Introduction to Sports Injuries by- Dr. Anjali Rai
13 hema
1. DI ST URBANCES I N
OX Y GE NAT I ON
CARRYI NG
ME C H A N I S M A N D
T RANS P ORT AT I ON
F ACI L I T I ES
Jefferson C. Ramos, RMT RN
2. BLOOD
Circulatory fluid of the the
Cardiovasclar system that is
circulating constantly through
a closed circuit of tubes.
3. PARTS OF THE BLOOD
Liquid Portion
Plasma - a pale, straw
colored fluid that remains
if coagulation is prevented
Serum - fluid part that
remains after separation
of the clot
4. PARTS OF THE BLOOD
Solid Portion
Red Blood
Cells/Erythrocytes
White Blood
Cells/Leukocytes
Platelets/Thrombocytes
5. CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD
Volume Specific Gravity
5 - 6 liters or 7 - 8% of the Between 1.055 - 1.065
body weight
Reaction
Color
Venous blood - dark red Range of 7.35 - 7.45 (avg.
Arterial blood - bright of 7.4)
scarlet red
Viscosity
Thick and sticky (5x that
of water)
6. FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
Metabolic Functions
Respiration Regulation of body
temperature
Nutrition
Transportation of
hormones
Excretion
Maintenance of normal
Regulation of water acid-base balance in the
balance body
7. FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
Defensive Functions
Production of immune
globulins
Functions as phagocytes
8. ERYTHROCYTES
Biconcave discs resembling a soft ball
compressed between 2 fingers
Gases can easily diffuse across it due to
its very thin membrane
Contains HEMOGLOBIN
From matured erythrocytes; with Iron
Makes up 95% of blood mass
Enables the RBCs to perform its
principal function
9. RBC DESTRUCTION
120 days
Removed by the reticuloendothelial cells in the liver
and spleen
Hemoglobin is recycled
Bilirubin
New hgb molecules in the bone marrow
Sterco- and urobilinogen
11. NEUTROPHILS
Most abundant type of
phagocyte, 50 - 60%
Responsible for
neutralizing bacterial
infections
They engulf pathogens
coated with antibodies
Does not return to the
blood
12. EOSINOPHILS
1 - 3%
They play a crucial
part in killing
parasites
Neutralize
histamine
13. BASOPHILS
0 - 1% of the
differential count
Appears in
inflammatory
reactions esp. those
that cause allergic
reations
Containsheparin &
histamine
14. LYPMHOCYTES
About 25 - 33% of the
differential
Usually abnormal
results in diseases
caused by viruses
Has three kinds:
Natural Killer Cells
T Cells
B Cells
15. MONOCYTES
About 3 - 7%
Functions to replenish
resident macrophages
and dendrictic cells
under noramal states
Also responds to
inflammation signals
16. THROMBOCYTES
100,000 - 450,000 in
value
Derivedfrom the
fragmentation of
precursor
megakaryocytes
Plays
a key role in
hemostasis
20. ANEMIA
A condition in which Hemoglobin
(Hgb) concentration is lower than
normal
Hgb = 75 – 175 μg/dL or
13.5-17.5 g/dL (M)
= 65 to 165 μg/dL or
11.5-15.5 g/dL (F)
21. ANEMIA: CAUSES
Acute or chronic blood loss
Inadequate dietary intake of vitamins and
minerals
Increased demands of vitamins and
minerals for RBC production
Decreased RBC production by bone
marrow
Increased RBC destruction
24. IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
Laboratory findings Assessment
1. CBC- Low levels of 1. Pallor
Hct, Hgb and RBC
count 2. Weakness & fatigue
2. Low serum iron, low 3. Smooth & sore
ferritin tongue
3. Bone marrow
aspiration- MOST 4. Koilonychia
definitive 5. Vinson Plummer
syndrome
25. MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIAS:
VIT. B12 DEFICIENCY
Inadequate dietary intake
Pernicious Anemia
Due to the absence of intrinsic factor
secreted by the parietal cells
Intrinsic factor binds with Vit. B12 to
promote absorption
27. MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIAS:
MANIFIESTATIONS
1. Weakness
2. Fatigue
3. Listless
4. Neurologic manifestations (only in Vit.
B12 deficiency)
5. Jaundice – due to poor erythropoiesis
6. Red beefy tongue
7. Mild diarrhea
8. Extreme pallor
9. Paresthesias in the extremities
28. MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIAS: LAB DATA
1. Peripheral blood smear- shows
giant RBCs, WBCs with giant
hypersegmented nuclei
2. Very high MCV
3. Schilling’s test – determines the
cause of Vit B12 deficiency
4. Intrinsic factor antibody test
29. MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIAS
1. Vitamin supplementation
Folic acid 1 mg daily
2. Diet supplementation
Vegetarians should have
vitamin intake or fortified soy
milk
3. Lifetime monthly injection
of IM Vit. B12 – 1000µg (if
intrinsic factor is absent)
30. MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIAS
1. Monitor patient (neurologic
assessment)
2. Provide assistance in
ambulation
3. Oral care for sore tongue
4. Explain the need for lifetime IM
injection of Vit. B12
31. POLYCYTHEMIA
Refers to an INCREASE
volume of RBCs
The hematocrit (Hct) is
ELEVATED to more than 55%
Classified as Primary or
Secondary
32. POLYCYTHEMIA: PRIMARY
POLYCYTHEMIA VERA
Colleen C. Flores, RN
A proliferative disorder in
which the myeloid stem cells
become uncontrolled
Causative factor: unknown
33. POLYCYTHEMIA: PRIMARY
Uncontrollable
stem cell growth Increased blood
viscosity
Hypercellular
bone marrow
Increase in number Increased RBC,
of blood cells WBC, platelets
Hematopoiesis
in spleen Splenomegaly
Fibrotic bone
marrow
37. POLYCYTHEMIA: PRIMARY
1. To reduce the high blood cell
mass (goal)
Colleen C. Flores, RN
PHLEBOTOMY
2. Allopurinol (Zyloprim) – if uric
acid is increased
3. Dipyridamole (Persantine)
4. Chemotherapy to suppress
bone marrow (hydroxyurea)
38. POLYCYTHEMIA: PRIMARY
Patient education: Client instructions on:
1. Avoiding Iron supplements
2. Bathing with cool water (cocoa-butter
based lotion and bath products)
3. Minimize bleeding
Avoid Aspirin (if with bleeding history)
Minimize alcohol intake
39. POLYCYTHEMIA: SECONDARY
Caused by:
Excessive production of
erythropoietin (hypoxic stimulus)
Hemoglobinopathies
Neoplasms (renal cell carcinoma)
Treat primary problem
41. THROMBOCYTOPENIA
Low platelet level due to:
1. Decreased platelet production by bone
marrow
2. Increased platelet destruction (ITP)
3. Increased platelet consumption (DIC)
Manifestation: bleeding and petichiae
(<20,000mm3)
47. VON WILLEBRAND’S DISEASE
Inherited(autosomal dominant)
bleeding disorder; deficiency of the
vWF
Common manifestations
Nosebleeds
Heavy menses
Lab data = normal platelet count but
prolonged PTT
48. VON WILLEBRAND’S DISEASE: MANAGEMENT
Cryoprecipitate or FFP
Desmopressin (DDAVP) – can be used to
prevent bleeding with dental/surgical
procedures or manage mild post-op bleeding
49. DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR
COAGULATION (DIC)
A potentially life-threatening
sign of an underlying condition
Triggered by sepsis, trauma,
cancer, abruptio placenta,
transfusion reactions
(hemolysis)
50. DIC: MANIFESTATIONS
Minimal occult internal bleeding to
profuse hemorrhage
Lab data:
Fibrin degradation products – high
PTT - high
Platelet count - low
PT - high
Serum fibrinogen - low