Leaf Rust Kills Organic Coffee Crops

http://buyorganiccoffee.org/1172/benefits-of-organic-coffee/ Benefits of Organic Coffee There are a lot of benefits of drinking coffee but there are especially benefits of organic coffee. Coffee drinkers are less likely to develop any of several types of cancer. Drink coffee regularly and you are less likely to get type II diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, or depression. There are, unfortunately a whole host of chemical impurities that may be found in a cup of regular coffee. The benefits or organic coffee over regular coffee hinge on the fact that healthy organic coffee is free of these substances. A Hundred and Thirty Chemicals That You Can Do Without Health authorities in Australia have found that more than 130 different impurities may be found in a cup of regular coffee. These contaminants include metals such as aluminum and zinc, pesticide residues, ochratoxin A, acrylamide, furan, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are found to cause cancer. Furans have been associated with skin disorders, liver problems, certain kinds of cancers, impairment to the reproductive, endocrine, and immune system, as well as effects on embryonic development. The benefits or organic coffee start on the coffee farm when the farmer uses sustainable growing practices. Certified Organic Coffee USDA certified coffee is the gold standard. According to the USDA, the following is required for USDA organic coffee certification as well as to all organic food production. “… Organic food is produced by farmers who emphasize the use of renewable resources and the conservation of soil and water to enhance environmental quality for future generations…” Organic certified coffees with the USDA seal are the gold standard to which all other organic certified coffees are compared. However, many small organic coffee growers cannot afford the price of USDA organic coffee certification. Here is where organizations like UTZ and Rainforest Alliance enter the picture. UTZ Certification A UTZ grower learns to do the following and then continues to do what is needed. To reduce and prevent soil erosion, keep records of fertilizer and chemical use and use these products responsibly, follow good farming practices including integrated pest management, avoid deforestation, protect water sources, native and endangered species, use native fauna for shade grown coffee, train workers properly in their own language, implement and follow through on health and safety requirements, teach and require good hygiene, trace coffee from planting to roaster and carry out internal inspections every year.

Benefits of Organic Coffee

https://buyorganiccoffee.org/2240/shade-grown-coffee-benefits/ Shade Grown Coffee Benefits Organic coffee is a better choice than regular coffee. This is because organic coffee has all of the benefits of coffee and none of the impurities than can be found in a regular cup or java. And shade grown coffee is often a better choice than plain organic. Why is this? What are the shade grown coffee benefits that convince us to buy shade grown instead of organic or regular coffee? Shade Grown Coffee Shade Grown Coffee Benefits Gourmet coffee Sustainable agriculture Preservation of biodiversity Soil preservation as a priority Commitment to responsible land management Shade Grown Coffee Benefits 1: Shade grown is gourmet coffee A couple of years ago we wrote about gourmet coffee and what that means. In general gourmet coffee is characterized by high quality beans and skillful preparation. In the world of coffee many consider Jamaican Blue Mountain, Kona from Hawaii, select organic coffees from Panama and Arabic coffee from Colombia as being of high gourmet quality. But there is more to the story. Growing coffee in the shade results in a finer coffee. This is similar to growing coffee at higher altitudes. The beans mature more slowly and with deeper and richer flavor. Shade Grown Coffee Benefits 2: Sustainable Agriculture The ideal way to grow coffee in the shade is to plant coffee within an existing forest. Mother Nature takes care of the rest. In this ideal situation there are no herbicides, fungicides, pesticides or synthetic fertilizers. This is organic coffee at its finest. Forested coffee farms are bio-rich buffer zones for plants, flowers and wildlife that are at risk as a result of deforestation and poor land management. Planting coffee under the existing forest canopy results in a high quality coffee. And income from selling the shade grown coffee helps the farmer keep the land in its original pristine condition. Without having to resort to the use of synthetic fertilizers or other chemicals the natural plants are all preserved. And the water table is not polluted. Sustainable agriculture is one of the best shade grown coffee benefits.

Shade Grown Coffee Benefits

What's the Point of Organic Coffee? http://buyorganiccoffee.org/1578/what%E2%80%99s-the-point-of-organic-coffee/ What’s the point of organic coffee when you can walk into Starbucks and buy a good tasting cup of coffee or you can buy Folgers at the store and save money? What are the benefits of organic coffee over the regular stuff? First of all you do not lose any of the health benefits of coffee when you drink health organic coffee. You get the same reduction of the incidence of type II diabetes, various kinds of cancer, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases and depression/suicide by drinking organic coffee as opposed to regular. The point is that organic coffee production is sustainable and better for the earth. Sustainable Organic Farming Not long ago we posed the question, what does sustainable mean? Alternet writes about how we should stop using the term sustainable and instead use regenerative or degenerative. They suggest a regeneration revolution. With the "sustainability" label co-opted by Big Food, it’s time to re-frame agriculture into two categories: regenerative and degenerative. Last week, PoliticoPro reported that the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture wants “farmers and agricultural interests to come up with a single definition of sustainability in order to avoid confusing the public with various meanings of the term in food and production methods.” We agree with Secretary Tom Vilsack that the word “sustainability” is meaningless to consumers and the public. It’s overused, misused and it has been shamelessly co-opted by corporations for the purpose of greenwashing.

What's the Point of Organic Coffee?

http://buyorganiccoffee.org/763/coffee-berry-borer-threatens-kona-coffee-crop/ Coffee Berry Borer Threatens Kona Coffee Crop The Hawaiian coffee growers have appealed directly to a high placed native son for help as the coffee berry borer threatens the coffee crop in the islands. The Kona Coffee Farmers Association and the Hawaii Coffee Association have appealed to both President Barack Obama and Agriculture Secretary Thomas Vilsack for more help in defeating an insect pest that has the potential to destroy the Hawaiian coffee crop. The beetle in question was first spotted in Hawaii in 2010 has multiplied into the billions. There are slightly more than 800, mostly small, coffee farms in the islands and they produce a crop valued at $35 million a year. Kona organic coffee is imperiled as well as the rest of the coffee crop. Organic or Synthetic Approaches to Fighting a Beetle Cotton farmers in the Southern United States learned to their dismay many years ago that spraying the heck out of the cotton crop to kill pests could backfire. The insecticide resistant cotton borer beetle destroyed crops because the farmers had removed its natural competitors. Although no one intentionally introduced the beetle into Hawaii the fact that regular coffee is often grown in crowded rows tends to encourage the spread of pests. Growing coffee and other crops out of their natural habitat also upsets the balance of nature. Shade grown organic coffee is grown where birds perch in the trees and are only too happy to help by snacking on insect pests. Let us hope that whatever solution the experts come up with relates to restoring the balance of nature and not adding one more insecticide to what can appear in our morning cup of coffee or kill the birds in the trees.

Coffee Berry Borer Threatens Kona Coffee Crop

Strictly Natural Coffee

Coffee leaf rust, root rot disease, and coffee berry disease are among those coffee pests and diseases that take hold in otherwise healthy coffee crops. There are diseases and pests that can infest a coffee crop and ruin it. Knowing how to prevent or treat these problems is essential for a coffee farmer to avoid financial ruin. The greatest damage to coffee crops comes from pathogenic fungi followed by bacteria or viruses. https://youtu.be/mmsBPFAmSuw

Coffee pests-and-diseases

http://buyorganiccoffee.org/903/history-of-organic-coffee/ History of Organic Coffee Healthy organic coffee has been around ever since coffee was discovered growing wild and ever since it was first grown. However, the history of organic coffee of the certified variety starts in 1990. The Organic Foods Production Act was passed in 1990. It requires the Secretary of Agriculture to establish a National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances which identifies synthetic substances that may be used, and the nonsynthetic substances that cannot be used, in organic production and handling operations. The reason that organic coffee certification as well as certification of other foods came into being is that farmers learned that they could increase production by using synthetic fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides. Because there was no clear way to differentiate between products grown by an organic method and those grown by more modern methods a need arose to certify food as organic. The law states that for coffee to be certified as organic the soil in which it is grown must be free from prohibited substances for at least three years and have been verified as such. There have to be clear boundaries between land on which organic coffee is grown and land where pesticides, herbicides, and prohibited chemical fertilizers are used. This is so that drift of substances from adjacent land will not contaminate the organic plot. Organic coffee certification requires a specific and verifiable plan for all practices and procedures from planting to crop maintenance, to harvest, de-husking, bagging, transport, roasting, packaging, and final transport. Procedures must be in place to insure that there is no contamination of healthy organic coffee with regular coffee produced on soil exposed to contaminants. Who Does the Checking? Once there was a set of regulations in place to certify organic coffee the problem was that aside from Hawaii no one grows organic coffee in the USA. And the USDA does not run around Latin America where three fourths of the organic coffee in the world is grown. Thus there are certifying authorities who act on behalf of the USDA. One of these is Bio Latina. These folks office in Lima, Peru but they tramp all over Latin America certifying various organic foods including coffee. One issue for small producers is that the $500 a year certifying fee is too steep a price unless they can get connected to a buyer who will pay the organic rate instead of the regular coffee rate.

History of Organic Coffee

Organic Coffee versus Regular http://buyorganiccoffee.org/1993/organic-coffee-versus-regular/ Why should you choose organic coffee versus regular? After all regular coffee is cheaper, has caffeine and is easy to find at the grocery store. There are two good reasons for drinking organic coffee versus regular, your health and the environment. Coffee, Organic and Health Coffee is good for you. There are lots and lots of studies showing that coffee consumption reduces your risk of getting various types of cancer. In addition coffee improves athletic performance and even your sex life. Coffee drinkers are less depressed and less likely to come down with diseases of aging like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. But how does organic coffee differ from regular coffee in regards to health?

Organic Coffee versus Regular

http://buyorganiccoffee.org/724/organic-coffee-growers/ Organic Coffee Growers The work of organic coffee growers is to produce excellent coffee using sustainable farming practices. The work of organic coffee growers is to bring healthy organic coffee to your table while preserving Mother Earth. Organic coffee growers are commonly certified by the United States Department of Agriculture or one of its affiliates for the USA and by the various certifying agencies for Japan, the European Union, or specific coffee chains. Organic coffee certification guarantees that coffee is grown, picked, processed, stored, shipped, and roasted separate from regular coffee. Certification guarantees that organic coffee is grown sufficiently far from regular coffee so that herbicides, pesticides, and other substances sprayed on regular coffee do not drift onto the organic area. The work of organic coffee growers results in a product free of the more than 100 impurities found in regular coffee and still full of antioxidants that can improve and prolong life. Growing Coffee and Preserving the Earth Farmers work with a limited amount of land and limited resources. They need to keep costs down and produce a product that sells for enough to pay the bills and generate a profit. Unfortunately, this often means using various chemicals to enhance plant growth and retard or kill pests and plant disease. These substances often remain in the soil, remain in the food, and help create new and stronger pests and diseases through survival of the fittest (bugs and diseases). Organic coffee growers seek to avoid the need for synthetic treatment of their crops. They do this by spacing coffee plants normally and not crowding them. They seek to grow coffee in shaded locations which is where coffee normally grows. By using organic fertilizers such as green mulch and manure organic coffee growers maintain a normal balance of nature in their fields and still produce an excellent product.

Organic Coffee Growers

http://buyorganiccoffee.org/923/organic-green-coffee-extract/ Organic Green Coffee Extract A recently popular mean of benefiting from organic coffee antioxidants and caffeine is organic green coffee extract. In a fast paced world the argument is that you can get the stimulus of a cup of coffee as well as the benefits of the antioxidants with organic green coffee extract, typically in pill form. This is sort of the old idea that eventually all we would need was one big vitamin pill a day instead of all that food and beverage that we consume. Providing that you do not especially enjoy the aroma of a good cup of healthy organic coffee you can get some of the benefits of coffee from organic green coffee extract. But let us look at what happens when you roast coffee and then you can decide.

Organic Green Coffee Extract

https://buyorganiccoffee.org/930/gourmet-coffee-brands/ Gourmet Coffee Brands For many folks there is a good cup of coffee, OK coffee, or bad coffee. In the world of true coffee lovers there is good coffee or exceptional coffee. And, for the true connoisseur there is gourmet coffee, either regular or one of the organic coffee brands. Although there is USDA certified organic coffee there is no agency that certifies gourmet coffee brands. Gourmet coffee brands do not have a seal proving what they are like USDA Organic Coffee Certification does for organic coffee USDA Organic Coffee Certification But, all gourmet coffees have several things in common. These coffees are all Arabica coffee varieties grown in volcanic soil in mountainous terrain. And a gourmet coffee has been carefully processed and quickly delivered to the consumer. No matter how good a roasted coffee was to begin with, it does not age like a fine wine. Old coffee is never gourmet coffee. And, a gourmet coffee is freshly roasted, French roast or otherwise, in a small batch, immediately ground, and brewed. Coffee starts to age the moment the contents of the roasted bean are exposed to the air. And ground coffee is really not gourmet because it has aged before it ever got to you. Although we like to promote Fair Trade coffees, being fairly traded is not an issue with gourmet coffees as they have a following and charge plenty for their coffee. All of this having been said, what are some specific gourmet coffee brands? Gourmet Coffee Brands Gesha coffee from Panama Kopi Luwak from Indonesiae El Injerto from Guatemala Yauco Selecto AA from Puerto Rico Kona from Hawaii Blue Mountain from Jamaica Several excellent coffees from Colombia

Gourmet Coffee Brands

It is fashionable these days to blame any natural phenomena on global warming. With this in mind we ask a question. Is coffee leaf rust due to climate change? This is a pertinent question as Arabica coffee production has been devastated in several nations in the Western Hemisphere due to coffee leaf rust. There is a strong argument that temperatures are up and there certainly is a high incidence of leaf rust, la rolla in Spanish, devastating coffee crops. Over two thirds of coffee consumed worldwide is Arabica coffee. The other common variety, Robusta, is resistant to leaf rust but generally considered to be an inferior coffee. Let us take a look at the history of coffee leaf rust and efforts to control it such as with Colombian rust resistant coffee. La Rolla Coffee leaf rust is a fungal disease. It wiped out coffee plantations in Asia in the middle of the 19th century. The country of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) was a coffee producer before the leaf rust drove planters to grow tea! The disease spread from the East Indies to South Asia and Africa and eventually arrived in the new world, almost a century later around 1970. Today coffee leaf rust threatens the livelihoods of coffee growers and workers throughout Central America. Due to foresight and hard work a country such as Colombia has produced a couple of leaf rust resistant strains over the last quarter of a century and greatly reduced the incidence of the plant disease in that country. Our original question was this: Is coffee leaf rust due to climate change? If that is the case you need to make the case for climate change in South Asia, the East Indies, and East Africa more than a century ago! Dealing with Coffee Leaf Rust Leaf rust kills organic coffee crops as well as regular coffee. The basic problem with coffee leaf rust is that when there is a big infestation the planter needs to remove all plants, treat the soil, and replant. This takes five years to produce a crop with new plants. In addition, if the planter simply chooses to use effective fungicides he loses his organic coffee certification for three years or more. The cost issues are such that leaf rust not only threatens coffee growers in general but also threatens to drive organic producers out of their niche. Is coffee leaf rust due to climate change? This is not an issue for the small grower. Finding rust resistant strains, treating outbreaks, and making a profit to support the family are the important issues.

Is Coffee Leaf Rust Due to Climate Change

Healthiest Organic Coffees

https://buyorganiccoffee.org/832/utz-certified-coffee/ UTZ Certified Coffee Individuals looking for organic coffee may run across the UTZ Certified label. This label says that the bag of coffee you are buying came from a coffee farm that employed sustainable agricultural practices, good environmental practices and efficient farm management. A key feature of the UTZ Certified label is that UTZ Certified coffee is traced from grower to roaster. UTZ certified coffee is sold in North America, Europe, and Japan, in nearly fifty nations. According to UTZ, UTZ Certified stands for sustainable farming and better opportunities for farmers, their families and our planet. The UTZ program enables farmers to learn better farming methods, improve working conditions and take better care of their children and the environment. Through the UTZ-program farmers grow better crops, generate more income and create better opportunities while safeguarding the environment and securing the earth’s natural resources. UTZ starts by educating the coffee farmer, working with him to achieve organic status, and then follows through by providing a market for his organic coffee. Tough Requirements, Gradual Implementation with UTZ Certified Coffee The long term goals of UTZ are good agricultural practices, safe and healthy working conditions, abolishment of child labor, and environmental protection. However, a grower does not need to accomplish all that is required in the first year. This allows a grower to sign up to get his coffee UTZ certified, learn what is necessary, and grow into the long term requirements of the program. Because of the close tracking feature of all UTZ Certified products, consumers of healthy organic coffeeproduced by these growers can be assured of product quality as well as the farming practices that brought it to market. What UTZ Teaches and Requires A UTZ grower learns to do the following and then continues to do what is needed. • Reduce and prevent soil erosion • Keep records of fertilizer and chemical use and use these products responsibly • Follow good farming practices including integrated pest management • Avoid deforestation • Protect water sources, native and endangered species • Use native fauna for shade grown coffee • Train workers properly in their own language • Implement and follow through on health and safety requirements • Teach and require good hygiene • Trace coffee from planting to roaster • Carry out internal inspections every year

Added value of using d2w and d2p in Coffee production value chain

Christian Fritz

UTZ Certified Coffee

International Coffee Day http://buyorganiccoffee.org/1489/international-coffee-day/ The first International Coffee Day was October 1, 2015. Sponsored by the International Coffee Association this day is meant to promote fair trade coffee and raise awareness of the plight of coffee growers. The promoters hope to make this a yearly event. Your favorite coffee shop may offer free cups of coffee but don’t expect to get your most fancy coffee house coffee for free! Since the focus of the day is fair trade coffee, just what is that? Fair Trade Coffee What is fair trade coffee? Years ago we wrote this: Is fair trade coffee the same as healthy organic coffee? How does fair trade coffee differ from organic coffee and when are they the same thing? The original motive behind fair trade coffee was to develop coffee trade relationships based on respect, transparency, and dialogue between producers and sellers. The point is to guarantee fair prices to small coffee growers who would otherwise have no access to fair pricing. At its heart fair trade coffee is an idea for social betterment more so than a way to make better coffee. There is a “Fairtrade” coffee brand for which coffee packers pay a fee, a “Fairtrade” logo and brand name. Coffee carrying this name must come from an associated cooperative. In general cooperatives only sell part of their harvest as fair trade coffee because of lack of demand.

International Coffee Day

whole bean coffee, organic coffee, organic coffee antioxidants

http://buyorganiccoffee.org/1594/whats-with-death-wish-coffee/ What's with Death Wish Coffee? If you watched Super Bowl 50 you may have seen the commercial for Death Wish Coffee. Vikings rowing a long boat on a stormy sea that turns out to be… Death Wish Coffee! So what’s with Death Wish Coffee? Forbes published an article about the commercial, the company and a small business ended up with a Super Bowl commercial. Mike Brown, the founder and owner of Death Wish Coffee, a blend with twice the amount of caffeine of most coffees, won a contest for small business owners who wanted to advertise during the Super Bowl. In the commercial a Viking ship forges through stormy seas, which turn into a river of strong brew that flows into the mouth of a satisfied coffee drinker. The contest sponsor, Intuit QuickBooks, paid for the production plus the cost to air it during the Super Bowl, a reported $5 million for 30 seconds. Mr. Brown started packaging and selling his coffee online in an attempt to add some profit to his coffee shop business. While the commercial was running the visits on his web site went up to 10,000 a minute and his sales have doubled. But, what’s with Death Wish Coffee and why is it so strong?

What's with Death Wish Coffee?

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Over the years evidence has accumulated for many beneficial health effects of drinking coffee. Now investigations regarding coffee and stoke indicate that coffee is helpful in this arena as well. In the USA stroke is the leading cause of death with more than 795,000 having strokes each year. A stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked or ruptures. This deprives brain tissue of blood supply and that tissue dies. https://youtu.be/q-CemYL62iw

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When you are looking for reliably great Arabica coffee the best choice, bar none, is coffee from Colombia. When you are looking for reliably great Arabica coffee the best choice, bar none, is coffee from Colombia. While there are many places in the world that grow and export great coffee Colombia grows great Arabica coffee across a wider region in the Western Andes than any other growing region in the world. https://youtu.be/pb06IhbH0Mw

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If you are looking for Arabica coffee, high quality coffee, and lots of it, look for coffee from Colombia. Colombia ranks number one in production and export of the highest-quality Arabica coffee. If, before reading further, you would like to purchase coffee directly from Colombia, send us an email at admin@buyorganiccoffee.org. Buy Organic Coffee works with local producers and processors in the Manizales, Colombia region which is the heart of the Colombian coffee-growing district. https://youtu.be/oL5SmYQdKbo

Coffee from Colombia

https://buyorganiccoffee.org/2235/organic-coffee-side-effects/ Organic Coffee Side Effects When we think of something having side effects we usually expect something bad. But, that is not the case with organic coffee. Organic coffee side effects are all good! You may be someone who drinks coffee in the morning to get started. Or you may need a cup of java to make it through a long afternoon at work. And you probably like the aroma and flavor of a good cup of coffee. It does not matter why you drink coffee or how much you drink. You will experience positive organic coffee side effects even if you are not aware of them. Organic Coffee Side Effects Better quality coffee Health benefits of coffee Benefits of organic versus regular coffee Helping save the environment Organic Coffee Side Effects, 1: Better Quality Coffee Your organic coffee is almost always Arabica organic coffee. There are two basic species of coffee, Arabica and Robusta. Arabica coffee is generally believed to be the first type of coffee to be cultivated with a tradition stretching back over a thousand years. When you buy Arabica organic coffee you are choosing the species of coffee with superior taste. Arabica has less caffeine than Robusta, the other basic coffee type. But Arabica has more complex flavor and aroma and is the ingredient of most gourmet coffees. So, when you choose organic coffee for whatever purpose, the side effects are better aroma and better taste. Organic Coffee Side Effects, 2: Health Benefits Coffee has many health benefits. And most of those benefits come from the antioxidants found in green coffee and also those formed during roasting. Higher quality coffee such as organic coffee typically has more antioxidants and therefore more health benefits. For the complete lowdown on organic coffee health benefits, take a look at our article of the same name. The short version is that if you drink coffee you are less likely to get a whole bunch of bad diseases. These diseases which you can perhaps avoid include Type II diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, liver cancer, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer, colon cancer, death by suicide, and progressive dementia. Not only are you likely to live longer by drinking coffee, you will perform better and enjoy yourself more along the way. For folks who engage in strength and endurance sports a cup or two of coffee beforehand helps their performance. And, it turns out that sex is better too for coffee drinkers. What? Does coffee make sex better? Scientific research shows that coffee can lead to sexual arousal in females. Studies of sixtyish men and women show that coffee drinking women have sex more frequently and coffee drinking men have higher potency.

Organic Coffee Side Effects

How Many Pounds of Coffee for a Russian Fighter Jet? http://buyorganiccoffee.org/2018/how-many-pounds-of-coffee-do-you-need-to-trade-for-a-russian-fighter-jet/ Indonesia is the fourth largest coffee producer in the world at more than 800,000 tons a year. A fourth of their exports are high quality Arabica coffee beans and three fourths are lower quality but higher in caffeine content Robusta. As you enjoy your cup of Java remember that Java is an island in the Indonesian archipelago and was such a dominant producer in the early days that the island’s name came to mean coffee to many people. Indonesia is also a country with an army, navy and air force and recently they wanted to buy fighter jets from Russia. However, the EU and USA imposed banking sanctions on Russia because of its annexation of Crimea and meddling in Eastern Ukraine. So, how could Indonesia get the fighter jets it wanted? They resorted to barter and thereby bypassed the international banking system. Now the only question is how many pounds of coffee do you need to trade for a Russian fighter jet?

How Many Pounds of Coffee for a Russian Fighter Jet?

Climate Change Drives Coffee Farmers to Higher Elevations http://buyorganiccoffee.org/1988/climate-change-drives-coffee-farmers-to-higher-elevations/ In the coffee growing region of Colombia they grow varieties like Caturra at lower altitudes around 3,000 to 5,000 while Arabica grows best in the 5,000 feet and above range. Part of this is because of coffee leaf rust which thrives at lower altitudes. As temperatures have risen on the mountainsides of Colombia, Arabica is being planted higher and higher while left rust resistant Caturra replaces it in the low and middle altitudes. This problem is not limited to Colombia as climate change drives coffee farmers to higher elevations. At the Source of Coffee Ethiopia is the region where coffee first grew wild is a major coffee producer. It ranks number five after Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia and Indonesia. Ethiopia has the same problem as Colombia with its Arabica coffee which makes up a fourth of its production. Modern Farmer discusses how coffee is among the first crops to be affected by climate change.

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This article aims to demonstrate that the Lula government is faced with two major challenges in its effort to promote Brazil's economic and social development. The first challenge, of an economic nature, is represented by the obstacles that exist with the spending cap policy, despite the flexibility provided by the fiscal framework and the existence of an independent Central Bank, which make the Brazilian government unable to coordinate its fiscal and monetary policies, make public investments in the expansion of the economy and obtain macroeconomic stability and, the second challenge, of a political nature, is represented by the obstacles existing in the National Congress due to the fact that it does not have a majority in parliament, which prevents the federal government from putting its national developmental project into practice and fully meet social demands. For Brazil's progressive forces to re-elect President Lula in the 2026 presidential elections and obtain a parliamentary majority in the National Congress committed to political, economic and social advances, the Lula government will have to be successful on the economic front, promoting the expansion of the economy, increasing significantly generating jobs and income, keeping inflation under control and meeting the maximum social demands that benefit, above all, the country's underserved populations. Brazil's progressive forces need to commit, starting from the 2024 municipal elections, towards to elect the maximum number of mayors and councilors committed to Brazil's political, economic and social advances. These are the conditions to prevent, in 2026, right-wing extremists from regaining the Presidency of the Republic, expanding their participation in state governments and the National Congress and putting their nefarious anti-social and anti-national project into practice.

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