this is a presentation on the molecular medicine and biomedical sciences

7. Molecular Biology may be referred to as the backbone of the Molecular Medicine

10. Recombinant DNA Technology This technology is used to make proteins. Once the gene for a particular protein has been cloned, it is inserted into the genome of microorganisms. Cloned proteins can also be inserted into cultured cells. The first recombinant human protein produced was Human Insulin. Others include growth hormone, erythropoietin, factor VIII etc. ADVANTAGE OF RECOMBINANT PROTEINS Minimized risk of infection transmission as in case of proteins purified from human or animals. They are not recognized by the immune system.

11. Examples of Recombinant Proteins & Therapeutic Uses

12. DNA Microarray A DNA microarray also known as gene chip, DNA chip, or biochip is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface. These can be a short section of a gene or other DNA element that are used to hybridize a cDNA or cRNA sample (called target) under high-stringency conditions. Uses: DNA microarrays are used to measure the expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously. To genotype multiple regions of a genome. To measure changes in expression levels. Tumor Profiling

13. Tumor Sampling Tumors are heterogeneous mixtures of different cell types, including malignant cells with varying degrees of differentiation, blood vessels, and inflammatory cells. Two tumors with similar clinical stages can vary markedly in grade and in relative proportions of different elements (e.g., prostatic adenocarcinoma). Tumors of different grades might potentially differ in gene expression, and different markers can be expressed either by malignant cells or by other cellular elements. So the tumors can be differentiated by using DNA microarray technique.