1. Manual of
Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-1
Muscle contractions: Isometric, Isotonic, Isokinetic
Which of these can be both concentric and
eccentric?
Which of these is static or dynamic?
What is an agonist?
Can these be more than one agonist in a
movement?
What’s the differences between a neutralizer and
an agonist?

2. Manual of
Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-2
What is the difference between a synergist and an
agonist?
When the ant. and post. deltoids counteract one
another’s movement to allow abduction are they
helping synergists or neutralizers?
What are the four properties of a skeletal muscle?
How does elasticity differ from plasticity?

3.  Anterior Distal Hallucis
 Posterior Proximal Pollicis
 Superior Lateral Inversion
 Inferior Medial Eversion
 Deep Prone Radial Deviation
 Superficial Supine Ulnar Deviation
 Pronate Plantar Circumduction
 Supinate Dorsal Elevation
Dorsiflexion Depression
Plantarflexion
Manual of
Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-3

4. Synarthrosis – No movement
Amphiarthrosis – Little Movement
Diarthrosis – Free movement

5. Synarthrosis – No movement (three
structural categories)
1. Fibrous: Sutures and gomphosis
2. Cartilagenous: Synchondrosis
(cartialge plate)

6. Amphiarthrosis – Little movement
Fibrous: Syndesmosis (ligamentous
connection)
Cartilagenous: Symphesis (fibrocartilage)

7. Amphiarthrosis – Little movement
Fibrous: Syndesmosis (ligamentous
connection)
Cartilagenous: Symphesis (fibrocartilage)

8. Diarthrosis – Freely moveable
Synovial: surounded by joint capsule,
contains synovial fluid
Monaxial
Biaxial
Triaxial

9. Plane/gliding joints: flat or slightly curved
faces. Ligaments prevent much movement
Hinge joint: Monaxial
Pivot joint: only rotation
Condylar joints: oval articular surface sits in a
depression. Biaxial

10. Saddle joint: concave articular surface connects
to a convex surface. Allows extensive angular
motion. Biaxial.
Ball and socket: round head sits in a cup-like
depression. Allows for circumduction. Triaxial.

11. Connective Tissue of Muscle
Epimysium: Dense connective tissue surrounding
the entire muscle. Converges to become the
tendon.
Perimysium: Collagen and elastin with blood
vessels and nerves. Surrounds the fascicles
(bundles of muscle fibers) and separates each
fascicle.

13. Connective Tissue of Muscle Con’t.
Endomysium: Surrounds each muscle fiber and binds it to
its neighbor. Satellite cells are found between the
endomysium and the sarcolemma.

14. Muscle fiber is a myocyte or muscle cell.
Has a plasma membrane with tubes
Contains organelles especially extensive SR
Multiple nuclei
Contains several protiens such as actin, myosin and titin
May or may not have extensive mitochondria
Contains many sarcomeres in series.
Isozyme of ATPase influences fiber type

15. Sliding Filament Theory
1. Action potential
2. Release of Ach into the synaptic junction
3. Depolarization across the sarcolemma and into the T tubules
4. Release of Ca from the SR
5. Ca binding onto Troponin
6. Release of tropomyosin from myosin binding sites located on
actin
7. The energized yosin (from ATP hydrolysis) attaches to actin
and pulls actin
8. ATP attaches to myosin and myosin releases from actin causing
ATP hydrolysis and thus energizing the myosin head

16. http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=sliding+filament+theory+a
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heory+animation
Number of cross-bridges attached to actin at any one time dictates
force production.

19. Calcium Release –
Motor Unit Recruitment –
Increased number of active motor units
Preloading
Cross sectional area
Shortening velocity of a muscle –

20. Angle of pennation:
Length-tension relationship
Stretch-shortening cycle
Muscle fiber type -

21. MSF
GTO –

22. Muscles (force) cause movement of bones (levers) around a fulcrum or
center of rotation. Resistive force can be overcome if the muscle force is
greater than the resistive force.
First class lever: Muscle force and resistive force act on opposite sides of
the fulcrum.
Second class lever: Muscle force and resistive force act on the same side
of the fulcrum. (Or resistance is between the axis and the force)
However, moment arm is longer than resistance arm. Due to the
mechanical advantage of the MA the MF overcomes the RF. Less MF is
needed to overcome the resistance.
Third class lever: Muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of
the fulcrum. However, the MA of the MF is smaller than the MA of the
RF and ones loses mechanical advantage. Greater muscle force is needed
to overcome the resistance. You must exert more energy.

27. OKC: Free movement of the terminal joint
CKC: Terminal joint meets with considerable
resistance that inhibits or restrains free
motion