1. Beatriz Antequera 4º B

2.  INTRODUCTION
 MAIN FEATURES OF THE STAGE
 IRON EXAMPLES
 STEEL FEATURES EXAMPLES
 PROBLEMS
 REALISM SCULPTURE
PAINTING

3. INTRODUCTION
At the beginning of the
19th century, the new
necessities of industry
and cities lead to new
solutions in architecture
and construction. This
was the century of the
expansion of the
Industrial Revolution in
Occidental Europe
and the USA.
Factories in the
Industrial Revolution

4. MAIN FEATURES OF THE STAGE
 The new ways of production were chain and mass
production.
 The new materials introduced were iron, steel,
concrete, glass…
 They abandoned historicism and gave rise to a new
current, reflecting the daily reality and the
touchable truth.
Mass production Glass structures

5. Gare d'Orsay (Train station)
Westmister Bridge

6. Steel skyscrapers

7. IRON
The Industrial Revolution, started in 1760, gave rise to
several innovative compositions despite a lot of critics.
The Iron Bridge (Thomas Farnolls Pritchard)

8. The first building entirely
constructed with iron and
glass was the Chrystal
Palace (1850-1850) in
London. It was made to
celebrate the Great
Exhibition in 1851. This
building was the precursor
of this kind of architecture
and the perfect example
of a beautiful iron building.
Chrystal Palace (Joseph Paxton)

9. Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève (Henri Labrouste)

10. Very criticized by the
artists because of its iron
ugliness but nowadays it’s
the most visited
monument in the world
(6.893.000 visitors in 2007). Eiffel Tower (Alexandre Gustave Eiffel)

11. STEEL
Golden Gate Bridge (J. B. Strauss, I. F. Morrow, O. H.
Ammann, C. Derleth Jr., L. S. Moisseiff, R. G. Cone)

12. This architectonic revolution was based specially on a new
material, steel.
 The use of steel started at the
beginning of the 20th century.
 Its qualities allowed a faster and
cheaper construction (the pieces
were already done and workers only
had to assemble them).
 It managed to eliminate the inner
support, achieving clear architecture
and wider inner spaces.
 There weren’t any intermediate
columns.
New York was one of the first cities in Iron workers
using steel for buildings.

13. Home Insurance Building
(William Le Baron Jenney)

14. In spite these advantages, the new architecture
had a lot of problems. The main of them was the
lack of beauty. Buildings were less artistic than
before, because engineers started replacing
architects.
BEFORE AFTER
Lomonosov Bridge, The Bridge of Peter the Great,
Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg

15. In the 2nd half of the 19th century there was a
reaction against Romanticism. Artists wanted to
reflect and describe reality, instead of looking
for beauty. This was caused because of the
failure of some political revolutions, the
consequences of industrialization, advances in
science, etc.
Realistic painting (A burial at
Ornans)
Romantic painting (Death of
Sardanapalus)

16. Realism was reflected in sculpture in a more detailed
way of sculpting and showing ordinary themes.
Some examples are:
Jean Baptiste Carpeaux and Mariano
Benlliure in Spain (Monuments to
Constantin Meunier (The Forger) Isabella the Catholic, Alphonse XII and
Augustine of Aragon)

17. In painting, the themes were the main difference with respect to
Romanticism; ordinary life, problems derived from
industrialization and disillusion for the failure of liberal revolutions.
The main representative
painter was Gustave
Courbet. He was also
known because his
polemic paintings. His
painting The Artist’s
Studio, was the
representation of this style
and it caused a huge
scandal on artistic
people, because of its
crude realism.

18. Analysis:
Title: The Artist’s studio
Author: Gustave Courbet
Chronology: 1855
Material used: Oil on canvas
Commissioner: Alfred Bruyas
Present location: Musée d’Orsay, Paris
Description: On the left are human figures from all levels of society. In the
center, Courbet works on a landscape, while turned away from a nude
model. On the right there are Courbet's friends and associates of
Courbet including writers and collectors.
Meaning: The figures in the painting are allegorical representations of
various influences on Courbet's artistic life and the nude model is a
symbol of academic art tradition.

19. The Sower The Angelus The Gleaners

20. The Third-wagon class The Washerwoman The lawyer

21. Chartres Cathedral The Bridge at Mantes

22. Realism arrived later in Spain. Some Spanish
realistic paintings were from:

23. Cristina Blanco, Paqui Pérez. 2011. Social Sciences
History Book 4th ESO. Campo de Criptana.
Wikipedia on the Internet. 2012. Wikimedia Fundation. Jan.
2012 < http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_en_hierro>
ArtEEspañA on the Internet. 2003. Arteguias de la Garma S.L . Ju.
2005 < http://www.arteespana.com/arquitecturadelhierro.htm>
Wikipedia on the Internet. 2012. Wikimedia Fundation. Apr.
2012 < http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_Eiffel>
Wikipedia on the Internet. 2012. Wikimedia Fundation. Sep.
2011 <http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Insurance_Building>
Wikipedia on the Internet. 2012. Wikimedia Fundation. Dec.
2011 <http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_taller_del_pintor>