Tony Booer, Director of Schlumberger Carbon Services speaks at Blake Lapthorn's Green Breakfast on Carbon Capture and Storage

1. What is Carbon Capture and Storage ?
Dr AK (Tony) Booer, Schlumberger Carbon Services, Abingdon, UK
April 14, 2010

2. The problem…
Schlumberger Public
30-Oct-2006

3. Where do the GHG1 emissions come from ?
Schlumberger Public
1 GHG = Greenhouse Gas

4. Achieving Global GHG Stabilisation
Requires a Technology Revolution
ENERGY
70 CCS industry TECHNOLOGY
CO2 emissions (Gt CO2/yr)
and transformation 9% PERSPECTIVES
60 CCS power generation 10%
50 Nuclear 6%
Renewables 21%
Scenarios &
40 Power generation efficiency Strategies
& fuel switching 7% to 2050
30 End-use fuel switching 11%
End use electricity
20 efficiency 12%
10 End use fuel
WEO2007 450 ppm case ETP2008 BLUE Map scenario efficiency 24%
0
2005 2050
In support of the G8 Plan of Action

5. CCS : CO2 Capture,and Storage and Storage
Capture TRANSPORT
Capture
Power Plants
Other industrial processes
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Associated Gas production
Transport
Pipelines
Ships
Geological Storage
Depleted oil/gas reservoirs
Deep saline formations

6. Carbon Capture & Storage
What are the issues ?
Public Technology:
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Awareness: ...we have
Climate, enough to
Energy, CCS, start
NGOs,
NUMBY…
Projects:
Financial: Europe,
Regulatory
Carbon Price, Australia,
Framework:
Incentives, America…
International,
Funding…
National, …

7. Capture Options
Post Combustion: ~15% CO2
Air
CO2
Fuel Combustion Separator >95% CO2
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Oxyfuel:
O2
Fuel Combustion >90% CO2
Pre Combustion: ~99% CO2
H2 O
Fuel (gas) Reformer Combustion H2 O
eg. CH4 H2

8. Transport options
Pipelines:
● Permanent
infrastructure
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● Short to
medium distance
Shipping:
● Flexible option
● Medium to
long distance
Tanker image courtesy of IM Skaugen

9. Storage Options
Stored in geological formations:
● Depleted oil or gas fields
Depth:
● Deep saline formations
1,500 – 3,000m
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5,000 – 10,000ft
TWO KEY POINTS:
Storage sites are NOT huge caverns…
…but „solid rocks‟ like a sponge.
Secondary
CO2 is NOT a gas, at depth, seals
but like a dense liquid.
Primary
seals
„Enhanced Oil Recovery‟ is NOT the same as storage. Storage
reservoir

10. CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery versus Storage
Enhanced Oil Recovery Storage
● CO2 rate depends on ● CO2 rate determined by source
production strategy ● CO2 stored
● CO2 recycled ● Legislation under new CO2 regime
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● Legislation under ● Long-term monitoring
petroleum industry
● High public awareness
● No Monitoring
● Revenue from price of carbon
● Revenue from hydrocarbon
Significant experience in CO2 pipelines and
injection wells gained from US EOR
activities in the last 30+ years.

11. Storage mechanisms & containment
Storage sites evolve over time...
● Structural & stratigraphic trapping
● Residual – in pore space
Schlumberger Public
● Solubility – in water
● Mineralisation – “turned to stone”
Oil/gas fields demonstrate
storage times of millions of years.
Natural accumulations of CO2 have
been safely stored for millions of years.
from IPCC, 2005

12. Finding the right Storage Site
What do we need?
Other:
Injectivity: • Environment
The ease with • Infrastructure
Schlumberger Public
which the CO2 • Regulation
can be injected • Public opinion
• Finance
Capacity: Containment:
The amount of The ability to
CO2 that can store CO2
be safely safely and
stored permanently
…the best risk reduction approach is to choose the right site in the first place

13. CCS is ready to go (on an industrial scale …)
In Salah each
Sahara desert, ~1 M-tonne
Algeria of CO2 per
year
Weyburn
Schlumberger Public
Canada, at end Sleipner
of 200km Norwegian
pipeline North Sea
Remote
regions have
fewer public
awareness
issues
CO2 can be Carbon
transported taxes
long distances work!
by pipeline
Courtesy of IEA Weyburn CO2 Storage and Monitoring Project , BP, Sonatrach, and Statoil 13

14. 80 companies saying they‟re ready to help do CCS
Schlumberger Public

15. For Q&A session
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Additional slides
15

16. Examples of natural CO2 leaks ...
...not the end of the world
Schlumberger Public
Collage of leaks courtesy Stuart Haszeldine, U of Edinburgh

17. Lake Nyos
● Lake Nyos, Cameroon -- Lake Nyos is
one of about thirty similar crater lakes in This was a natural disaster –
western Cameroon. not the result of a poorly
managed storage site
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● On August 21, 1986, Lake Nyos released
a massive cloud of CO2 gas that
overwhelmed Nyos village and adjacent
settlements.
● The gas cloud asphyxiated 1,742 people
and thousands of cattle and birds.
● The CO2 eruption brought up iron-rich
bottom waters which were oxidized to
give the lake waters a red-brown color. Photo courtesy J. P. Lockwood, USGS.

18. Degassing Lake Nyos…
Schlumberger Public
CO2 Water Jet, Lake Nyos, Cameroon – remediation at work.
http://pagesperso-orange.fr/mhalb/nyos/2006/index2006.htm

19. Not just a gas:
CO2 – density and volume as a function of depth
“Supercritical” CO2
As dense as a
Schlumberger Public
liquid…
but with the
viscosity of a gas.
Source: IEA

20. CO2 Monitoring – 3 objectives
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#3: Monitor the environment
Freshwater Well Integrity
aquifer
Containment
#2: Watch possible leakage paths
Sealed fault
#1: Watch stored CO2
Boundaries
CO2
Monitoring Abandoned Monitoring
injection
well well well
well

21. Finding the right Storage Site
Schlumberger Public

22. Modeling & Measurement to reduce Uncertainty
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