispose of dung and urine properly. A gobar gas plant will be an ideal way. Where gobar
gas plant is not constructed, convert the dung alongwith bedding material and other farm
wastes into compost.

20. Give adequate space for the animals. (The housing space requirement of crossbred cattle
in various categories/age-groups is given in Annexure-VII).

Selection of Animal:

1. Immediately after release of the loan purchase the stock from a reliable breeder or from
nearest livestock market.

2. Select healthy, high yielding animals with the help of bank's technical officer,
veterinary/animal husbandry officer of State government/ Zilla Parishad, etc.

3. Purchase freshly calved animals in their second/third lactation.



4. Before purchasing, ascertain actual milk yield by milking the animal three times
consecutively.

5. Identify the newly purchased animal by giving suitable identification mark (ear tagging
or tattooing).

6. Vaccinate the newly purchased animal against disease.

7. Keep the newly purchased animal under observation for a period of about two weeks and
then mix with the general herd.

8. Purchase a minimum economical unit of two milch animals.

9. Purchase the second animal/second batch after 5-6 months from the purchase of first
animal.

10. As buffaloes are seasonal calvers purchase them during July to February.

11. As far as possible purchase the second animal when the first animal is in its late stage of
lactation and is about to become dry, thereby maintaining continuity in milk production
vis-à-vis income. This will ensure availability of adequate funds for maintaining the dry
animals.

12. Follow judicious culling and replacement of animals in a herd.

13. Cull the old animals after 6-7 lactations.

Feeding of Milch Animals

1. Feed the animals with best feeds and fodders. (Feeding schedule is given in Annexure
VIII).

2. Give adequate green fodder in the ration.

3. As far as possible, grow green fodder on your land wherever available.

4. Cut the fodder at the right stage of their growth.

5. Chaff roughage before feeding.


6. Crush the grains and concentrates.

7. The oil cakes should be flaky and crumbly.

8. Moisten the concentrate mixture before feeding.

9. Provide adequate vitamins and minerals. Provide salt licks besides addition of mineral
mixture to the concentrate ration.

10. Provide adequate and clean water.

11. Give adequate exercise to the animals. Buffaloes should be taken for wallowing daily. In
case this is not possible sprinkle sufficient water more particularly during summer
months.

12. To estimate the daily feed requirement remember that the animals consume about 2.5 to
3.0 percent of their body weight on dry matter basis.

Milking of Animals

1. Milk the animals two to three times a day.

2. Milk at fixed times.

3. Milk in one sitting within eight minutes.

4. As far as possible, the same person should do milking regularly.

5. Milk the animal in a clean place.

6. Wash the udder and teat with antiseptic lotions/luke-warm water and dry before milking.

7. Milker should be free from any contagious diseases and should wash his hands with
antiseptic lotion before each milking.

8. Milking should be done with full hands, quickly and completely followed by stripping.

9. Sick cows/buffaloes should be milked at the end to prevent spread of infection.

Protection against Diseases



1. Be on the alert for signs of illness such as reduced feed intake, fever, abnormal discharge
or unusual behaviour.

2. Consult the nearest veterinary aid center for help if illness is suspected.

3. Protect the animals against common diseases.

4. In case of outbreak of contagious disease, immediately segregate the sick, in contact and
the healthy animals and take necessary disease control measures. (Vaccination schedule
is given in Annexure IX).

5. Conduct periodic tests for Brucellosis, Tuberculosis, Johne's disease, and Mastitis etc.

6. Deworm the animals regularly.

7. Examine the faeces of adult animals to detect eggs of internal parasites and treat the
animals with suitable drugs.

8. Wash the animals from time to time to promote sanitation.

Breeding Care

1. Observe the animal closely and keep specific record of its coming in heat, duration of
heat, insemination, conception and calving.

2. Breed the animals in time.

3. The onset of oestrous will be within 60 to 80 days after calving.

4. Timely breeding will help achieving conception within 2 to 3 months of calving.

5. Breed the animals when it is in peak heat period (i.e. 12 to 24 hours of heat).

6. Use high quality semen preferably frozen semen of proven sires/bulls.

Marketing of Milk
1. Marketing milk immediately after it is drawn keeping the time between production and
marketing of the milk to the minimum.

2. Use clean utensils and handle milk in hygienic way.



3. Wash milk pails/cans/utensils thoroughly with detergent and finally rinse with chloride
solution.

4. Avoid too much agitation of milk during transit.

Care of Calves

1. Take care of newborn calf.

2. Treat/disinfect the navel cord with tincutre of iodine as soon as it is cut with a sharp
knife.

3. Feed colostrums to calf.

4. Assist the calf to suckle if it is too weak to suckle on its own within 30 minutes of
calving.

5. In case it is desired to wean the calf immediately after birth, then feed the colostrums in
bucket.

6. Keep the calf separately from birth till two months of age in a dry clean and well
ventilated place.

7. Protect the calves against extreme weather conditions, particularly during the first two
months.

8. Group the calves according to their size.

9. Vaccinate calves.

10. Dehorn the calves around 4 to 5 days of age for easy management when they grow.

11. Dispose of extra calves not to be reared/maintained for any specific purpose as early as
possible, particularly the male calves.

Reproduction performance
Most of the buffaloes are considered to be seasonal breeds with maximum calving taking place
from July in November in almost all breeds. Buffaloes come in oestrous in cold month and are
sub-fertile during hot month.



Sub-fertility: due to poor thermo-regulation in buffaloes and

Poor nutrition: poor heat symptom-low heat detection (only lignocelluloses material straw/dry
roughages)

Minimum economic size to start a dairy farm?
Under Indian conditions a commercial dairy farm should consist of minimum 20 animals (10
cows, 10 buffaloes) and this strength can easily go up to 100 animals in proportion of 50:50 or
40:60. After this, however, you need to review your strength and market potential before you
chose to go for expansion.

Dairy farming is a safe business for the following reasons:

• It is eco-friendly and does not cause environmental pollution as compared to other
industries

• Requirement of skilled labour is relatively.

• Dairy product market is active round the year.

• Minimum investment on inventory. (No need to stock raw materials in huge quantities.)

• Entire establishment can be shifted to a new location (if need arises c e fire, floods etc.)

• One can insure animals.

• Less energy requirement. Biogas plant fed with cow dung can supply maximum energy to
meet day-to-day requirement of farms. Decomposed slurry of such plant can also be
effectively used as organic manure.

Limitations and constraints in dairy farming

• Breeding of animals and getting expected milk yield is a biological phenomenon, which
depends upon various factors.

• Dairy farming, besides good planning, requires hardworking, reliable and alert manager.
In India, usually persons from the family take the responsibility.



Inadequate management of feeding, herd health and lack of quality control in various stage of
production can cause major loss, affecting the profitability of the entire venture.

Professional training institutes for dairy farming techniques
Opportunities for (raining are available with most of the:

• Agricultural/Veterinary universities of various slates

• Krishi Vigyan Kendras

• State department of Animal Husbandry

• You can also choose to inquire with national level organization like: National Dairy
Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal (Haryana) - for training on rearing of dairy animals
and manufacture of milk products.

• Alternately, you can also look for training facilities of non-governmental organizations
that are active in farming sectors.

Reproductive and Productive Parameters (Traits) in Indian Cattle and Buffaloes

Sr.No Breed Age at Calving Lactation Lactation Dry Milk
first interval yield (kg.) length period yield
calving (months) (days) (days) kg/day
(months)
i) Cattle Indian
breeds
1 Dangi 54 17 600 300 210 2.0
2 Deogir 48 15 1,500 300 150 5.0
3 Deoni 53 14 810 270 150 3.0
4 Gir 48 16 1,350 270 210 5.0
5 Gaolao 46 16 600 300 180 2.0
6 Hallikar 46 20 600 300 300 2.0
7 Hariana 58 13 1,200 240 150 5.0
8 Kangayam 44 16 600 240 240 2.5
9 Kankrej 48 17 1,800 360 150 5.0
10 Khilari 52 16 240 240 240 1.0
11 Ongole 40 19 630 210 360 3.0



12 Rathi 40 19 1,815 330 240 5.5
13 Red Sindhi 42 14 1,620 270 150 6.0
14 Sahiwal 40 14 1,620 270 150 6.0
15 Tharparkar 50 14 1,620 270 150 6.0
16 Umblachery 46 17 360 240 270 1.5
17 Non-descript 60 19 405 270 300 1.5

TECHNO ECONOMIC PARAMETERS

i) No.of milch animals 2
ii) Cost of milch animals 8,200
iii) Lactation period (days) 280
iv) Dry period (days) 150
v) Milk yield (lts./day) 7
vi) Sale price of milk (Rs./lt) 7.75
vii) Sale of manure/animal/year (Rs.) 300
viii) Insurance premium for five years (%) 8.4
ix) Veterinary aid/animal/year (Rs.) 150
x) Labour (Rs.) Family labour
xi) Cost of electricity & water (Rs./animal) 100
xii) Interest rate (%) 12
xiii Repayment period (years) 5



MODEL PROJECT FOR TEN BUFFALOES UNIT

S.No. Items Specifications Phy.units Unit Cost Total Cost
(Rs./unit) (Rs.)
1 Cost of animals 10 8,200 8,200
2 Transportation cost of 10 300 3,000
animals
3 Cost of construction of Sq.ft. 650 55 35,750
shed
4 Cost of Store cum Sq.ft. 200 100 20,000
office
5 Equipments (chaff 10 500 5,000
cutter, milking pails,
cans, technicians
6 Insurance 10 328 3,280
7 Fodder raising expenses 2 3,000 6,000
@ Rs.3000/acre
8 Total cost 155,030
9 Margin money Say 23255
(15% of total cost) 23330
10 Bank loan (85% of total Say 131776
cost) 131700

Annexure - VIII
Feeding Schedules for Dairy Animals
(Quantity in Kgs.)
S.No. Type of animal Feeding during Green Dry Fodder Concentrate
Fodder
(A) CROSSBRED COW



a) 6 to 7 litres milk per day Lactation days 20 to 25 5 to 6 3.0 to 3.5
Dry days 15 to 20 6 to 7 0.5 to 1.0
b) 8 to 10 litres milk per day Lactation days 25 to 30 4 to 5 4.0 to 4.5
Dry days 20 to 25 6 to 7 0.5 to 1.0
(B) BUFFALOES
a) Murrah (7 to 8 litres milk Lactation days 25 to 30 4 to 5 3.5 to 4.0
per day) Dry days 20 to 25 5 to 6 0.5 to 1.0
b) Mehasana (6 to 7 litres Lactation days 15 to 20 4 to 5 3.0 to 3.5
milk per day) Dry days 10 to 15 5 to 6 0.5 to 1.0
c) Surti (5 to 6 litrs milk per Lactation days 10 to 15 4 to 5 2.5 to 3.0
day) Dry days 5 to 10 5 to 6 0.5 to 1.0

Programme for vaccination of farm animals against contagious diseases

Sr. Name of disease Type of Type of Duration of Remarks
No. vaccine vaccination immunity

1 Anthrax (Gorhi) Spore vaccine Once in an year One season -
premonsoon
vaccination
2 Black Quarter (Sujab) Killed vaccine - do - - do - -
3 Haemorrhagic Ocladjuvant - do - - do - -



Septicaemia vaccine
(Galghotu)
4 Brucellosis Cotton strain 19 At about 6 3 or 4 To be done
(Contagious abortion) (live bacteria) months of age calvings only in infected
herds
5 Foot and Mouth Polyvalent At about 6 One season After
disease (Muhkhar) tissue culture months of age vaccination
vaccine with booster repeat
dose 4 months vaccination
later every year in
Oct./Nov.
6 Rinderpest (Mata) Lapinised At about 6 Life long It is better to
avianised months of age repeat after 3 to
vaccine for 4 years
exotic and
crossbred catte,
caprinised
vaccine for
zebu cattle.

Selecting the animal to farm with - Cows v/s. Buffaloes

Cows Buffaloes
Good quality cows are available in the market In India, we have good buffalo breeds like
and it cost around Rs.1200 to Rs. 1500 per liter Murrah and Mehsana, which are suitable for
of milk production per day. (e.g. Cost of a cow commercial' dairy farm.
producing 10 liter of milk per day will be
between Rs. 12,000 to Rs. 15,000).
If proper care is given, cows breed regularly Buffalo milk has more demand for making
giving one calf every 13-14 month interval. butter and butter oil (Ghee), as fat percentage
in milk is higher than cow milk. Buffalo milk
is also preferred for making tea.
They are more docile and can be handled easily. Buffaloes can be maintained on more fibrous



Good milk yielding cross breeds (Holstein and crop residues, hence, scope for reducing feed
Jersey crosses) has well adapted to Indian cost.
climate.
The fat percentage of cow's milk varies from 3- Buffaloes largely mature late and give birth to
5.5% and is lower than Buffaloes. calves at 16 to 18 months interval. Male
calves fetch little value.
Buffaloes need cooling facility e.g. wallowing
tank or showers/foggers with fan.

Breeds of buffaloes of Indian origin and breeding tracts

Group Breed Breeding tract
Murrah type Murrah Nili Ravi Rohtak, Jind, Hisar, Bhiwani, Sonepat (Haryana) Ferozepur
(Punjab)
Gujarat Surti Jaffarabadi Kaira and Baoda, Kutch, Jungarh & Jamnagar dist Mehsana,
Mehsana Sabarkantha, Banaskantha Dist.
Uttar Pradesh Bhadawari Tarai Bhadawari estate, Beh Tehsil in Agra, Gwalior & Etawah dist.
Taarai region of U. P.
Central India Nagpuri Pandharpuri Nagpur, Akola, Amravati dist. (South Maharashtra), West A.
Kalahandi Sambalpur P., North Karnataka Hilly region of Andra Pradesh and Orissa
Bilaspur dist.
South India Toda South Kanara Nilgiri Hills, West coast in Kerela


A project report on study on foundry industry belgaum

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A project report on study on foundry industry belgaum