2. Index
Introduction
What is Color?
Design Goals
Vision + Light
The Visible Spectrum
The Optical System
Effects on Color
Psychophysiological Effects
Neuropsychological Aspect
Environmental Influences
Emotional Reaction
Survey Results
Color Fundamentals
Color Systems
Color Vocabulary
Color Harmony
Influences
Josef Albers
Faber Birren
Karim Rashid
Case Studies
Concept + Programming
Sections + Elevations
Diagrams
Application
Exploration of Color
VT Chicago Arts Center

3. Introduction

4. What is Color?
Color is a visual experience that subconsciously affects
individual’s functions and emotions. The human response
to color is based upon one’s perception of behavioral
aspects that are controlled by the brain.
The study of color is a complex subject composed of
various theories. Many experiments have been
conducted to prove that color is indeed an influential
factor composed of both subjective and objective
aspects. Color affects individuals differently based upon
their gender, age, culture and other biological factors that
are explored throughout this exploration.
Throughout history, ancient scholars used color to solve
mysteries among their time. Sometimes portrayed as
symbolic or magical, color has been used in healing
practices dating as far back to the Egyptian period
(Mahnke, p.30). However, interest in color decreased
throughout the Middle Ages with the advancement of
scientific knowledge. It was not until the late 19th century
that color would begin to be practiced in healing again.
By considering color in design, it allows designers to
create a mood within a space that tells a story and leaves
an emotional impact on each individual.
Educational Centre by Alejandro Muñoz Miranda

5. Design Goals
From this color study I hope to gain a better understanding of the
psychological effects of color in an interior space and incorporate
the findings into my designs by:
1. Bringing awareness to the psychophysiological effects of color
within a space
2. Applying color in a way that contradictions the standard
functional context
3. Integrating the surrounding elements of the geographical
location into the space to reflect the color scheme
4. Creaing an unique experience that changes overall mood of
the space
5. Provoking a psychological sensation through the use of
different hues
Color Theory exercise (2011)

6. Vision + Light

7. The Visible Spectrum
Light is Color
The physical difference between radio waves, infrared,
visible light, Ultraviolet, and X-rays is wavelength
The Visible Light Spectrum is the electromagnetic
rays we can see such as violet, blue, green, red and
yellow. A spectral color is the light of a specific
wavelength and hue is the color perception. White light
can be made by mixing colors but not black
Shortest range= purple and blues
Longest range= red
Sources for visible light rays included Natural and
Artificial (Fluorescent, Incandescent, Gas charge, and
LEDs
(colorcodedarch)

8. The Optical System
The eye and light are in direct relation with one other. Since
color only exsist in the brain, it is the eyes job to receive the
reflected light waves and transmit the wavelengths to the
cerebral cortex.
Color comes from light:
1. Source (Sun)
“invisible” colors shine onto
the apple
2. Object (Apple)
the surface of the apple
absorbs the light rays,
except red which is
reflected into the eye
3. Detector (Eye and Brain)
the eye receives and then
sends message to the brain
(Mahnke, p.94-95)

9. The Effects on Color
Light intensity, surface reflection
and surrounding objects play a
factor in how color is perceived.
The interior space effects the
perception of color directly
through artificial lighting. “The
color rending index (CRI) was
developed to describe how well
colors are rendered by artificial
light sources compared with
natural light” (p.98). Color is
perceived based upon the
context of the space and should
be considered when developing
a color scheme.
(Mahnke, p.95, 97-99)

10. Psychophysiological Effects

11. Psychological
Physical events that affect the conscious, subconscious, and unconscious
Physiological
Lightwave frequencies that “describe the effects
stimuli have upon us” (Mahnke, p.7)

12. Neuropsychological Aspect
Each part of the brain creates a “temporary
arousal reaction” that effects the emotional state.
Cerebral Cortex
“Receives and interprets” sense
Cerebrum
Thinking takes place (right- creative, left-logic)
Thalamus
Associated with the senses (sight, hearing, taste, and
touch)
Hypothalamus
Emotion and physical response
Pituitary Gland
Influences the glands
Extreme unity and complexity can cause visual displeasure.
An individual needs relief that comes from a variety and
contrast of light, temperature, intensity and dominance of
color
Cerebellum
Extreme unity: under stimulation that causes restlessness,
irritation and difficulty in concentration
Reticular Formation
Extreme complexity: overstimulation that effects breathing,
pulse rate, blood pressure and muscle tension contrast of
light, temperature, intensity and dominance of color
Affects balance and movement
Effects entire nervous system (visual -external and
mental activity)
(Mahnke, p. 20-22)

13. Chromotherapy
the healing of color
“Colors, like features, follow the changes
of the emotions.” - Pablo Picasso
Light is used in the form of color to
balance energy.
The Colors of the Chakras ...
Divided into the seven main “energies”
of the body
Each engery stems from a major nerve
ganglia, all connecting at the spinal
column
(threeheartscompany)

14. Environmental Influences
Numerous environmental factors influence
the perception of color that creates a
memorable experience.
1. Biological Reactions to a Color Stimulus:
“Psychological component” from the natural
effects of nature
The “Color Experience
Pyramid”
2. Collective Unconscious:
Personal experience pertaining to color
3. Conscious Symbolism:
“Learned responses” that are symbolic to the
surrounding environment
4. Cultural Influences and Mannerism:
Particular colors are that are related to a
country or location
5. Influence of Trends, Fashion, Styles:
Temporary colors that reflect a time period
6. Personal Relationship:
Individual likes and dislikes
(Mahnke, p.11)

15. Red
“The most physical color in the
spectrum.” Associated with the
heart and blood, the color red has
been proven to raise the heart rate
and energy level.
In interiors, red is used to make a
bold statement. It is often used in
restaurants to increase appetite or
in logos associated with food. In
residential design, a red wall might
create a warm cozy feeling that
makes you want to sit around the
Survey Association
Fire, passion, power, love, energy,
angry, sexy, lust, blood
(Eiseman, p.7; Amara)

16. Orange
The color orange is known to encourage
activy and stimulate conversation.
Subjectively, the vibrant color is either
greatly liked or disliked.
Around 500 B.C., the fruit inspired the name
of the color and the Orange was known as
the fruit of the gods and kings. Often
associated with the term “rebirth,” it gained
popularity in Renaissance paintings and was
an iconic color in the 90s fashion trend.
Survey Association
Excitement, tropical, noticeable, vibrant,
caution + safety, Hokies, fun, hunting
(Eiseman, p. 13)

17. Yellow
Besides being directly related to the
sun, the color yellow is the easiest
color for the human eye to see.
Different shades of yellow convey
different messages. A light yellow
might bring warmth and softness to
your home, where as a bright yellow
might raise the emotional temperature
and increase liveliness and encourage
innovation.
Survey Association
happiness, light, sun, playfulness
(Eiseman, p. 23)

18. Green
The color of nature, green is the most seen
color in the world. Therefore, green can
provoke a multitude of moods from
environmental awareness to fertility and
growth.
In interiors, green is often placed in
environments that are ment to soothe and
encourage mental relaxation.
Survey Association
nature, money, growth, prosperity,
environment, luck
(Eiseman, p. 37; Amara)

19. Blue
The color of the water and sky, blue is the
color of serenity and calmness. It is the
top favorite color in the world. Blue is also
associated with many religious practices
meaning mercy and honor. Since blue is
a symbol of rest, it is often found in health
care design and in residential,
especially in bedrooms.
Survey Association
Ocean + water, calming, soothing, clear,
tranquility, sky, serenity, cold, relaxing
(Eiseman, p. 31; Amara)

20. Violet
The color purple is a combination of blue in
red, and in effect its emotional impact is a
balance of the two. Certain shades uplift,
where others calm. It encourages
creativity and is symbolic to royality.
Survey Association
Flowers + horticulture, power, luxury,
royality, deception, pride
A few people referred to the Willy Wonka
reference “You’re turning violet, violet.”
(Eiseman, p. 43)
A colourful life: 2014 Pantone colour of the year “Radiant orchid”

21. Neutrals
White, Black and Grey
As the white flag indicates a truce, the color
white also is a symbol of peace. It is the
“presence of light” and the best way to
represent cleanliness. Snow and clouds are
both have soft properties, which reflect the
emotional effects of clarity and purification.
Black is a combination of color that creates
depth within spaces. It provokes strong
emotions of power and authority, but leave
you with a feeling of emptiness.
Survey Association
Black: Sadness, depression, sleek, serious,
dark, negative, somber, mourning, emo,
sexy, void, emo
White: pure, marriage, light, clean, angels,
peaceful, innocence, good, weddings
(Eiseman, p. 55, 61)

22. Survey Results
Color connotations and associations differ among
men to women, children to adults, as well as
professions and cultures.
Through a survey that consisted of 45 people from
the ages of 18-60 of all occupations and courses of
study, here are my findings:
What is the first thing you notice in an interior
space?
Form (Shape + Size)
Light
Color
Decoration
Furniture
32%
20%
11%
25%
11%
Although color was not the first thing people noticed, it
impacts the overall form, and is found in light, decoration and
furniture.
Favorite Color
Blue
Red
Pink
Yellow
Purple
Green
Lease Favorite Color
36%
7%
16%
7%
18%
18%
Pink
Yellow
Orange
Purple
Brown
Black
Green
13%
13%
20%
13%
22%
9%
9%
Are there any colors or color
combinations that are significant
to you or your culture?
22% Maroon + Orange (School)
18% Red + White + Blue (U.S. Flag)
Note: Results with individual colors
associations are found on the Meaning of
Colors

23. Considerations + Challenges
Art
Subjectivity
Anthropology
Objectivity
Design
Conventionally
Marketing
Materiality
Color interaction and contrast
Cultural and historical color symbolism
Color Planning narratives
Color and arousal, branding and product
differentiation
Physics
Color and light properties and measurements
Color likes and dislikes
Prescriptive color solutions
Traditional schemes and harmonies
Natural coloration of materials
Dimensionality
Visualization and applications
Psychology
Color Sensation, perception, and response
(Portillo, p. 2-3)

24. Color Fundamentals

25. 1. The Color Wheel
Sir Issac Newton created the 1st color diagram in
1666.
Since then various color wheels have been
created, causing debates.
2. Color Harmony
Visual pleasure to the eye
ex. Color Scheme based on Analogous Colors (right)
or complementary colors
3. Color Context
The relational impact that shapes and colors have
on each other.
(Color Matters)

26. Color Systems
The scientific study of color is a system that is divided into additive and subtractive color. Each part of the
system is equally important, but the subtractive color system is the method used by artists that impacts the
senses in the brain (Color Matters).
Subtractive Color
Additive Color
Subtractive color is wavelengths that are absorbed
and reflected. When colors are added together
they produce black. This system is used for
printing, photography and painting.
Additive color comes from a source to create light.
When colors are added together they produce
white.
(rgbworld)

27. Color Vocabulary
Hue
purest wavelength and intensity
Value
lightness or darkness
Tint
hue + white
Shade
hue + black
Tone
hue + gray
Chroma
brilliance or dullness
(B. Leshyn, Color Theory Powerpoint)

28. Color Harmony
Monochromatic
Analogous
1 Hue
2-3 Adjacent hues
(icanbecreative)
Ex. Blue + Green, Orange + Red
Complementary
Triad
Polychromatic
Opposite hues that contrast each
other
3 Equidistant hues
3-4 different hues
Ex. Red + Green, Purple + Yellow
Ex. Green + Purple + Yellow
Red + Yellow + Blue
(B. Leshyn, Color Theory Powerpoint)

29. Influences

30. Josef Albers
“Color is understood through experience”
Known for his color context studies that explores
the Interaction of color
Studied at the Bauhaus as a painter, but joined
the faculty as a stained glass instructor and later
became a professor of the arts.
As a professor he “linked architecture and
painting” and belived that color is changing
depending on the surrounding relation.

31. Faber Birren
“The study of color is essentially a mental and
psychological science, for the term color itself
refers to sentation.”
Father of applied color psychology (devoted
his life to the study of color)
Originator of OSHA colors
Established the profession of color consultants
(1936)
Discovered the relationship of the fundamental
attributes pertaining to hues: shade, tint, and
tone.

32. Karim Rashid
“I use extensive variations of colors to create
form, depth, mood, feeling, texture, and to touch
our everyday public memory. Color is not just
surface and is not intangible- it is very real, very
strong, a powerful tool and has a real physical
presence.”
Rashid is an industrial designer and interior
architect known for his futuristic designs that
pushes the exploration of color.
3,000+ designs in over 35 countries including
fashion, furniture, lighting fixtures and product
goods
(karimrashid.com)

33. Case Studies

34. 1
Fallingwater
Frank Lloyd Wright
Integrated over a waterfall, this residence is famous
for incorporating nature and architecture into a
manmade structure with horizontal lines and
cantilevers that create a sense of freedom through
balance
“Fallingwater was meant to evolve and change over
time, reflecting those who occupied the retreat” (p.12)
Planning + Programming
Designed around the fireplace - gathering place
Open living room that surrounds natural elements
Narrow hallways to create the sense of compression
Low ceilings to direct eye outside (archdaily)
Strategic Design
Local natural sandstone
2 paint colors with a neutral “backdrop”
Motifs
Horizonal line- earth line
Cantilevier- freedon and expansivess,
Cascade- waterfall
Semicircle- soft curve of transition and balance
(Portillo, p. 11-18)

35. “Mastery of color can easily consume a lifetime of study. observation,
experimenttion, reflection, study, research, and practice work
together to develop expertise in color” - Frank L. Wright
The client, Edgar Kaufmann Sr. and his
family greatly contributed to the interior
design
Cherokee Red
Used on the floor, brick, framework (window mullions), and furniture
Inspired by the soil
+ Red was wrights favorite color
Ocher
Used through lighting and furniture
Inspired by the Rhododendrons found on
site
Black Walnut
Found on the woodwork to add contrast
from furniture
Note: Wall color remains the same but
textiles have changed over the years

36. 2
Phoenix Children’s Hospital
HKS Architects
A renovated design to improve the spacial flexibiltiy of
the plan inspired by an oasis that reflects the
surrounding landspace.
Planning + Programming
Adjacent programming decreased travel distances
Rooftop healing gardens provide an escape
Sustainable practices maximize daylight to reduce heat
gain
Strategic Design
Exterior impacts the interior with a colorful glow
Natural light provided from visual access to the outside
surroundings (patient rooms and public spaces)
Way finding is incorported through color palettes, wall
murals and sculptures
Local materials were used to reduce off-gassing

37. functions
patient care units
lease space
public/ administrative
building services
outpatient clinics
diagnostic/ treatment
circulation
veritical circulation/ shafts
auxiliary color

38. 3
Switch Restaurant and Lounge
Karim Rashid
A futuristic statement that “switches” the role of hospitality
design by provoking thought and excitement within emotions
Planning + Programming
Long symmetrical rectangle
Seating divided into dining, bar and lounge areas
Flexible table to accommodate different number of parties
Continuous and seamless walls that wrap around the space
Strategic Design
International iconic design
Transitional from day to night that changes the mood
No natural lighting
Simple color scheme to reflect color changing walls
Everything is curved
Wall is “inspired by the Arabic letter ‘S’ turned on its side.”
(Middle East interiors)

39. Your Rainbow Panorama
Olafur Eliasson
“A space without boundaries”
Designed to create a dialogue between the
existing architecture and the city of Aarhus in
Denmark that challenges the individual to imagine
limits beyond the interior boundaries
Planning + Programming
Circular walkway
450ft. L x 10ft. W
Strategic Design
Over looks the city of Denmark
(admirers see different colors depending on
where they are located in the city)
Glass in all colors of the spectrum
Lights embedded in the floor are lit up at night
(Aros)
4

40. Application

41. How Color Impacts us as Designers
Color creates a visual experience in an interior
space
1. Gives direction and defines circulation
ex. The Triennale Design Museum in Milano
designed by Fabio Novembre (right)
2. Creates a mood and tells a story
3. Affects taste and smell
Synaesthesia is how senses work together. Each
sense has a pathway to the brain and run parallel to each
other, however sometimes they cross over and evoke
memories.
4. Creates a connection between the surrounding
environment and interior space
A color palette is affected by the geographical location,
characteristics of potentional users, the programming,
light sources, and overall form of the space

42. Exploration of Space
Defining space by the reversal of containment lead
to the exploration of color and light, which has
been a common interest expressed throughout my
designs.

43. Virginia Tech Chicago
arts center
A transitional multi-cultural art center
that stages the movement for creativity

44. Design Goals
1. Incorporate the exterior landscape
into the space that reflects Grant Park
and the surrounding environment
through the use of materials and natural
lighting
2. Design a dynamic space
that appeals to Chicago’s
cosmopolitan diversity that
affects the student and
faculty’s individual mood
throughout the space
3. Development
a movement
within the space
through the
progression of
color which
defines a
hierarchical
relationship
and allows for
wayfinding and
branding
4. Provoke
a surreal
experience that
contradicts the
dreams and reality,
which create an
element of
surprise and
juxtaposition
between mass
and volume of the
space
5. Promote
sustainability
that encourages
environmental
stewardship to
advance the
knowledge of
future
generations
that employ the
space

45. Pro · gres · sion
a movement or development toward a destination or
a more advanced state, esp. gradually or in stages
Within design, there are many disciplines that have the ability to
influence a culture. The progression of creativity has inspired a surreal
movement that has influenced spatial relationships, color, furniture and
fixtures.
The Virginia Tech Chicago Arts Center is a transitional multi-cultural
space that stages the movement of creativity. A collaboration of
architecture, interior design, studio art and music push the traditional
learning environment to create a program that inspires innovation.
Students are challenged throughout the program to leave an individual
legacy that encourages the advancement of knowledge to future
generations that inhabit the space.
Kimball Office offers a collection of traditional and modern pieces that
together create a movement within space. From experimenting with
concepts to the final stages of artwork or performances, students and
faculty are equipped with furniture and fixtures that are not only
functional, but also aesthetically pleasing.
Progression of Public to Private

46. Floor Plan
Floor Plan 1
Scale 1/32” = 1’0”
1 Entrance
2 Info Area
3 Performance
4 Gallery
5 Cafe + Lounge
6 Round Table
7 Material Library
8 Women’s Restroom
9 Men’s Restroom
10 Classroom
11 Faculty Office
12 Practice Rooms
13 Dressing Rooms
14 Recording Studio
15 Conference Room
16 Storage
17 Print Lab
18 Studio
19 Presentation Room
Floor Plan 2
Scale 1/32” = 1’0”
Circulation Diagram

47. Gallery Detail
Inspired by the movement of the Chicago Metro System
LED lighting
system embedded
in transparent glass panels used for displaying art work.
Possible Kimball Traxx system arrangements:

48. Studio Perspective

49. Finish Plan
Finish Schedule
Symbol/ Texture Type
P1
Manufacturer
Product
Paint
Sherwin
Williams
Westhighland
White
Carpet
Bentley
IconicRio de Janeiro
Wood
Armstrong Kempa Natural
Warm Colors
Aggregate
Concrete
Carpet
Flor
Like MindedBurgandy
Carpet
Flor
Made you lookTangerine
Carpet
Flor
Line, PleaseCayenne
Carpet
Flor
CambiumGeranium
Note: P1 all walls to be painted unless
otherwise noted

50. Furniture Plan
C7
C7
T1
C8
T7
C9
C9
C9
C1
C7
C9
T6
T6
T6
T6
C10
C10
C10
C10
T5
C7
T5
C7
T5
T5
C6
T5
C7
C5
T5
C7
T5
T3
T3
C2
T5
T5
T5
T3
T5
C7
C2
T5
C2
C6
DN
C8
T3
C11
T4
T3 C5
C8
T3
T3
T8
T3
C11
T9
C4
T9
T9
T9
T9
C5
T9
C11
T2
C3
C11
T2
T2
T2
C5
T8
C3
T2
C1
T1
T8
C11
T8
T8
C11

51. Finish Schedule
Furniture Image
Symbol
Manufacturer
Description
Fabric/ Finish
Kim Salmela
Palette Rainbow
Grade K
Furniture Image
Symbol
Manufacturer Description
Fabric/ Finish
Kimball
Independence
Hillsborough
C2
Kimball
Adagiato
Maharam
Aria- Swerve
T2
Adagiato
Maharam
Skyline by Kvadrat- 656
T3
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
C11
Kimball
Kimball
Bingo Armless Stool
White Finish
T1
T4
Kimball
Acapella armless
Maharam
Overlay- Cerise
Villa Rectangle Bench
Maharam
Air by Kvadrat
T6
Occasional Table
Brighton Maple
Wood Finish
Kimball
Arpeggio
Cordoba Cherry
Wood Finish
Kimball
Arpeggio
Cordoba Cherry
Wood Finish
Kimball
Innsbruck
Coco Sapele
Wood Finish
Scenario
White Finish,
Metal Frame
Kimball
Fluent
Brighton Maple
Wood Finish
Kimball
Conference
Solution
Kimball
Priority0002
Brighton Maple
Wood Finish,
White Frame
Kimball
Definition
Coco Sapele
Wood Finish
T5
Kimball
Kimball
Kimball
C1
Kimball
Kimball
Poly
Arpeggio
Tangerine
T7
T8
Maharam
Disperse- Carnelian
T9
Kimball
Axos
White Leather
Kimball
Bingo
White Finish
Kimball
Itsa
Maharam
Alias- Semolina
Brighton Maple
Wood Finish

52. Reflected Ceiling Plan

53. Lighting Schedule
Fixture Image
Product
Description
Philips
Rotaris TBS741
6” Recessed
downlight
Philips
Corview Panel- smooth
surface light
2x2 Standard open
office
Philips
Arctone
Surface mounted
track light
Bocci
28.1 Satellite Single
Pendant - Pink
Bocci
28.3 Random Pendant
Chandelier
Bocci
28.7 7 Pendant
Chandelier-Clear
Philips
Natural Light Progression
Symbol
Manufacturer
Ecomood Pendant No.
40341- White
Suspended linear
fixture

54. Conclusion
“Color is the first thing you notice and the last thing you
leave with.” (Portillo, p.1)
When I first began this study, I was having difficulty
understanding the difference between the subjective
and objective effects of color. From this study, I have
learned that the measurement of light is an objective
matter, but once it is perceived into the brain there is
a transformation to subjective qualities that provoke
numerous theories. Since every individual’s brain is
different, each person is blessed with a unique
experiences.
I think and see in color; it represents a collection of my
artistic sense, interior and architectural environment,
scientific factors of the human response and the actual
colors themselves. As a designer, color has allowed
me to express myself through my concepts from the
strategic design all the way through the final
presentation stages. By considering color in design, I
can create a mood within a space and tell a story that
leaves an emotional impact on each individual.
Although the study of color is endless, I have gained a
better understand of how color effects the
psychological and physiological aspects within the
human response that will allow me to inhance my
designs.

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57. Brittani Anderson
brittani@vt.edu
Virginia Tech
School of Architecture + Urban Studies
Interior Design