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RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDYUT PRASARAN NIGAM LTD.
(Regd. Office: Vidyut Bhavan, Janpath, Jyoti Nagar, Jaipur–302005)
CONSTRUCTION
MANUAL
FOR
SUB STATIONS
F O R E W O R D
The Engineers experienced in the field of Transmission have made this effort to
compile the experience gained over the past 40 years in the form of a Manual and
make it available to the Engineers and Technical Supervisors of the Company. This is
a step forward to disseminate knowledge so that uniform practices and procedures are
followed in the construction activities in the Company.
This Manual covers all the activities related to the construction of Sub Stations.
I appreciate the work done by the members of the Committee in preparing and
bringing out this Construction Manual for Sub Stations.
I hope that the Manual will be of immense use and reference to the Engineers of
the Transmission & Construction Wing.
Shreemat Pandey
April, 2007 Chairman & Managing Director
Jaipur Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Ltd.
P R E F A C E
The construction practices in the transmission wing of RVPN have been built over
the past 40 years and passed on from seniors to juniors. The new generation of
Engineers, skilled Technical Supervisors and Workmen has, from time to time,
constantly updated the construction practices according to the latest developments in
the field of Transmission Engineering.
It was felt that the construction practices built over the years be compiled in the
form of a Manual and made available to Engineers and Technical Supervisors
engaged in the construction activities so that uniform practices and procedures are
followed in the Company.
A Committee of the following Engineers experienced in the field of Transmission
was assigned the task of preparing the Construction Manual:
Shri S. Dhawan, Chief Engineer (MM)
Shri B. N. Saini, Superintending Engineer (400 KV Design)
Shri Raghuvendra Singh, Executive Engineer (Prot. II)
Shri Mohan Singh Ruhela, Executive Engineer (C&M–400 KV GSS), Heerapura
Shri A. D. Sharma, Assistant Engineer (Civil – 400 KV Design)
Shri Atul Sharma, Assistant Engineer (TLPC)
I appreciate the work done by the members of the Committee in preparing and
bringing out this Construction Manual for Sub Stations. I am confident that the
Manual will be of great help to the Engineers posted in the Transmission &
Construction Wing in discharging their duties.
Y. K. Raizada
April, 2007 Director (Technical)
Jaipur Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Ltd.
CONTENTS
Section – I:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Section – II:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
SITE SELECTION & SUB STATION DESIGN
Selection of Land
Layout Design
Safety Clearances
Earth Mat Design
ERECTION, TESTING AND COMMISSIONING
General Instructions
Structures
Bus Bar and Earth Wire
Aluminium Pipe Bus Bar and Joints
Power Transformers
Circuit Breakers
Isolators
Current Transformers
Capacitor Voltage Transformers (CVT) /
Potential Transformers (PT)
Lightning Arresters
Post / Polycone Insulators
Wave Traps
Line Matching Unit (LMU) /
Line Matching Distribution Unit (LMDU)
Capacitor Banks
Earthing
Cable Laying and Wiring
Battery Sets (Valve Regulated Lead Acid / VRLA)
DC Panels
Battery Chargers
Control & Relay Panels
LT Panels
PLCC Carrier Sets
Carrier Protection Couplers
PLCC Exchange
Commissioning of Sub Station
Bibliography
5
7
33
35
41
43
47
53
57
71
79
83
87
91
93
95
97
99
103
117
121
125
127
129
133
137
141
143
145
SECTION – I
SITE
SELECTION
&
SUB STATION
DESIGN
CHAPTER – 1
SELECTION OF LAND
1.0 SELECTION OF SITE:
1.1 Selection of site for construction of a Grid Sub Station is the first and important activity.
This needs meticulous planning, fore-sight, skillful observation and handling so that the
selected site is technically, environmentally, economically and socially optimal and is the
best suited to the requirements.
1.2 The main points to be considered in the selection of site for construction of a Grid Sub
Station are given below.
1.3 The site should be:
a) As near the load centre as possible.
b) As far as possible rectangular or square in shape for ease of proper orientation of bus
– bars and feeders.
c) Far away from obstructions, to permit easy and safe approach / termination of high
voltage overhead transmission lines.
d) Free from master plans / layouts or future development activities to have free line
corridors for the present and in future.
e) Easily accessible to the public road to facilitate transport of material.
f) As far as possible near a town and away from municipal dumping grounds, burial
grounds, tanneries and other obnoxious areas.
g) Preferably fairly leveled ground. This facilitates reduction in leveling expenditure.
h) Above highest flood level (HFL) so that there is no water logging.
i) Sufficiently away from areas where police and military rifle practices are held.
1.4 The site should have as far as possible good drinking water supply for the station staff.
1.5 The site of the proposed Sub Station should not be in the vicinity of an aerodrome. The
distance of a Sub Station from an aerodrome should be maintained as per regulations of the
aerodrome authority. Approval in writing should be obtained from the aerodrome authority
in case the Sub Station is proposed to be located near an aerodrome.
2.0 REQUIREMENT OF LAND / AREA:
2.1 The site should have sufficient area to properly accommodate the Sub Station buildings,
structures, equipments, etc. and should have the sufficient area for future extension of the
buildings and / or switchyard.
6 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
2.2 The requirement of land for construction of Sub Station including staff colony is as under:
S.No. Voltage Class of GSS Required Area
1. 400 kV 20.0 Hectare
2. 220 kV 6.0 Hectare
3. 132 kV 3.5 Hectare
2.3 While preparing proposals for acquisition of private land and allotment of Government
land, the area of land for respective Grid Sub Stations shall be taken into consideration as
mentioned in para 2.2 above. While selecting Government land, the requirement may be
made liberally but in other cases, where payment is to be made for the land acquisition, the
requirement should be restricted to the limit mentioned in para 2.2.
CHAPTER – 2
LAYOUT DESIGN
1.0 BUS BAR SCHEMES:
The commonly used bus bar schemes at Sub Stations are:
a) Single bus bar.
b) Main and Auxiliary bus bar.
c) Double bus bar.
d) Double Main and Auxiliary bus bar
e) One and a half breaker scheme.
1.1 SINGLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT:
1.1.1 This is the simplest switching scheme in which each circuit is provided with one circuit
breaker. This arrangement offers little security against bus bar faults and no switching
flexibility resulting into quite extensive outages of bus bar and frequent maintenance of bus
bar isolator(s). The entire Sub Station is lost in case of a fault on the bus bar or on any bus
bar isolator and also in case of maintenance of the bus bar. Another disadvantage of this
switching scheme is that in case of maintenance of circuit breaker, the associated feeder has
also to be shutdown.
1.1.2 Typical Single Bus Bar arrangement is shown in Annexure – 1.
1.2 MAIN AND AUXILIARY BUS ARRANGEMENT:
1.2.1 This is technically a single bus bar arrangement with an additional bus bar called “Auxiliary
bus” energized from main bus bars through a bus coupler circuit, i.e., for ‘n’ number of
circuits, it employs ‘n + 1’ circuit breakers. Each circuit is connected to the main bus bar
through a circuit breaker with isolators on both sides and can be connected to the auxiliary
bus bar through an isolator. The additional provision of bus coupler circuit (Auxiliary bus)
facilitates taking out one circuit breaker at a time for routine overhaul and maintenance
without de – energizing the circuit controlled by that breaker as that circuit then gets
energized through bus coupler breaker.
1.2.2 As in the case of single bus arrangement, this scheme also suffers from the disadvantages
that in the event of a fault on the main bus bar or the associated isolator, the entire
substation is lost. This bus arrangement has been extensively used in 132 kV Sub Stations.
1.2.3 Typical Main and Auxiliary Bus Bar arrangement is shown in Annexure -2.
1.3 DOUBLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT:
1.3.1 In this scheme, a double bus bar arrangement is provided. Each circuit can be connected to
either one of these bus bars through respective bus bar isolator. Bus coupler breaker is also
provided so that the circuits can be switched on from one bus to the other on load. This
scheme suffers from the disadvantage that when any circuit breaker is taken out for
maintenance, the associated feeder has to be shutdown.
1.3.2 This Bus bar arrangement was generally used in earlier 220 kV sub stations.
1.3.3 Typical Double Bus Bar arrangement is shown in Annexure – 3.
1.4 DOUBLE MAIN AND AUXILIARY BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT:
1.4.1 The limitation of double bus bar scheme can be overcome by using additional Auxiliary
bus, bus coupler breaker and Auxiliary bus isolators. The feeder is transferred to the
8 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
Auxiliary bus during maintenance of its controlling circuit breaker without affecting the
other circuits.
1.4.2 This Bus bar arrangement is generally used nowadays in 220 kV sub stations.
1.4.3 Typical Double Main and Auxiliary Bus Bar arrangement is shown in Annexure – 4.
1.5 ONE AND A HALF BREAKER ARRANGEMENT:
1.5.1 In this scheme, three circuit breakers are used for controlling two circuits which are
connected between two bus bars. Normally, both the bus bars are in service.
1.5.2 A fault on any one of the bus bars is cleared by opening of the associated circuit breakers
connected to the faulty bus bar without affecting continuity of supply. Similarly, any circuit
breaker can be taken out for maintenance without causing interruption. Load transfer is
achieved through the breakers and, therefore, the operation is simple. However, protective
relaying is somewhat more involved as the central (tie) breaker has to be responsive to
troubles on either feeder in the correct sequence. Besides, each element of the bay has to be
rated for carrying the currents of two feeders to meet the requirement of various switching
operations which increases the cost. The breaker and a half scheme is best for those
substations which handle large quantities of power and where the orientation of out going
feeders is in opposite directions. This scheme has been used in the 400 kV substations.
1.5.3 Typical One and a Half Breaker arrangement is shown in Annexure – 5.
2.0 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT DRAWING:
2.1 Typical electrical layout drawings and sectional drawings of 400 kV, 220 kV and 132 kV
sub stations with different bus bar arrangements generally adopted in RVPN are shown in
Annexure – 6 to Annexure – 14.
3.0 BILL OF MATERIAL:
3.1 Lists of material showing the particulars of the material generally required for construction
of 132 kV, 220 kV and 400 kV sub stations are given at Annexure – 15 to Annexure – 17
respectively.
3.2 The lists of material are only typical and cover the general requirement. Any other
equipment / structure / material which may be required for construction of Sub Station as
per layout and other requirements and not included in the above typical lists of material are
also to be added.
Layout Design 9
ANNEXURE – 1
10 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
ANNEXURE – 2
Layout Design 11
ANNEXURE – 3
12 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
ANNEXURE – 4
Layout Design 13
ANNEXURE – 5
14 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
ANNEXURE – 6
Layout Design 15
ANNEXURE – 7
16 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
ANNEXURE – 8
Layout Design 17
ANNEXURE – 9
18 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
ANNEXURE – 10
Layout Design 19
ANNEXURE – 11
20 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
ANNEXURE – 12
Layout Design 21
ANNEXURE – 13
22 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
ANNEXURE – 14
Layout Design 23
Annexure – 15
LIST OF MATERIAL (TYPICAL) FOR
CONSTRUCTION OF 132 kV GRID SUB-STATION
S. No. Particulars
A. Structures / Beams with nuts, bolts, washers, etc. complete.
1. BT – 1 type Column
2. BT – 4 type Column
3. BT – 6 type Column
4. BT – 7 type Column
5. BB – 1 type Beam
6. P – type Column
7. Q – type Column (with stub)
8. Q – type Column (without stub)
9. R – type Column (with stub)
10. GD type (10.0 Meters) Beam
11. X – type Column
12. Y – type Column (with stub)
13. Y – type Column (without stub)
14. Z – type Column (with stub)
15. GF – type Beam (5.4 Meters for 33 kV)
16. BO – 1 type for 132 kV Isolators
17. BO – 1 (T) type for 132 kV Tandem Isolators
18. AO – 5 type for LA’s / CT’s / Bus CVT’s
19. PIS type for 132 kV PIs
20. X – 15 type for 33 kV Isolators
21. 33 kV CT type
B. Outdoor Equipment
1. 132 / 33 kV Power Transformer
2. 132 kV Isolator without Earth Blade
3. 132 kV Isolator with Earth Blade
4. 132 kV Tandem Isolator
5. 132 kV Circuit Breaker with structure (110 V DC)
6. 132 kV Current Transformer for transformer
(125 – 250 – 500 / 1A, 3C)
7. 132 kV Current Transformer for feeder (250 – 500 / 1A, 3C)
8. 132 kV Capacitor Voltage Transformer (110/¥3, 110/¥3)
9. 132 kV Lightning Arrester
10. 132 kV Wave Trap
11. 132 kV Post Insulators
12. 132 kV Marshalling Kiosk
13. 33 kV Isolator without Earth Blade
14. 33 kV Isolator with Earth Blade
15. 33 kV Circuit Breaker with structure (110 V DC)
16. 33 kV Current Transformer for transformer (250 – 500 / 1A, 5C)
17. 33 kV Current Transformer for feeder (125 – 250 – 500 / 1A, 2C)
18. 33 kV Potential Transformer (110/¥3, 110/¥3, 110/¥3)
19. 33 kV Lightning Arrester
20. 22 kV Post Insulators
21. 33 / 0.415 kV, 250 KVA Station Transformer
22. 33 kV Horn Gap Fuse Set
23. 33 kV Marshalling Kiosk (one for 2 nos. bays)
24 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
S. No. Particulars
C. Control Room Equipment
1. 132 kV side of Transformer Control & Relay Panel (110 V, 1A)
2. 132 kV Feeder Control & Relay Panel (110 V, 1A)
3. 132 kV Bus Coupler Control & Relay Panel (110V, 1A)
4. 33 kV side Control & Relay Panel for Transformer & Bus Coupler
(110V, 1A)
5. 33 kV Feeder Control & Relay Panel for two nos. feeders (110V, 1A)
6. 110 Volts, 200 AH Battery Set
7. 110 Volts, 200 AH Battery Charger
8. 110 Volts D. C. Distribution Board
9. L. T. Distribution Board (110 V DC)
D. Bus Bar Material
1. Single Tension Hardware for Single Zebra (Bolted type)
2. Single Tension Hardware for Panther (Bolted type)
3. Single Suspension Hardware for Single Zebra
4. Single Suspension Hardware for Panther
5. 11 KV Disc Insulators, 120 KN
6. 11 KV Disc Insulators, 45 KN
7. ACSR Zebra Conductor
8. ACSR Panther Conductor
9. T – Clamps for Zebra to Zebra
10. T – Clamps for Zebra to Panther
11. T – Clamps for Panther to Panther
12. P. G. Clamps for Zebra to Zebra
13. P. G. Clamps for Zebra to Panther
14. P. G. Clamps for Panther to Panther
15. P. I .Clamps for Zebra
16. P. I .Clamps for Panther
17. Tension Hardware for 7 / 3.15 mm GSS Earth wire
18. 7 / 3.15 mm. GSS Earth wire
19. P. G. Clamps for 7 / 3.15 mm. Earth wire
E. Copper Control Cables
1. 18 / 16 core × 2.5 sq. mm.
2. 12 / 10 core × 2.5 sq. mm.
3. 6 core × 2.5 sq. mm.
4. 4 core × 4 sq. mm.
5. 4 core × 2.5 sq. mm.
6. 3 core × 2.5 sq. mm.
F. LT Power Cable (Aluminium)
1. 3½ core × 300 sq. mm.
G. Earthing Material
1. M. S. Round 25 mm. dia.
2. M. S. Flat 50 × 10 mm.
3. M. S. Flat 50 × 6 mm.
H. Others / Miscellaneous
1. M. S. Channel 100 × 50 × 6 mm.
2. Copper Earth Bond
I. Fire Fighting Equipment
1. D. C. P. type.
2. CO2 type.
Layout Design 25
Annexure – 16
LIST OF MATERIAL (TYPICAL) FOR
CONSTRUCTION OF 220 kV GRID SUB-STATION
S. No. Particulars
A. Structures / Beams with nuts, bolts, washers, etc. complete.
1. AT – 1 type Column
2. AT – 3 type Column
3. AT – 4 type Column
4. AT – 6 type Column
5. AT – 8 type Column
6. AB – 1 type Beam
7. BT – 1 type Column
8. BT – 4 type Column
9. BT – 6 type Column
10. BT – 7 type Column
11. BB – 1 type Beam
12. AO – 1 type for 220 kV Isolators
13. AO – 1 (T) type for 220 kV Tandem Isolators
14. AO – 3 type for 220 kV CT’s
15. AO – 4 type for 220 kV CVT’s
16. AO – 5 type for 220 kV LA’s & for 132 kV CT’s, CVT’s / PT’s, LA’s
17. BO – 1 type for 132 kV Isolators
18. BO – 1 (T) type for 132 kV Tandem Isolators
19. PIS type for 220 kV & 132 kV PI’s
B. Outdoor Equipment
1. 220 / 132 kV Power Transformer
2. 220 kV Isolator without Earth Blade
3. 220 kV Isolator with Earth Blade
4. 220 kV Isolator with Double Earth Blade
5. 220 kV Tandem Isolator
6. 220 kV Circuit Breaker with structure (220 V DC)
7. 220 kV Current Transformer (400 – 800 / 1A, 5C)
8. 220 kV Capacitor Voltage Transformer (110/¥3, 110/¥3)
9. 220 kV Lightning Arrester
10. 220 kV Wave Trap
11. 220 kV Post Insulators
12. 220 kV Marshalling Kiosk
13. 132 kV Isolator without Earth Blade
14. 132 kV Isolator with Earth Blade
15. 132 kV Tandem Isolator
16. 132 kV Circuit Breaker with structure (220 V DC)
17. 132 kV Current Transformer (250 – 500 / 1A, 4C)
18. 132 kV Capacitor Voltage Transformer (110/¥3, 110/¥3)
19. 132 kV Lightning Arrester
20. 132 kV Wave Trap
21. 132 kV Post Insulators
22. 132 kV Marshalling Kiosk
23. 33 / 0.415 kV, 250 KVA Station Transformer
26 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
S. No. Particulars
C. Control Room Equipment
1. 220 kV side of Transformer Control & Relay Panel (220 V DC, 1A)
2. 220 kV Feeder Control & Relay Panel (220 V DC, 1A)
3. 220 kV Bus Coupler Control & Relay Panel (220 V DC, 1A)
4. 132 kV side of Transformer Control & Relay Panel (220 V DC, 1A)
5. 132 kV Feeder Control & Relay Panel (220 V DC, 1A)
6. 132 kV Bus Coupler Control & Relay Panel (220 V DC, 1A)
7. 220 Volts, 400 AH Battery Set
8. 220 Volts, 400 AH Battery Charger
9. 220 Volts D. C. Distribution Board
10. L. T. Distribution Board (220 V DC)
D. Bus Bar Material
1. Single Tension Hardware for Double Zebra (Bolted type)
2. Single Tension Hardware for Single Zebra (Bolted type)
3. Single Tension Hardware for Panther (Bolted type)
4. Single Suspension Hardware for Double Zebra
5. Single Suspension Hardware for Single Zebra
6. Single Suspension Hardware for Panther
7. 11 kV Disc Insulators, 120 KN
8. 11 kV Disc Insulators, 70 KN
9. ACSR Zebra Conductor
10. ACSR Panther Conductor
11. Spacer T – Clamps for Double Zebra to Zebra (ZZ – Z)
12. Spacer T – Clamps for Double Zebra to Panther (ZZ – P)
13. T – Clamps for Zebra to Zebra (Z – Z)
14. T – Clamps for Zebra to Panther (Z – P)
15. T – Clamps for Panther to Panther (P – P)
16. P. G. Clamps for Zebra to Zebra (Z – Z)
17. P. G. Clamps for Zebra to Panther (Z – P)
18. P. G. Clamps for Panther to Panther (P – P)
19. P. I .Clamps for Zebra
20. P. I .Clamps for Panther
21. Tension Hardware for 7 / 4.00 mm GSS Earth wire
22. 7 / 4.00 mm. GSS Earth wire
23. P. G. Clamps for 7 / 4.00 mm. Earth wire
E. Copper Control Cables
1. 18 / 16 core × 2.5 sq. mm.
2. 12 / 10 core × 2.5 sq. mm.
3. 6 core × 6 sq. mm.
4. 6 core × 2.5 sq. mm.
5. 4 core × 4 sq. mm.
6. 4 core × 2.5 sq. mm.
7. 3 core × 2.5 sq. mm.
F. LT Power Cable (Aluminium)
1. 3½ core × 300 sq. mm.
G. Earthing Material
1. M. S. Round 28 mm. dia.
2. M. S. Flat 50 × 12 mm.
3. M. S. Flat 50 × 6 mm.
Layout Design 27
S. No. Particulars
H. Others / Miscellaneous
1. M. S. Channel 100 × 50 × 6 mm.
2. Copper Earth Bond
I. Fire Fighting Equipment
1. D. C. P. type
2. CO2 type
28 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
Annexure – 17
LIST OF MATERIAL (TYPICAL) FOR
CONSTRUCTION OF 400 kV GRID SUB-STATION
S. No. Particulars
A. Structures / Beams with nuts, bolts, washers, etc. complete.
1. EhT – 1 type Column
2. EhB – 1 type Beam
3. AT – 1 type Column
4. AT – 3 type Column
5. AT – 4 type Column
6. AT – 6 type Column
7. AT – 8 type Column
8. AB – 1 type Beam
9. 400 kV Isolator Structure
10. 400 kV CT Structure
11. 400 kV CVT Structure
12. 400 kV LA Structure
13. 400 kV PI Structure (8.0 Meter Bus Height)
14. 400 kV PI Structure (10.0 Meter Bus Height)
15. 400 kV PI Structure (13.0 Meter Bus Height)
16. 400 kV Wave Trap Structure
17. AO – 1 type for 220 kV Isolators
18. AO – 1 (T) type for 220 kV Tandem Isolators
19. AO – 3 type for 220 kV CT’s
20. AO – 4 type for 220 kV CVT’s
21. AO – 5 type for 220 kV LA’s
22. PIS type for 220 kV PI’s
23. 33 kV PT structure
24. 33 kV PI structure for PI and Horn Gap Fuse
B. Outdoor Equipment
1. 400 / 220 kV Power Transformer
2. 400 kV Isolator with Earth Blade
3. 400 kV Isolator with Double Earth Blade
4. 400 kV Isolator with Double Earth Blade
(Individual Pole Operated)
5. 400 kV Circuit Breaker with structure (220 V DC)
6. 400 kV Current Transformer (500 – 1000 – 2000 / 1A, 5C)
7. 400 kV Capacitor Voltage Transformer (110/¥3 V , 110/¥3 V,
110/¥3V)
8. 400 kV Lightning Arrester
9. 400 kV Polycone Insulators with corona ring
10. 400 kV Wave Trap (Pedestal Type)
11. 400 kV Marshalling Kiosk
12. 220 kV Isolator without Earth Blade
13. 220 kV Isolator with Earth Blade
14. 220 kV Isolator with Double Earth Blade
15. 220 kV Tandem Isolator
16. 220 kV Circuit Breaker with structure (220 V DC)
17. 220 kV Current Transformer (500-1000-2000 / 1A, 5C)
18. 220 kV Capacitor Voltage Transformer (110/¥3 V, 110/¥3V)
Layout Design 29
S. No. Particulars
19. 220 kV Lightning Arrester
20. 220 kV Wave Trap
21. 220 kV Polycone Insulators
22. 220 kV Marshalling Kiosk
23. 52 kV Potential Transformer (110/¥3 V, 110/¥3V) for tertiary
winding of Transformer
24. 33 / 0.415 kV, 630 kVA Station Transformer
25. 22 kV Post Insulators
26. 33 kV Horn gap Fuse
27. Junction Box
28. WCSM 90 / 30 mm insulation for 33 kV pipe bus with tube roll
C. Control Room Equipment (220 V DC, 1 Amp.)
1. 400 kV Control Panel for line, Tie CB and Transformer (One and
a Half Breaker Scheme)
2. 400 kV Relay Panel for 400 kV line
3. 400 kV Relay Panel for 400 kV Tie CB
4. 400 kV Relay Panel for 400 kV side of transformer
5. 400 kV Bus Bar Protection Relay Panel
6. 220 kV Control Panel for 220 kV side of transformer
7. 220 kV Control Panel for 220 kV feeders
8. 220 kV Control Panel for 220 kV Bus Coupler
9. 220 kV Relay Panel for 220 kV side of transformer
10. 220 kV Relay Panel for 220 kV feeders
11. 220 kV Relay Panel for 220 kV Bus Coupler
12. 220 kV Bus Bar Protection Relay Panel
13. Disturbance Recorder
14. Event Logger Panel
15. 220 Volts, 600 AH Battery Set
16. 220 Volts, 600 AH Battery Charger
17. 220 Volts D. C. Distribution Boards
18. L. T. Distribution Boards
19. 220 V DC / 240 V AC Inverter (2.5 kVA)
20. Master and Slave Clock System (1 No. Master and 6 Nos. Slave)
21. Air Conditioning system
22. Mulsifier Fire fighting System
23. Synchronizing Panel / Trolley
D. Bus Bar Material
a) 400 kV Side:
1. Double Tension Hardware for double Moose
2. Single suspension Hardware for double Moose (Dropper Type)
3. Single suspension Hardware for double Moose (Jumper Type)
4. 120 KN Disc Insulators (Antifog type)
5. Spacer for Double Moose (Rigid type)
6. Spacer for Double Moose (Flexible type)
7. T – Clamp for Moose
8. Double Moose to 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe clamp (Vertical
& Horizontal take off)
9. 400 kV Isolator clamp for Double Moose
30 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
S. No. Particulars
10. 400 kV Isolator clamp for 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe
(Expansion type)
11. 400 kV CT clamp for 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe (Expansion
type)
12. 400 kV CB clamp for 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe (Expansion
type)
13. 400 kV PI clamp for 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe (Expansion
type)
14. 400 kV PI clamp for 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe (Rigid type)
15. 400 kV PI clamp for 114.2mm dia. Aluminium pipe (Sliding type)
16. 400 kV LA clamp for Double Moose
17. 400 kV CVT clamp for Double Moose
18. 400 kV Wave Trap clamp for Double Moose
19. 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe
20. Corona End Shield for 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe
21. Angular Connector for 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe, 20 Deg.
22. Angular Connector for 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe, 80 Deg.
23. Angular Connector for 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe, 90 Deg.
24. Angular bend Coupler for 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe, 110
Deg.
25. Angular bend Coupler for 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe, 135
Deg.
26. Straight Run Coupler for 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe
27. Transformer clamp for 400 kV Bushing for Double Moose
b) 220 kV Side:
1. Double Tension Hardware for Quadruple Zebra
2. Double Tension Hardware for Double Zebra
3. Single Tension Hardware for Zebra
4. Single Suspension Hardware for Quadruple Zebra (Jumper type)
5. Single Suspension Hardware for Double Zebra (Dropper type)
6. Single Suspension Hardware for Double Zebra (Jumper type)
7. Single Suspension Hardware for Single Zebra
8. 70 KN Disc Insulators (Antifog type)
9. Spacer for Quadruple Zebra
10. Spacer for Double Zebra
11. P. I .Clamps for Double Zebra
12. T – Connector; Quadruple Zebra to Quadruple Zebra
13. T – Connector; Quadruple Zebra to Double Zebra
14. Spacer T – Clamps for Double Zebra to Zebra (ZZ – Z)
15. T – Clamp; Zebra to Zebra
16. P. G. Clamps for Zebra to Zebra (Z – Z)
17. Transformer clamp for 220 kV Bushing for Double Zebra
18. LA Clamp for Double Zebra
19. LA Clamp for Single Zebra
20. CVT Clamp for Single Zebra
21. CT Clamp for Double Zebra
22. CT Clamp for Single Zebra
23. CB Clamp for Double Zebra
24. Isolator Clamp for Double Zebra
Layout Design 31
S. No. Particulars
25. ACSR Conductor ‘ZEBRA’
26. Tension Hardware for 7 / 4.00 mm GSS Earth wire
27. 7 / 4.00 mm. GSS Earth wire
28. P. G. Clamps for 7 / 4.00 mm. Earth wire
c) 33 kV Side:
1. Transformer clamp for 52 kV Bushing for 72.03 mm dia.
Aluminium pipe (Expansion type)
2. 52 kV PT Clamp for 72.03 mm dia. Aluminium pipe (Expansion
type)
3. 22 kV PI Clamp for 72.03 mm dia. Aluminium pipe (Expansion
type)
4. 22 kV PI Clamp for 72.03 mm dia. Aluminium pipe (Rigid type)
E. Copper Control Cables (FRLS)
1. 18 / 16 core × 2.5 sq. mm.
2. 12 / 10 core × 2.5 sq. mm.
3. 6 core × 6 sq. mm.
4. 6 core × 2.5 sq. mm.
5. 4 core × 4 sq. mm.
6. 4 core × 2.5 sq. mm.
7. 3 core × 2.5 sq. mm.
F. LT Power Cable (Aluminium)
1. 3½ core × 300 sq. mm.
2. 3½ core × 95 sq. mm.
G. Earthing Material
1. M. S. Round 40 mm. dia.
2. M. S. Flat 100 × 12 mm.
3. G. I. Flat 75 × 12 mm
4. M. S. Flat 50 × 12 mm.
5. M. S. Flat 50 × 6 mm.
H. Others / Miscellaneous
1. M. S. Channel 100 × 50 × 6 mm.
2. Copper Earth Bond
I. Fire Fighting Equipment
1. D. C. P. type
2. CO2 type
32 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
CHAPTER – 3
SAFETY CLEARANCES
1.0 SAFETY CLEARANCES:
1.1 The various equipments and associated / required facilities have to be so arranged within
the substation that specified minimum clearances are always available from the point of
view of the system reliability and safety of operating personnel. These include the minimum
clearances from live parts to earth, between live parts of adjacent phases and sectional
clearance between live parts of adjacent circuits / bays. It must be ensured that sufficient
clearance to ground is also available within the Sub Station so as to ensure safety of the
personnel moving about within the switchyard.
1.2 The Table below gives the minimum values of clearances required for Sub Stations up to
765 kV:
Table for Minimum Clearance
Minimum clearances$
(mm)
Nominal
System
Voltage(kV)
Highest
System
Voltage(kV)
Lightning
Impulse
level(kVp)
Switching
Impulse
Voltage(kVp)
Between
Phase
andEarth
Between
Phases
Safety
Clearances
(mm)
Ground
Clearance*
(mm)
11 12 70 -- 178 229 2600 3700
33 36 170 -- 320 320 2800 3700
132 145 550
650
-- 1100
1300
1100
1300
3700
3800
4600
4600
220 245 950
1050
-- 1900
2100
1900
2100
4300
4600
5500
5500
400 420 1425 1050
(Ph – E)
1575
(Ph – Ph)
3400
--
--
4200
6400 8000
765 800 2100 1550
(Ph – E)
2550
(Ph – Ph)
6400
--
--
9400
10300 13000
$ These values of air clearances are the minimum values dictated by electrical
consideration and do not include any addition for construction tolerances, effect of
short circuits, wind effects and safety of personnel, etc.
* For safety of personnel moving in the switchyard with tools & plant.
Notes:
1) The values in the Table above refer to an altitude not exceeding 1000 Meters and take
into account the most unfavourable conditions which may result from the atmospheric
pressure variation, temperature and moisture. A correction factor of 1.25 percent per
100 Meters is to be applied for increasing the air clearance for altitudes more than
1000 Meters and up to 3000 Meters.
2) “Safety Clearance” is the minimum clearance to be maintained in air between the live
part of the equipment on one hand and earth or another piece of equipment or
conductor (on which it is necessary to carry out the work) on the other.
34 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
1.3 As per Rule 64 (2) of the Indian Electricity Rules, 1956, the following safety working
clearances shall be maintained for the bare conductors and live parts of any apparatus in any
Sub Stations, excluding over head lines of HV and EHV installations:
Table for Safety Working Clearance
Sl.
No.
Nominal System
Voltage (kV)
Highest System
Voltage (kV)
Safety Working
Clearance (mm)
1. 11 12 2600
2. 33 36 2800
3. 132 145 3700
4. 220 245 4300
5. 400 420 6400
6. 765 800 10300
Notes:
i) The above values are valid for altitudes not exceeding 1000 Meters. A correction
factor of 1.25 percent per 100 Meters is to be applied for increasing the clearance for
altitudes more than 1000 Meters and up to 3000 Meters.
ii) The above safety working clearances are based on an insulator height of 2440 mm,
which is the height of lowest point on the insulator (where it meets the earthed
metals) from the ground.
iii) “Safety Working Clearance” is the minimum clearance to be maintained in air
between the live part of the equipment on one hand and earth or another piece of
equipment or conductor (on which it is necessary to carry out the work) on the other.
CHAPTER - 4
EARTH MAT DESIGN
1.0 BASIC REQUIREMENT:
1.1 Provision of adequate earthing system in a Sub Station is extremely important for the safety
of the operating personnel as well as for proper system operation and performance of the
protective devices. The primary requirements of a good earthing system in a Sub Station
are:
a) The impedance to ground should be as low as possible but it should not exceed 1.0
(ONE) Ohm.
b) The Step Potential, which is the maximum value of the potential difference possible
of being shunted by a human body between two accessible points on the ground
separated by the distance of one pace (which may be assumed to be one metre),
should be within safe limits.
c) Touch Potential, which is the maximum value of potential difference between a point
on the ground and a point on an object likely to carry fault current such that the points
can be touched by a person, should also be within safe limits.
1.2 To meet these requirements, an earthed system comprising of an earthing mat buried at a
suitable depth below ground and supplemented with ground rods at suitable points is
provided in the Sub Stations.
1.3 All the structures & equipments in the Sub Station are connected to the earthing mat so as
to ensure that under fault conditions, none of these parts is at a potential higher than that of
the earthing mat.
1.4 The neutral points of different voltage levels of transformers & reactors are separately
earthed at two different points. Each of these earthed points should be interconnected with
the station earthing mat.
2.0 MEASUREMENT OF EARTH RESISTIVITY:
2.1 Weather Conditions:
The resistivity of earth varies over a wide range depending on its moisture content. It is,
therefore, advisable to conduct earth resistivity tests during the dry season in order to get
conservative results.
2.2 Test Procedure:
Four electrodes are driven in to the earth at equal intervals s along a straight line in the
chosen direction. The depth of the electrodes in the ground shall be of the order of 30 to 50
cm. The earth resistance Megger is placed on a steady and approximately level base, the
link between terminals P1 and C1 is opened and the four electrodes are connected to the
instrument terminals as shown in the figure. An appropriate range on the instrument,
avoiding the two ends of the scale as far as possible, is then selected to obtain clear
readings.
36 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
The resistivity is calculated from the equation given below:
2 s RU S
where
U resistivity of soil in ohm – metre,
s distance between two successive electrodes in metres, and
R Megger reading in ohms.
2.3 Testing Soil Uniformity.
2.3.1 It is desirable to get information about the horizontal and vertical variations in earth
resistivity over the site under consideration. The horizontal and vertical variation may be
detected by repeating the tests at atleast 6 (Six) different location with a number of different
electrode spacings, increasing from 1 metre to 50 metres in the steps of 1, 5, 10, 15, 25 and
50 metres. A diagram showing the typical layout for earth resistivity measurement in 6
directions is enclosed.
2.3.2 These readings, along with a sketch showing the directions in which earth resistivity
readings have been taken, shall be submitted to the Superintending Engineer (400 KV
Design) for designing the earth mat.
Earth Mat Design 37
2.3.3 An example of the format in which the earth resistivity readings are to be recorded is given
below.
Sl. No. Electrode
Spacing
Megger
Reading in
Ohms
Earth
Resistivity in
Ohm – metres
Remarks
Direction 1
1. 1 M
2. 2 M
3. 5 M
4. 10 M
5. 15 M
6. 25 M
7. 50 M
Direction 2
1. 1 M
2. 2 M
3. 5 M
4. 10 M
5. 15 M
6. 25 M
7. 50 M
Similarly for Direction 3 to Direction 6.
38 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
SECTION – II
ERECTION,
TESTING
&
COMMISSIONING
Construction manual for sub stations
CHAPTER - 1
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1.0 Transportation and unloading of the sub station material and equipment at the location shall
be done in a safe manner so that they are not damaged or misplaced.
2.0 All the material and equipment shall be checked as per Bill of Material (BOM).
3.0 All support insulators, circuit breaker poles, Transformer bushings and other fragile
equipment shall preferably be handled carefully with cranes having suitable boom length
and handling capacity.
4.0 Sling ropes, etc. should of sufficient strength to take the load of the equipment to be
erected. They should be checked for breakages of strands before being used for the erection
of equipments.
5.0 The slings should be of sufficient length to avoid any damage to insulator or other fragile
equipments due to excessive swing, scratching by sling ropes, etc.
6.0 Mulmul cloth shall be used for cleaning the inside and outside of hollow insulators.
7.0 Erection of equipment shall be carried out as per and in the manner prescribed in the
erection, testing and commissioning manual / instructions procedures of the manufacturer.
8.0 The services of the manufacturer’s Engineer, wherever necessary, may be utilized for
erection, testing and commissioning of sub station equipment.
9.0 Whenever the work is required to be got done at the existing GSS where the adjacent
portions may be charged, effective earthing must be ensured for safety against induced
voltages so that work can be carried out without any danger / hazard to the workmen.
10.0 Wherever it is necessary to avail shutdowns of energized circuits for carrying out any work,
the Work – In - Charge shall submit a requisition to the Engineer In - charge of the GSS
stating the date, time and duration of the shutdown and the section / portion which is to be
kept out of circuit during the shutdown.
11.0 The Work – In – Charge shall ensure that the portion of the switchyard under shutdown has
been isolated and that effective earthing of the equipment / bus bar, on which work is to be
carried out, has been done.
12.0 The Work – In – Charge shall ensure that the work is completed within the requisitioned
time.
13.0 After completion of the erection work, all surplus material including bolts and nuts,
templates, etc. shall be returned to the store. All unusable cut lengths of material such as
conductor, earth wire, aluminium pipes, etc. shall not be treated as wastage and shall also be
deposited in the store.
42 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
CHAPTER - 2
STRUCTURES
1.0 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
1.1 The structure material shall be stacked member / item wise.
1.2 The following are required to be made available to the workmen for erection of sub station
structures / beams and equipment structures:
i) Drawings and bills of material of structures / beams / equipment structures.
ii) Templates of structures.
iii) T & P such as levelling instruments, tackles, spanners, jacks, winches, ropes, derrick,
etc.
2.0 TYPE OF STRUCTURES:
2.1 The types of structures generally used at sub stations are given below:
Sl.
No.
Name of Structure Type of Structure Height of Column /
Height of Conductor
(Meters)
A. 400 kV Structures:
1. EHT1 Column with Peak 27.0 / 20.5
2. EHB Beam 25.3 (Width)
B. 220 kV Structures:
1. AT1 Column with Peak 20.0 / 14.5
2. AT3 Column without Peak 15.0 / 14.5
3. AT4 Column with Peak and
Beams at two levels for
Bus Bar stringing
20.0 / 14.5 and 9.5
4. AT6 Column without Peak 10.0 / 9.5
5. AT8 Column with Peak 15.0 / 9.5
6. AB Beam 16.6 (Width)
C. 132 kV Structures:
1. BT1 Column with Peak 16.0 / 11.5
2. BT3 Column without Peak 12.0 / 11.5
3. BT4 Column with Peak and
Beams at two levels for
Bus Bar stringing
16.0 / 11.5 and 7.5
4. BT6 Column without Peak 8.0 / 7.5
5. BT7 Column with Peak 12.0 / 7.5
6. BB Beam 12.2 (Width)
7. P Peak 2.5
8. Q Column 7.5 / 7.5
9. R Extension 3.0
10. GD Beam 10.0 (Width)
44 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
Sl.
No.
Name of Structure Type of Structure Height of Column /
Height of Conductor
(Meters)
D. 33 kV and 11 kV
Structures:
1. X Peak 1.5
2. Y Column 5.5 / 5.5
3. Z Extension 3.0
4. GF – 5.4 Beam for 33 kV 5.4 (Width)
5. GF – 4.6 Beam for 11 kV 4.6 (Width)
E. Equipment
Structures:
1. AO1 220 kV Isolators --
2. AO1 (T) 220 kV Tandem
Isolators
--
3. AO3 220 kV CT --
4. AO4 220 kV CVT --
5. AO5 220 kV LA & 132 kV
CT, CVT / PT, LA
--
6. BO1 132 kV Isolator --
7. BO1 (T) 132 kV Tandem
Isolator
--
8. X – 15 33 kV & 11kV
Isolators
--
9. X – 15 (T) 33 kV & 11kV Tandem
Isolators
--
10. CT Structure 33 kV & 11kV CT, PT --
11. PI Structure 220 kV, 132kV, 33 kV
& 11 kV PI
--
3.0 SETTING OF STUB / FOUNDATION BOLTS, LEVELLING AND GROUTING:
3.1 In case of structures with foundation bolts, the template, along with the foundation bolts
tightened on it with nuts on both sides, shall be placed on the foundation. The length of the
foundation bolts above the template shall be sufficient so that all parts of the base plate
assembly of the structure, washers, nuts and lock nuts can be tightened fully and 2 – 3
threads are left above the lock nut.
3.2 The template is levelled & centered with reference to its location on the foundation. The
foundation bolts shall thereafter be grouted ensuring that there is no displacement during
the placing of the concrete and use of vibrator.
3.3 In case of structures with stubs, the template with stubs shall be placed on the foundation. In
case of structures in which the lowest member is used as a stub, the assembled lower part of
the structure is placed on the foundation. This is levelled & centered with reference to its
location on the foundation. The stubs / lowest member shall thereafter be grouted ensuring
that there is no displacement during the placing of the concrete and use of vibrator.
3.4 While levelling and centering the structure / template, the following points should be
checked:
Structures 45
a) Level of structure / template with reference to the finished foundation level or the
ground level.
b) The level of the structure / template with reference to level of other similar structures.
c) Distance of centre line of the structure from the center line of other structures or from
a reference point.
d) Centre to centre distance between structures, particularly structures which are to be
connected together, for example, by a common beam.
4.0 ERECTION OF STRUCTURES:
4.1 Method of Erection:
There are mainly three methods of erection of structures, which are as below:
i) Ground assembly method.
ii) Section method.
iii) Built up method or Piecemeal method.
4.2 Ground Assembly Method:
4.2.1 This method is used for erection of equipment structures and is the preferred method for
erection of sub station structures when crane facility is available.
4.2.2 This method consists of assembling the structure on the ground and erecting it as a
complete unit.
4.2.3 The complete structure is assembled in a horizontal position near its location. On sloping or
uneven ground, suitable packing is provided in the lower level area before or during
assembly, as required, to eliminate / minimize stress on the structure members.
4.2.4 After the assembly is complete, the structure is picked up from the ground with the help of a
crane and set on its foundation.
4.3 Section Method:
4.3.1 This method is used for large and heavy structures when crane facility is available.
4.3.2 A mobile crane is used for erecting the structures.
4.3.3 The two faces / sides of the complete structure are assembled on the ground and then
erected. Alternatively, the two faces / sides of the major sections of the structure are
assembled on the ground and the same are erected as units.
4.3.4 Each assembled side is then lifted clear of the ground with the crane and is lowered into
position on its foundation or fitted on to stubs or foundation bolts which are already
grouted. One side is held in place with props or rope guys while the other side is being
erected. The two opposite sides are then connected together with cross members.
4.3.5 In case where the major sections of the structure have been assembled, the first face of the
second section is erected. After the two opposite faces have been erected, the bracings on
the other two sides are bolted up. The last lift raises the top of the structure. After the
structure top is erected and all side bracings have been bolted up, all the guys are thrown
off.
4.4 Built up method or Piecemeal method:
4.4.1 This method is used for large and heavy structures when crane facility is not available.
4.4.2 This method consists of erecting the structure member by member. The structure members
are kept on ground serially according to erection sequence so that they can be sent up
conveniently.
46 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
4.4.3 The erection progresses from the bottom upwards. The four main corner leg members of the
first section of the structure are first erected.
4.4.4 The cross bracings of the first section are raised one by one and bolted to the already
erected corner leg angles. If these have been assembled on the ground, then they are lifted
up as a unit.
4.4.5 For assembling the second section of the structure, a derrick is placed on one of the corner
legs. This derrick is used for raising parts of second section. The leg members and bracings
of this section are then hoisted and assembled.
4.4.6 The derrick is then shifted to the corner leg members on the top of second section to raise
the parts of third section of the structure in position for assembly. The derrick is thus moved
up as the structure grows. This process is continued till the complete structure is erected.
5.0 ERECTION OF BEAMS:
5.1 The two faces of the beam are assembled on the ground.
5.2 Each face of the beam is raised with the help of crane or using derricks which are placed on
the top of the already erected structures on both the sides of the beam. Single or multi – way
pulleys with polypropylene / steel ropes are used as per load requirement. The ends of the
beam are connected to the column as per fixing arrangement provided on the columns.
5.3 The bracings of the upper and lower faces of the beam are then raised up and fitted.
6.0 The columns shall be truly vertical and the beams truly horizontal after erection. Measures
taken to bring the column to verticality and beam to horizontality should not result in strain
on the structure members so as to cause distortion / bending of the members.
7.0 The work of erection of beams on erected columns and erection of equipment on erected
structures shall not be taken up until these have been checked for tightening of the bolts &
nuts.
8.0 All bolted connections shall be well tightened using spring washers & then punched at three
points on the circumference of the bolt.
CHAPTER - 3
BUS BAR & EARTH WIRE
1.0 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
1.1 Care shall be taken during sagging operations so that no damage or deformation is caused to
the structures.
1.2 The ends of the cut piece of conductor / earth wire shall be tied with at least two rounds of
binding wire so that the strands do not open out. The tying of the binding wire shall be done
such that the binding wire does not get tightened in the groove of the T – Clamps or the PG
(Parallel Groove) – Clamps or the terminal connectors of the equipment.
1.3 Cut lengths of conductor and earth wire which are available as surplus / left over material
from line works should preferably be used for stringing of bus bars & earth wire. Cut
lengths of conductor and earth wire left after stringing of bus bars and earth wire can be
used for jumpering work.
2.0 BUS BAR MATERIAL:
2.1 The bus bar material generally used in 400 kV, 220 kV & 132 kV substations is given
below:
Sl.
No.
Description Bus Bar and Jumper Material
1. 400 kV Main Bus 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe
2. 400 kV equipment interconnection 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe
3. 400 kV overhead bus & droppers in all
bays. Twin ACSR Moose
4. 220 kV Main Bus Quadruple / Twin ACSR Zebra / Twin
AAC Tarantulla
5. 220 kV Auxiliary Bus ACSR Zebra
6. 220 kV equipment interconnection Twin ACSR Zebra / Single ACSR Zebra
7. 220 kV overhead bus & droppers in all
bays.
Twin ACSR Zebra / Single ACSR Zebra
8. 132 kV Main Bus ACSR Zebra
9. 132 kV Auxiliary Bus ACSR Panther
10. 132 kV equipment interconnection ACSR Zebra / ACSR Panther
11. 132 kV overhead bus & droppers in all
bays. ACSR Panther
12. 33 kV Main Bus ACSR Zebra
13. 33 kV Auxiliary Bus ACSR Zebra
33 kV equipment interconnection,
overhead bus and droppers:
(i) Bus coupler & transformer bay ACSR Zebra
14.
(ii) Feeder bay. ACSR Panther
15. 11 kV Main Bus Twin ACSR Zebra
16. 11 kV Auxiliary Bus ACSR Zebra
11 kV equipment interconnection,
overhead bus and droppers:
(i) Transformer bay Twin ACSR Zebra / Single ACSR Zebra
(ii) Bus coupler ACSR Zebra
17.
(iii) Feeder bay. ACSR Panther
48 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
3.0 STRINGING OF CONDUCTOR BUS BARS:
3.1 The conductor shall be handled with care to prevent scratches on it or damage to the strands
of the conductor. When the conductor is to be taken from drums, small lengths can be
unwound from the drum. For longer lengths, the conductor drum shall be placed on a turn
table or jacked up on a suitable size of steel shaft. The conductor shall be paid out in a
manner so that there are no scratches or damages caused to the conductor due to rubbing on
the sides of the drum.
3.2 Disc insulators shall be cleaned and examined for any cracks / chipping, etc. Disc insulators
having any hair cracks or chipping or defective glazing or any other defect shall not be
used. The limits of the area of defective glazing are given by the following formulas.
a) Single Glaze Defect 0.5
20000
D Fu
 Sq. cm.
b) Total Glaze Defect 1.0
2000
D Fu
 Sq. cm.
where,
D = Diameter of the disc in cm.
F = Creepage distance in cm.
3.3 The disc insulators shall be assembled on the ground to form the suspension and tension
strings as given below.
Suspension String Tension String
Sl.
No.
System Voltage
Nos.
E  M
Strength (kN)
Nos.
E  M
Strength (kN)
1. 400 kV (Anti – fog type) 25 120 2 × 25 120
2. 220 kV at 400 kV GSS (Anti–fog type) 15 70 2 × 15 70
3. 220 kV 13 70 14 120
4. 132 kV 9 45 10 120
5. 33 kV 3 45 4 120
6. 11 kV 3 45 4 120
3.4 After assembly of the strings, the mouth of the W – clips / R – clips shall be widened to
prevent any inadvertent removal during service.
3.5 The suspension and tension hardware shall be assembled as per their respective drawings
and the disc insulator string shall be fitted in the requisite portion of the hardware assembly.
3.6 For stringing of bus bars, the conductor shall be fixed and tightened in the clamp of the
tension hardware on one side of the bus. Thereafter, the complete hardware assembly with
the conductor shall be hoisted up and fixed on the beam at this end. Sagging arrangement
shall be made on the other end of the bus and the conductor shall be tensioned.
3.7 Measurement of length of conductor required for the bus shall be made thereafter and the
conductor shall be released so that it returns to the ground. The conductor shall be cut to the
marked length after deducting the length of the tension hardware with insulators and fixed
on the clamps of the tension hardware. The conductor along with tension hardware set shall
then be again pulled up and connected to the beam.
Bus Bar  Earth Wire 49
3.8 Equalizing of tension in the different sub – conductors of the same phase and in the
different phases shall be done, if required, to ensure equal sag of all the sub – conductors or
between phases of the bus section as well as that of adjacent or parallel sections.
3.9 The spacers shall be fitted on the twin and quadruple conductor bus bars at the spacing
shown in the drawing. The spacers shall also be provided at points where jumpers are taken
from the bus bar using T – clamps and / or P. G. clamps. Spacers are not used at jumper
points in case T – Spacers are used for taking jumpers from multi conductor bus bars.
4.0 JUMPERING OF CONDUCTORS:
4.1.1 The jumpers connecting different sections of the bus bars as well as those connecting
equipment to bus bars shall be of Y – type.
4.1.2 A typical diagram of Y – type jumpering is given below.
4.1.3 For making Y – type jumpers, the jumper conductor(s) shall be first connected to the bus
bar conductor(s) using T – Clamp / Spacer T – Clamp which is suitable for clamping the
respective conductors, i.e., bus bar conductor(s) and the jumper conductor(s). Thereafter,
the bus bar conductor(s) shall be again connected with the jumper conductor(s) using
properly curved  shaped Y – conductor(s) and 2 nos. PG – clamps as shown in the
diagram above.
4.2 The jumpering between equipment shall be done with single / twin / quadruple conductors
as per the terminal connectors provided on the equipment.
4.3 In case of jumpers for twin and quadruple conductors, the spacers shall also be fitted at a
suitable spacing on the jumpers in order to maintain their shape.
4.4 JUMPERING OF BUS BARS:
4.4.1 For jumpering of different sections of bus bars on the beam, the suspension hardware set
along with disc insulators shall first be hoisted and fitted on the beam.
4.4.2 Conductor of approximately the length required for the jumper shall be cut and straightened
so that kinks are removed. This shall be connected to the bus bar conductor on one side of
the beam after taking into consideration the natural curve of the conductor.
50 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
4.4.3 This shall then be passed through the clamps on the suspension hardware so that the proper
curve is obtained. The other end of the conductor shall then be taken up to the bus bar
conductor on the other side and measurement of the length shall be taken. The conductor
shall be cut to the appropriate length and then connected to the bus bar conductor on the
other side. The length of the conductor used and its natural curve should be such that a neat
and proper curve is obtained in the jumper without any kinks or bends. The clamp of the
suspension hardware shall then be tightened after ensuring proportional lengths of the
conductor on both the sides of the beam.
4.5 JUMPERING FROM BUS BAR TO EQUIPMENT / PIPE BUS:
4.5.1 Approximate length of the conductor required for the jumper shall be cut and then
connected to the bus bar conductor.
4.5.2 In case the jumper is to be connected to equipment / pipe bus near or under a beam, the
suspension hardware along with disc insulators is first fitted on the beam. The conductor
shall be passed through the clamp of the suspension hardware.
4.5.3 The end of the conductor shall be taken up to the terminal connector of the equipment /
connector fitted on the pipe bus. The measurement of length of the conductor up to the
equipment / pipe bus shall be made.
4.5.4 After cutting the conductor to the required length, it shall be connected to the equipment /
pipe bus.
4.5.5 The clamps of the suspension hardware shall be tightened thereafter.
4.6 JUMPERING BETWEEN EQUIPMENTS:
4.6.1 The distance between terminal connector of one equipment and terminal connector of other
equipment is first measured. The appropriate length of the conductor shall be cut and then
straightened so that curves and kinks are removed.
4.6.2 The jumper conductor shall then be connected to the terminal connectors of both the
equipments and straightened or shaped as per site condition to give a neat and proper look.
4.6.3 Vertically supported insulators of equipments and Post Insulators should be checked for
verticality again after jumpering on both sides, and corrected, if required.
5.0 STRINGING OF SHIELD / EARTH WIRE:
5.1 Sub Station is shielded against direct lightning strokes by overhead shield wire / earth wire.
The methodology followed for system up to 400 kV is by suitable placement of earth wire
so as to provide coverage to all the station equipment. Generally, an angle of shield of 60°
for zones covered by two or more wires and 45° for single wire is considered adequate.
5.2 The shield / earth wire shall be handled with care to prevent scratches on it or damage to the
strands of the wire. When the shield / earth wire is to be taken from drums, small lengths
can be unwound from the drum. For longer lengths, the wire drum shall be placed on a turn
table or jacked up on a suitable size of steel shaft. The shield / earth wire shall be paid out
in a manner so that there are no scratches or damages caused to the shield / earth wire due
to rubbing on the sides of the drum.
5.3 The earth wire shall be strung from one peak to another peak of the structures as per layout
of the GSS.
5.4 The tension hardware shall be assembled as per the relevant drawings.
Bus Bar  Earth Wire 51
5.5 The shield / earth wire shall be fitted and tightened in the clamp of the tension hardware on
one side. Thereafter, the complete hardware assembly along with the shield / earth wire
shall be hoisted up and fixed on the peak of the structure at one end.
5.6 Sagging arrangement shall be made on the other end and the shield / earth wire shall be
tensioned. Measurement of length of shield / earth wire required shall be made thereafter
and the shield / earth wire shall again be released so that it is returned to the ground. The
shield / earth wire shall be cut to the marked length after adding the length of the wire
required for jumpering and fitted in the clamp of the tension hardware at the marked point.
The shield / earth wire along with tension hardware set shall then be pulled up again and
connected to the peak of the structure.
5.7 Adjustment of tension in the earth wire may be done, if required, to ensure equal sag of all
the earth wires in adjacent or parallel sections.
6.0 JUMPERING OF SHIELD / EARTH WIRE:
6.1 The lengths of the earth wire which remain outside the tension hardware on the peak of the
structures shall be cut, if required, so that these lengths when joined together form a smooth
and proper curve. These shall be connected together using a PG –Clamp.
6.2 The earth bond provided with the earth wire tension clamp shall be connected to the
specified point on the peak of the structure and to the earthing riser, which is used as a
down conductor from the peak, for the purpose of connecting the shield / earth wire to the
earth mesh of the sub station.
52 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
CHAPTER - 4
ALUMINIUM PIPE BUS BAR AND JOINTS
1.0 ERECTION OF ALUMINIUM PIPE BUS BAR:
1.1 Aluminium pipes are used for 400 kV and 33 kV bus bar jumpers and interconnections at
400 kV GSS. The diameter of the pipes is 114.30 mm and 73.03 mm for 400 kV and 33 kV
respectively.
1.2 The height of the 400 kV main bus is 8 meters  10 meters and that of jumpers is generally
8 meters, 10 meters  13 meters.
1.3 Fixed, sliding and expansion type clamps are fitted on the already erected post insulators as
per the drawing.
1.4 The standard length of aluminium pipes is generally 6.0 to 7.0 meters. To reduce welding
work at the bus height in case longer lengths are required, a maximum of 4 to 5 lengths of
aluminium pipes may be welded together on the ground using straight run couplers. The
pipe length is then lifted and erected on the post insulators.
1.5 If required for the bus length, the already erected pipe lengths are welded together at the bus
height.
1.6 In case the bus height changes, then the pipes at the different levels are welded together
with a piece of pipe using appropriate angular couplers (90° or 110° or 135°) as per
drawing.
2.0 JUMPERING OF ALUMINIUM PIPES:
2.1 Jumpers between equipment to equipment and equipment to bus may either be direct or
supported on post insulators.
2.2 In cases where the length required for jumpers is more than one pipe length and where
angles are required to be given in the jumpers, welding of aluminium pipe to pipe or pipe
to angular connectors is got done. Such welding may also be required to be got done after
erection / fitting of pipes on clamps / connectors.
2.3 For jumpering between equipments, the pipes are erected between the equipments,
supported  fitted on the clamps on the post insulators where provided, and fitted on the
terminal connectors of the equipments.
2.4 For jumpering between equipment and bus, the pipes are erected between the equipment
and the bus, supported  fitted on the clamps on the post insulators where provided. One
end is fitted on the terminal connectors of the equipment. The other end is then welded to
aluminium pipe using appropriate angular connector(s) (20° or 80° or 90°) as per drawing.
2.5 All the open ends of pipes are closed with corona end shields.
3.0 JOINTING OF ALUMINIUM PIPES / COUPLERS / CONNECTORS:
3.1 The joints / couplers shall be got machined in order to perfectly match their inner / outer
diameter with the aluminium pipe.
3.2 All the surfaces to be welded must be thoroughly cleaned with Acetone or Alcohol to
remove any oxide layer and foreign contaminants present on it to attain a fast joint and
avoid porosity. In addition, a stainless steel wire brush shall be used for cleaning the
surfaces.
54 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
3.3 Straight Run Coupler:
3.3.1 Before fitting the straight run coupler, the edges of the pipes to be welded for straight joints
are to be beveled at an angle of 45° with a flat file to make a V – groove at the ends of joint.
In cases where outer diameter of sleeve does not match the inner diameter of pipe, the
sleeve shall be got turned to match the inner diameter of the pipe.
3.3.2 The straight run coupler is then to be pressed and both the pipes are pushed on to it till their
ends come near the centre of the coupler. The centering pin of the coupler is fitted in the
hole provided for it and the pipe ends are brought together until they touch the centering
pin.
3.3.3 The straight run coupler is then split open so that it fits tightly on the inner surface of the
pipe. It is held in this position till at least 25% of the welding of the coupler has been done.
3.3.4 The welding of the joint is then done till the V – groove between the pipes is filled with the
fused metal.
3.4 Angular Coupler:
3.4.1 For jointing of pipes with angular coupler, the ends of both the pipes are fitted into the
coupler.
3.4.2 The pipes are then welded on the coupler.
3.5 Angular Connector:
3.5.1 For jointing of pipe with angular connector, the end of the pipe is first fitted into the
connector and welded.
3.5.2 The connector with the pipe is then fixed on the pipe bus and the connector is welded to the
pipe bus.
4.0 ALUMINIUM WELDING:
4.1 The following material / TP / consumables are required for carrying out the work of
welding of aluminium pipes / couplers / connectors.
a) T.I.G. / M.I.G. welding set with Tungsten wire.
b) Argon Gas.
c) Oxy – acetylene torch with accessories or blow lamp.
d) Filler wire.
e) Water tank for welding.
f) Tools such as chipping hammer, files, sand paper, steel wire brush, wind screen, blue
glass slits, hacksaw frame, blades, power saw, etc.
g) Cleaner, dye and developer.
h) All safety equipments.
4.2 T.I.G (TUNGSTEN INERT GAS) welding utilizes high frequency A.C. generating set and
welding torch having tungsten wire with outflow of inert gas like Argon, etc. M.I.G.
(METAL INERT GAS) welding process is used as an alternative when T.I.G. welding is
not available.
4.3 To avoid cracks in the joints after welding, the surface should be preheated uniformly with
oxy – acetylene torch or blow lamp.
4.4 During welding, continuous flow of inert gas shall be maintained over the joint as well as
inside the pipe to avoid oxidation on the inside surface. This flow of inert gas on joint
should continue for at least 15 seconds after the welding of joint is completed.
Aluminium Pipe Bus Bar and Joints 55
4.5 All the welding at a joint must be in one layer. If more layers are required at the joint, every
bottom layer shall be cleaned with wire brush and checked for cracks before starting
welding of the second layer. If any crack is observed, the whole layer shall be chipped off
and refilled.
4.6 The joint, when completed, must be filed smooth with a wood file and fine sand paper.
4.7 Wind shield shall be used, if required, for protecting the joints from the blowing wind
which may take away heat and inert gas flow at the surface of joints.
4.8 Every care shall be taken for preventing the scratches and roughness on the aluminum
surface.
4.9 The welding should be got done so that molten mass is filled in gaps and no cracks or
imperfections are present in joints. Unacceptable joints shall be chipped off for re –
welding.
4.10 Each and every joint shall be subjected to:
a) Physical examination.
b) Liquid penetration test.
4.11 For liquid penetration test, the following three items are required:
a) Cleaner for cleaning the joint.
b) Red dye for spraying on the cleaned joint which will penetrate into the cracks, if any.
c) White developer to be sprayed on the joint that will draw the red dye from the cracks
and make these cracks visible, if present.
5.0 Depending upon the site conditions, some welding can be got done at ground level and the
rest is to be done at a height of 8.0 to 13.0 meters from the ground level as per requirement.
The necessary arrangements for welding of joints at such heights shall be made.
56 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
CHAPTER – 5
POWER TRANSFORMERS
1.0 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
1.1 The erection work shall be got done generally as per instructions / procedures prescribed in
the following documents:
a) Manufacturer’s Erection  Installation Manual.
b) Manufacturer’s Erection Drawings.
c) IS: 10028 (Part II) – 1981: Indian Standard Code of Practice for
Selection, Installation and Maintenance of Transformers: Installation.
d) Transformer Manual (Technical Report No. 1) issued by the Central
Board of Irrigation  Power.
1.2 The work shall be carried out under the supervision of Work – In – Charge/ Manufacturer’s
Engineer and as per instructions given by him / them.
1.3 Transformer oil drums should not be stored in low lying areas. They should be stored so
that the air release hole (smaller hole) is on the upper side and at an angle of 45° to the
vertical as shown in the diagram below.
1.4 All the accessories should generally be stored in a closed shed / room. However, accessories
such as condenser bushings, radiators, conservator, headers, pipe work and A – frame can
be stored under covered sheds.
1.5 The gas pressure in transformers received gas filled should be checked periodically. A
positive pressure (generally 0.15 kg / cm2
at 30° C) should always be maintained. In case of
reduction in pressure, it should be maintained by filling in gas from the cylinder on the
transformer.
1.6 The core and winding should be exposed to the atmospheric air for the minimum possible
time period and for not more than 8 hours at a time. The weather conditions during
transformer erection should be dry. The transformer tank should not be opened when it is
raining.
1.7 The Bushing CT’s fitted in the turrets should be got tested by the protection wing before
erection of turrets.
1.8 Check the open and closed conditions of contacts provided in equipment such as M.O.L.G.,
Oil surge relays, Buchholz relays, oil flow indicators, etc. before they are installed.
58 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
1.9 The top oil temperature should invariably be noted during measurement of IR values of
transformer.
1.10 IR values should not be measured when the transformer tank is under vacuum.
2.0 Initial oil filling in Transformers received gas filled:
2.1 Oil Preparation:
2.1.1 The oil supplied in oil drums (for first filling, topping up  OLTC) is first filled into oil
storage tank(s) through filter machine. This oil is then filtered in the tank(s).
2.1.2 The following oil values shall be attained so as to facilitate early and effective dehydration
of transformer:
a) Break Down Voltage: 70 kV (Minimum)
b) Moisture Content: 10 ppm (Maximum)
The oil temperature thermostat in the filter machine should be set at 60°C.
2.2 Vacuuming of the Transformer:
2.2.1 Provide equalizing connections between main tank and OLTC Diverter Switch chamber(s)
and isolate those parts of the Transformer which are not designed for vacuum.
2.2.2 Erection of the part of the pipeline between the tank and the conservator up to the Buchholz
relay.
2.2.3 Connect a breather to any valve above the tank oil level through a suitable pipe.
2.2.4 Connect a transparent plastic pipe (either reinforced or having wall thickness of 5 to 8 mm
suitable for withstanding vacuum) between the top and bottom valves of the transformer to
check the oil level.
2.2.5 Apply vacuum to the transformer. The vacuum pipe is generally connected to the pipeline
between transformer tank and conservator. The extent of vacuum and the time duration of
its application shall be as per Manufacturer's recommendations. In case this is not specified
by the Manufacturer, then vacuum of 1.00 torr (maximum) is to be applied for at least 12
hours for transformers of up to 145 kV class and 24 hours for transformers of higher voltage
class.
2.3 Oil Filling:
2.3.1 The treated oil shall then be filled into the transformer tank under vacuum until the oil level
reaches 250 mm below the top cover level. The oil level can be seen in the transparent
plastic pipe provided.
2.3.2 The vacuum in the tank is then slowly released by slightly opening the valve on which the
breather is connected so that only moisture free air goes inside the tank. The rate of release
of vacuum should be kept very slow so that the silica gel in the breather does not get sucked
into the tank.
2.4 Internal Inspection:
2.4.1 Internal inspection of transformers up to 145 kV class may be carried out if recommended
by the manufacturer and as per procedure prescribed by him.
2.4.2 The oil is drained from the tank for internal inspection, and for erection if required. Where
connections are required to be made inside the tank and when the erection work is to be
continued on the next day, the oil is refilled after the day’s erection activities are completed.
Power Transformers 59
Additional precautions prescribed by the Manufacturer for dry air and human safety during
such erection activities should be followed.
3.0 The oil received in drums (for topping up  OLTC) for transformers received oil filled is
filled into a storage tank through filter machine. This oil is filtered in the tank until the
values given at para 2.1.2 are attained.
4.0 Transformers with separately mounted cooler banks:
4.1 Large size EHV Transformer (generally 245 kV class and above) are provided with
separately mounted cooler banks.
4.2 Placing on foundation, levelling and centering of cooler bank supports (A – frame).
4.3 Erection of lower and upper headers on the A – frame.
4.4 Assembly and fitting of upper and lower cooler pipe line from transformer tank to
respective headers including fixing of Valves, Pumps, Non Return Valves, expansion joints,
oil flow indicators, etc., as per General Arrangement (GA) drawing. The arrow marks on
the oil pumps and oil flow indicators should point towards the transformer tank.
4.5 Grouting of cooler bank supports (A – frame).
4.6 Erection of Radiators on the headers.
5.0 Transformers with tank mounted cooler bank / radiators:
5.1 Erection of headers, if provided.
5.2 Erection of radiators on headers / tank.
6.0 Erection of Accessories:
6.1 Erection of main conservator  On Load Tap Changer (OLTC) conservator along with their
supports.
6.2 Erection of HV, LV and TV turrets, when supplied separately.
6.3 Erection of HV, LV, TV  neutral bushing(s) and making their connections inside the tank,
as required.
6.4 Fitting of Pressure Relief Devices along with pipes, if provided.
6.5 Erection of Explosion Vent, if provided. Ensure that diaphragms are fitted on both ends of
the vent pipe.
6.6 Assembly and fitting of equalizing pipeline between tank cover, turrets, inspection covers,
etc. as provided.
6.7 Assembly and fitting of Buchholz pipeline, fitting of valves, expansion joints as provided
and Buchholz relays, and connecting it to the equalizing pipeline and the main conservator.
The arrow marks on the Buchholz relays should point towards the conservator. Where two
Buchholz relays are provided, the relay near the tank is designated as Buchholz Relay – I
and the relay near the conservator as Buchholz Relay – II.
6.8 Assembly and fitting of pipelines for breathers of main and OLTC conservators and fixing
of breathers after checking the silica gel (to be replaced / regenerated, if not of blue colour),
60 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
and also filling of oil in the oil cup. Ensure that the sealing provided on the air passage of
the breathers has been removed.
6.9 Assembly and fitting of pipeline for the OLTC Diverter Switch including valves and oil
surge relay and connecting it to the OLTC conservator. The arrow marks on the oil surge
relays should point towards the conservator.
6.10 Assembly  fitting of cooler fans, including fitting of supports, if provided. The levelling,
centering and grouting of ground mounted supports is to be got done before erection.
6.11 Erection / placing of fan control cubicle / marshalling box  OLTC drive mechanism. In
case these are ground mounted, then these are to be placed on the foundation, levelled,
centered and then grouted.
7.0 Filling of topping up oil in the transformer tank and conservator. During this process, the air
release valves / plugs provided on the top of the conservator should be kept open. The oil
shall be filled up to 1/3rd
level in the conservator.
8.0 Dehydration of Transformer by Hot Oil Circulation:
8.1 When starting the dehydration, oil is drawn from the bottom of transformer into the
filteration plant and let into transformer again at the top for removing any settled moisture /
impurities. The readings of IR values shall not be taken during this process since these will
be misleading due to erroneous indication of winding temperature. After about 8 – 12 hours
of circulation in this manner, the cycle is reversed, i.e., oil is drawn from the top and fed at
the bottom.
8.2 During dehydration, measure insulation resistance values of the transformer every 2 hours.
The test voltage of 5 kV is applied for one minute. The winding temperature is assumed to
be the same as top oil temperature under steady state conditions.
8.3 In the beginning, the IR values drop down as the temperature increases. If there is moisture
in the windings, then, the IR values at constant temperature will drop down as the moisture
is removed from the insulation and gets dissolved in the oil. The moisture in the oil is
continuously removed by the filteration plant. After the moisture has been removed from
the winding, the IR values will start rising as the dissolved moisture in the oil is removed.
These reach a constant value after the drying out is complete. The dehydration process is
thereafter continued for a minimum of another 24 hours or until the oil values given at para
8.7 are attained.
8.4 If there is no moisture in the windings, then the IR values at constant temperature will
remain the same. In such a case, the dehydration is stopped after the time prescribed by the
manufacturer. If no such time is prescribed, then the dehydration at constant temperature is
carried out for a minimum of 72 hours or until the oil values given at para 8.7 are attained.
8.5 Allow the transformer to cool down to atmospheric temperature. Measure the IR values at 2
hour intervals during the cooling period.
8.6 IR values can be plotted against time. A typical indicative drying out curve is shown below:
Power Transformers 61
8.7 The following oil values shall be attained in order to increase the time interval before re -
filteration of oil is required when the transformer is in service:
a) Break Down Voltage: 80 kV (Minimum)
b) Moisture Content: 10 ppm (Maximum)
8.8 Compare the insulation resistance values with the following reference values:
i) New transformers: Factory Test Results.
ii) Old transformers: Previous Test Results.
Insulation resistance varies inversely with the temperature. For a 10°C change of
temperature, the insulation resistance changes by a ratio generally in the range of 2:1 to
1.4:1.
If the specified IR values are achieved, the transformer can be charged.
8.9 If the specified IR values are not attained, then carry out further drying out by adopting any
of the following processes, as convenient. However, in case of transformers within
guarantee period, the manufacturer is to be contacted.
a) Hot air circulation.
b) Hot oil circulation and short circuit heating.
c) Heating, vacuum pulling and Nitrogen filling.
d) Hot oil circulation and vacuum pulling.
The processes at (a), (b) and (c) are described in the CBIP Manual on Transformers
(Publication no. 295) and in the IS : 10028 (Part – II) – 1981. The process at (d) is mostly
adopted and is described at para 8.9 below.
8.10 Drying by Hot oil circulation and vacuum pulling:
8.10.1 Carry out hot oil circulation on the transformer. After maximum top oil temperature is
attained, the hot oil circulation is continued for 2 – 3 volumes of the transformer oil. The IR
values and the temperature are noted.
62 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
8.10.2 Drain the oil from the tank and apply vacuum immediately and maintain for 12 hours. The
precautions, as given earlier, for application of vacuum (para 2.2.1) as well as for allowing
dry air into the transformer while draining oil (para 2.2.5) are to be followed.
8.10.3 Fill the oil again into the transformer. Start hot oil circulation and continue for 2 – 3
volumes of the transformer oil after maximum top oil temperature is attained. The IR values
and the temperature are noted.
8.10.4 The IR values as measured above at para 8.10.1  para 8.10.3 are compared. If there is
improvement in the IR values, then the above process as given at para 8.10.2  para 8.10.3
is continued till two consecutive readings are same.
8.10.5 If there is no change in the IR values as measured above at para 8.10.1  para 8.10.3, then
another cycle of the above process as given at para 8.10.2  para 8.10.3 is carried out. If
still there is no change, then the drying out process is stopped, otherwise it is continued till
two consecutive readings are same.
8.10.6 After constant IR values are achieved, the drying out process is stopped and the transformer
is allowed to cool down to atmospheric temperature.
8.11 The IR values are then measured and the temperature is noted. These are compared with the
reference values. If the previous IR values are achieved, the transformer can be charged.
9.0 Pressurizing of air cell in the main conservator:
9.1 Method recommended by the Manufacturer:
9.1.1 Open the air release plugs / valves provided on the top of the conservator.
9.1.2 Drain the oil from the transformer through the bottom filter valve till the conservator is
empty. This can be checked by ensuring that there is no oil in the Buchholz relay(s).
9.1.3 Remove the breather. Connect the air filling device, which is provided with a pressure
gauge and a filling pipe in which a non return valve is fitted, to the breather pipe. Any
valves in the breather pipe should be kept open.
9.1.4 Inject air into the Air Bag / PRONAL through the air filling device to a maximum pressure
of 0.1 kg / cm².
Power Transformers 63
9.1.5 Slowly pump the oil through the bottom filter valve. Temporarily stop the oil filling
operation when oil along with air bubbles starts coming out of the air release plugs / valves.
Close the air release valve such that the flow of oil will be very slow. Where air release
plugs are provided, they should be fitted but not fully tightened.
9.1.6 Continue the oil filling. Oil mixed with air bubbles shall start coming out. When all the air
has been expelled, only oil will come out through the air release plugs / valves. The
prismatic oil level gauge, if provided on the conservator, will indicate full oil level.
9.1.7 Stop the oil filling after ensuring that no air bubbles come out with the oil. Close the air
release plugs / valves while still maintaining the air pressure.
9.1.8 Release the air pressure thereafter.
9.1.9 Refit the breather on the pipeline.
9.1.10 Continue the oil filling in the transformer till the level shown on the Magnetic Oil Level
Gauge (MOLG) corresponds to the oil temperature as per the reference mark given on the
MOLG.
9.2 Alternate Method / Field Practice:
9.2.1 Keep the oil level in the conservator at approximately 1/3rd
level.
9.2.2 Open the air release plugs / valves provided on the top of the conservator.
9.2.3 Remove the breather. Connect the air filling device, which is provided with a pressure
gauge and a filling pipe in which a non return valve is fitted, to the breather pipe. Any
valves in the breather pipe should be kept open.
9.2.4 Inject air into the Air Bag / PRONAL through the air filling device to a maximum pressure
of 0.1 kg / cm².
9.2.5 The air in the conservator outside the Air Bag / PRONAL is pushed out through the air
release plugs / valves. When all the air has been expelled, oil along with air bubbles starts
coming out of the air release plugs / valves. The oil is allowed to come out until there are no
air bubbles in the oil.
9.2.6 The prismatic oil level gauge provided on the conservator will indicate full oil level. The air
release plugs / valves are then closed while still maintaining the air pressure.
9.2.7 Release the air pressure thereafter.
9.2.8 Refit the breather on the pipeline.
9.2.9 The level of oil shown on the Magnetic Oil Level Gauge (MOLG) is checked with respect
to the oil temperature and the reference mark given on the MOLG.
10.0 Filling of oil in OLTC and its Dehydration:
10.1 Fill filtered oil (as per para 2.1.1 / para 3.0) in the OLTC diverter switch chamber(s) and the
OLTC conservator.
10.2 Carry out dehydration of the oil. This oil is filtered in the OLTC diverter switch chamber(s)
until the values given at para 8.7 are attained.
64 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
11.0 Air Release from the Transformer:
11.1 Release air from the following air release points till there are no air bubbles in the oil
coming out from these air release points.
a) Air release plugs provided on the Main tank cover and bushing turrets.
b) Air release plugs provided on the Radiators, Headers and Cooler Bank pipelines.
c) Buchholz Relays.
d) Float type Oil Surge Relays (OSR).
e) Pressure relief device (PRD) and Explosion Vent (if provided).
f) Air release screws on through oil type Bushings (up to 33 kV).
g) Air release screws / plugs if provided on the mounting flange of O. I. P. Condenser
type Bushings.
h) Upper terminal of O. I. P. Condenser type Bushings
i) On Load Tap Changer / Diverter Switch Chamber.
12.0 Assembly of OLTC Drive Mechanism  Operating System:
12.1 Fix the brackets, gear boxes and operating shafts between OLTC drive mechanism and
OLTC diverter switches. When connecting the operating shaft(s), ensure that the tap
position indicated in the OLTC drive mechanism and at the head of OLTC diverter
switch(es) are the same. Lock the bolts  nuts of the coupling brackets of the operating
shaft(s), if provided.
12.2 Check the operation of the OLTC manually and make adjustments so that there are equal
numbers of free turns of the operating handle after each tap change in the diverter switch
both during Raise  Lower operations.
12.3 Synchronize the operation of all the three OLTC diverter switches so that all the three
phases operate almost simultaneously.
13.0 Cabling on the Transformer:
13.1 Carry out laying of control cables from fans, protective relays, bushing / WTI CT’s, etc. to
the fan control cubicle / marshalling box / Temperature meter box.
13.2 Prepare the cables at both the ends and fit into cable glands.
13.3 Drill holes in the cable gland plates of the fan control cubicle / marshalling box /
Temperature meter box as per requirement.
13.4 Fix the cables on these cable gland plates and connect the wires as per schematic drawing.
14.0 Fix / fit minor accessories as below:
a) Clamps / Brackets for pipes and fixing of pipes on them.
b) Protective covers for OLTC operating shaft(s).
c) Fixing of cable trays / brackets on the tank cover and clamping of cables on them.
d) Fitting of sensors / probes for oil  winding temperature indicators after filling oil in
the pockets provided for them.
e) Fitting of terminal connectors on the bushings.
f) Any other accessories, etc. as provided.
15.0 After installation work is over, the transformer is to be made ready for commissioning.
Prior to putting the transformer into service, attention should be paid to the checks and tests
given in the following paras. The checks / tests given hereafter are generally applicable.
Specific checks / tests prescribed by the manufacturer are also to be carried out. Problems
arising out of peculiar situations are to be assessed and solved on case to case basis.
Power Transformers 65
16.0 PRE – COMMISSIONING CHECKS:
16.1 All equipments are mounted in position as per General Arrangement drawing of the
manufacturer.
16.2 Minimum clearances between live parts and between live parts to earth are as per General
Arrangement drawing.
16.3 Arrow on the Buchholz Relays  Oil Surge Relays is pointing towards the Conservator.
16.4 Arrow on the oil flow indicators and the oil pumps is pointing towards the transformer tank.
16.5 Inspect the transformer all over and check all flanged joints and fittings for oil leakages. If
found necessary, re – tighten the bolts.
16.6 Isolating valves in Buchholz pipe line and all the radiators and any valve if provided in the
breather pipeline are fully opened and locked in the open position.
16.7 Release air from the inside of the transformer tank by opening all plugs / venting screws /
valves on radiators, bushings, Buchholz relay, OLTC oil surge relay (float type) and gas
collection pipe, if provided, and tank cover until oil appears. Close these after the above
check has been carried out.
16.8 Oil level in the main conservator and OLTC conservator is as per the oil temperature.
16.9 Oil level in the condenser bushings.
16.10 The thermometer pockets provided for oil and winding temperature indicators are filled
with oil.
16.11 The colour of silica gel in the breathers is blue and that oil is filled up to correct oil level
mark in the oil cup.
16.12 Buchholz relay contacts are not locked and these are in ‘SERVICE’ position.
16.13 The transport locks provided in equipment such as the MOLG, oil flow indicators, OTI,
WTI, etc. have been removed.
16.14 Setting of all the mercury switches for Alarm, Trip and Cooler control in the Oil and
Winding Temperature Indicators. As per general prevailing practice, the settings are made
as given below:
a) Oil Temperature Indicator (OTI): Alarm: ON: 70°C
OFF: 60°C
Trip: ON: 80°C
OFF: 70°C
b) Winding Temperature
Indicator (WTI):
Fan / Fan
Group – I:
Start:
Stop:
55°C
50°C
Oil Pump / Fan
Group – II:
Start:
Stop:
65°C
60°C
Alarm: ON: 80°C
OFF: 70°C
Trip: ON: 90°C
OFF: 80°C
66 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
If the site and load conditions warrant, higher settings of the winding temperature alarm 
trip contacts may be adopted for which the manufacturer’s recommendations are to be
followed.
16.15 The Transformer neutral is connected to earth at two separate earth pits / electrodes which
in turn are connected to the earth mat.
16.16 The Transformer tank, OLTC drive mechanism, cooler bank, marshalling box, cooler
control cabinet, temperature meter box, etc. as provided are earthed.
16.17 Proper connections and tightness of terminal connectors provided on Bushings.
16.18 Bolts  nuts of the coupling brackets of the operating shaft(s) of the OLTC have been
locked.
16.19 No oil is visible in Explosion Vent sight glass, if provided.
16.20 Jumpering arrangement to achieve phase matching, if the transformer is to run in parallel
with another transformer.
16.21 Setting of overload / protection relays / MCBs for fans  pumps and for OLTC motor as
per their rating.
17.0 PRE – COMMISSIONING TESTS:
17.1 Non Trip Alarms:
Operation of the corresponding auxiliary relays if provided and alarm annunciation on
actual operation of the transformer mounted protective Relays and supervisory equipments.
i) Main Conservator Low oil level alarm.
ii) OLTC Conservator Low oil level alarm.
iii) Oil temperature high alarm.
iv) Winding temperature high alarm (HV).
v) Winding temperature high alarm (LV).
vi) Winding temperature high alarm (TV).
vii) Air cell fail alarm.
17.2 Trip Alarms:
Operation of the corresponding auxiliary relays, Master Trip relays and alarm annunciation
on actual operation of the transformer mounted protective Relays and supervisory
equipments.
i) Buchholz Alarm (I  II) by draining oil from the relay.
ii) Buchholz Trip (I  II) by draining oil from the relay.
iii) Oil Temperature Trip.
iv) Winding Temperature Trip (HV).
v) Winding Temperature Trip (LV).
vi) Winding Temperature Trip (TV).
vii) OLTC Surge Relay (U, V, W / common, as provided).
viii) Pressure Relief Device.
17.3 Testing by the Protection Wing of Over current, Earth fault, Over flux, Neutral
Displacement alarm, Restricted Earth Fault (REF), Circulating Current Differential
Power Transformers 67
protection, Transformer Differential protection relays, associated Master Trip relays, alarm
annunciations, etc., as provided.
17.4 Tripping of HV circuit breaker  inter tripping of LV circuit breaker on operation of
Master Trip Relays. This may be checked for operation of each Master Trip Relay for 2 or 3
protective relays.
17.5 Phase sequence of the A.C. supply to the Cooler Control Cubicle (CCC) / Fan Control
Cubicle (FCC) / Marshalling Box.
17.6 Direction of rotation of fans and pumps.
17.7 Operation of fans / oil pumps as per settings made in the winding temperature indicators as
per para 16.14.
17.8 Operation of stand by fans / pumps on failure of each fan / pump.
17.9 Lamp indications on RTCC Panel for fans and pumps.
17.10 Testing of alarm annunciations, such as “Fan Fail: Group – 1  2”, “Pump Fail: Group – 1
 2”, “Cooler Control Supply Fail”, “Stand by Fan Fail: Group – 1  2”, “Stand by Pump
Fail: Group – 1  2”, etc., as provided in the RTCC Panel.
17.11 Manual operation of OLTC:
a) Operate by handle from tap no. 1 to the maximum tap position  back to tap no. 1.
b) Verify the reading of Tap Position Indicator (TPI) on Remote Tap Changer Control
(RTCC) panel on all the tap positions.
c) Observe any abnormal sound during this operation.
d) Confirm functioning of mechanical locking at extreme tap positions.
e) Check functioning of operation counter.
17.12 Electrical operation of OLTC:
a) Operation of handle interlock. There should be no electrical operation of the OLTC
with handle inserted.
b) Check phase sequence of the A.C. supply to the OLTC drive mechanism.
c) Operate On Load Tap Changer (OLTC) from tap no. 1 to the maximum tap position
 back to tap no.1 from local and from remote, i.e., RTCC Panel. Never start this
OLTC operation from extreme tap positions.
d) Confirm functioning of electrical limit switches at extreme tap positions.
e) Step by step operation of the OLTC (only one tap should change in one pulse or with
continuous pulse).
f) Check tripping of MCB in OLTC Drive mechanism by pressing “Emergency Push
Button” from local and from RTCC Panel.
68 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
g) Checking of Lamp Indications provided in the RTCC Panel.
h) If the transformer is to be run in parallel with another transformer, operation of OLTC
Drive mechanism by making one transformer as ‘Master’ and another one as
‘Follower’  vice versa, i.e., “Master – Follower Operation of Transformer”.
i) Testing of alarm annunciations, such as “Tap Changer Stuck / Tap Change Delayed”,
“OLTC Motor MCB Trip”, “OLTC Control Supply Fail”, “OLTC out of Step”, etc.,
provided in the RTCC Panel.
17.13 Reading of Oil  Winding temperatures on Remote Temperature indicators provided in
RTCC Panel with reference to the OTI  WTI fitted on the transformer.
17.14 Testing of Transformer:
a) Magnetizing current measurement of all three phases of LV winding with single
phase supply applied between phase and neutral one by one keeping HV  TV
windings open.
b) Magnetizing current measurement of all three phases of HV winding at Tap no. 1
with single phase supply applied between phase and neutral one by one keeping LV
 TV windings open.
c) Magnetizing current measurement of all three phases of the TV winding in case all
the three phases have been brought out. For star connected TV winding, single phase
supply is applied between phase and neutral of TV winding one by one keeping HV
 LV windings open. In case of delta connected TV winding, the voltage is applied
one by one between phases of the TV winding keeping HV  LV windings open.
d) Magnetic balance test on all three phases of LV winding by applying single phase
voltage one by one between phase and neutral of one phase and measuring the
induced voltage on the other two phases.
e) Magnetic balance test on all three phases of TV winding, in case all the three phases
of the TV winding have been brought out, by applying single phase voltage one by
one between phase and neutral on one phase (for star connected winding) or between
phase to phase (for delta connected winding) and measuring the induced voltage on
the other two phases.
f) Short circuit current measurement of all three phases of HV winding at Tap no. 1 with
single phase supply applied between phase and neutral one by one with LV winding
short – circuited and TV winding open – circuited.
g) Short circuit current measurement of all three phases of HV winding at Tap no. 1 with
single phase supply applied between phase and neutral one by one with TV winding
short – circuited in case all the three phases of the TV winding have been brought out.
LV winding is kept open – circuited.
h) HV, LV and TV WTI CT testing by measuring the current in the leads from the WTI
CT terminals to the winding temperature indicator(s) during the above short circuit
current measurement tests.
i) Checking of continuity of contacts in diverter switch: During short circuit current
measurement test above, connect an analogue type AVO / multi – meter on the HV
winding and operate the OLTC from tap no. 1 to the maximum tap. There should not
Power Transformers 69
be any break in the current during tap change which is indicated by the sudden
deflection in the multi – meter reading.
j) In case of tertiary winding where two terminals have been brought out, testing of TV
winding by giving 3 – phase supply to HV, then shorting each LV phase with neutral
one by one and measuring open delta voltage and closed delta current.
k) Transformer Turns ratio measurement between HV – LV, HV – TV  LV – TV using
turns ratio measuring instrument.
l) Insulation resistance measurement (meggering) and recording the readings for 15 sec.
and 60 sec. between HV – Earth, LV – Earth, TV – Earth, HV – LV, HV – TV  LV
– TV using 5 kV megger. The 60 second value shall be taken as the reference value
for future comparison. The top oil temperature is to be recorded.
m) Winding resistance measurement of all three phases of HV (at Tap no. 1), LV and TV
windings. The top oil temperature is to be recorded.
n) Subject to availability of testing instrument, measurement of Capacitance and Tan G
of condenser bushings and transformer windings for reference. The top oil
temperature is to be recorded. It is not advisable to carry out this test when the
relative humidity is above 75%.
o) Checking of Vector Group of the transformer.
p) Testing of transformer oil.
The following tests are generally desired to be got carried out on transformer oil as
per IS 1866 : 2000 – Code of Practice for Electrical Maintenance and Supervision of
Mineral Insulating Oil in Equipment. The limits for unused mineral oil filled in New
Power Transformer as recommended in Table – 1 of the above Indian Standard are
given below.
Highest Voltage of Equipment (kV)S.
No.
Property of Oil
 72.5 72.5 to 170  170
1. Appearance Clear; free from sediments and
suspended matter
2. Density at 29.5ºC (g / cm3
), Max. 0.89 0.89 0.89
3. Neutralization value (mg KOH / g), Max. 0.03 0.03 0.03
4. Water Content (ppm), Max. 10 10 10
5. Dielectric dissipation factor at 90ºC and 40
Hz to 60 Hz, Max.
0.015 0.015 0.010
6. Resistivity (90ºC) × 1012
(ohm – cm), Min. 6 6 6
7. Breakdown Voltage (kV), Min. 80 80 80
8. Dissolved Gas Analysis For Reference
9. Viscosity at 27ºC (cSt), Max. 27 27 27
10. Flash Point (ºC), Min. 140 140 140
11. Pour point (ºC), Max. - 6 - 6 - 6
12. Interfacial Tension (mN / m), Min. 35 35 35
Oxidation Stability of uninhibited oil
(i) Neutralization Value (mg KOH / g), Max. 0.4 0.4 0.4
13.
(ii) Sludge (percent by mass), Max. 0.1 0.1 0.1
Oxidation Stability of inhibited oil14.
(i) Induction Period (hours) Similar values as before filling
70 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
q) The following tests as recommended in IS : 1866 are the minimum tests which should
be got done on the transformer oil. The limits as recommended in Table – 1 of IS
1866: 2000 are also given below.
Highest Voltage of Equipment (kV)S.
No.
Property of Oil
 72.5 72.5 to 170  170
1. Appearance Clear; free from sediments and
suspended matter
2. Density at 29.5ºC (g / cm3
), Max. 0.89 0.89 0.89
3. Neutralization value (mg KOH / g), Max. 0.03 0.03 0.03
4. Water Content (ppm), Max. 10 10 10
5. Dielectric dissipation factor at 90ºC and 40
Hz to 60 Hz, Max.
0.015 0.015 0.010
6. Resistivity (90ºC) × 1012
(ohm – cm), Min. 6 6 6
7. Breakdown Voltage (kV), Min. 80 80 80
8. Dissolved Gas Analysis For Reference
r) Other tests as prescribed in the Operation and Maintenance Manual of the
Manufacturer.
17.15 The results of all the above tests are to be recorded for future reference.
18.0 CHARGING OF TRANSFORMER:
18.1 Check the tripping of HV circuit breaker  inter tripping of LV circuit breaker on operation
of Master Trip Relays. This may be checked for operation of each Master Trip Relay for 2
or 3 protective relays.
18.2 Transformer is to be charged at tap no. 2 otherwise transformer may trip on differential
protection due to high magnetizing inrush current.
18.3 After charging, the operation of the OLTC is to be checked by increasing the tap position
upto the tap corresponding to the system voltage.
18.4 Manufacturers recommend that transformer be kept on no load for 24 hours. During this
period observe the temperature rise of the oil  winding.
18.5 De – energize the transformer and check the Buchholz relay for any collection of air / gas.
18.6 Recharge the transformer at Tap no. 2.
18.7 After re – charging, tap position of the transformer is to be fixed according to HV side
voltage available. Tap position (same voltage ratio) should also match with the transformer
already in service in case of parallel operation.
18.8 Then take load on the transformer.
19.0 For operation and maintenance of Power Transformers, the “MAINTENANCE MANUAL
FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS” of RVPN (erstwhile RSEB) should be followed.
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations
Construction manual for sub stations

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Construction manual for sub stations

  • 1. RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDYUT PRASARAN NIGAM LTD. (Regd. Office: Vidyut Bhavan, Janpath, Jyoti Nagar, Jaipur–302005) CONSTRUCTION MANUAL FOR SUB STATIONS
  • 2. F O R E W O R D The Engineers experienced in the field of Transmission have made this effort to compile the experience gained over the past 40 years in the form of a Manual and make it available to the Engineers and Technical Supervisors of the Company. This is a step forward to disseminate knowledge so that uniform practices and procedures are followed in the construction activities in the Company. This Manual covers all the activities related to the construction of Sub Stations. I appreciate the work done by the members of the Committee in preparing and bringing out this Construction Manual for Sub Stations. I hope that the Manual will be of immense use and reference to the Engineers of the Transmission & Construction Wing. Shreemat Pandey April, 2007 Chairman & Managing Director Jaipur Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Ltd.
  • 3. P R E F A C E The construction practices in the transmission wing of RVPN have been built over the past 40 years and passed on from seniors to juniors. The new generation of Engineers, skilled Technical Supervisors and Workmen has, from time to time, constantly updated the construction practices according to the latest developments in the field of Transmission Engineering. It was felt that the construction practices built over the years be compiled in the form of a Manual and made available to Engineers and Technical Supervisors engaged in the construction activities so that uniform practices and procedures are followed in the Company. A Committee of the following Engineers experienced in the field of Transmission was assigned the task of preparing the Construction Manual: Shri S. Dhawan, Chief Engineer (MM) Shri B. N. Saini, Superintending Engineer (400 KV Design) Shri Raghuvendra Singh, Executive Engineer (Prot. II) Shri Mohan Singh Ruhela, Executive Engineer (C&M–400 KV GSS), Heerapura Shri A. D. Sharma, Assistant Engineer (Civil – 400 KV Design) Shri Atul Sharma, Assistant Engineer (TLPC) I appreciate the work done by the members of the Committee in preparing and bringing out this Construction Manual for Sub Stations. I am confident that the Manual will be of great help to the Engineers posted in the Transmission & Construction Wing in discharging their duties. Y. K. Raizada April, 2007 Director (Technical) Jaipur Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Ltd.
  • 4. CONTENTS Section – I: 1. 2. 3. 4. Section – II: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. SITE SELECTION & SUB STATION DESIGN Selection of Land Layout Design Safety Clearances Earth Mat Design ERECTION, TESTING AND COMMISSIONING General Instructions Structures Bus Bar and Earth Wire Aluminium Pipe Bus Bar and Joints Power Transformers Circuit Breakers Isolators Current Transformers Capacitor Voltage Transformers (CVT) / Potential Transformers (PT) Lightning Arresters Post / Polycone Insulators Wave Traps Line Matching Unit (LMU) / Line Matching Distribution Unit (LMDU) Capacitor Banks Earthing Cable Laying and Wiring Battery Sets (Valve Regulated Lead Acid / VRLA) DC Panels Battery Chargers Control & Relay Panels LT Panels PLCC Carrier Sets Carrier Protection Couplers PLCC Exchange Commissioning of Sub Station Bibliography 5 7 33 35 41 43 47 53 57 71 79 83 87 91 93 95 97 99 103 117 121 125 127 129 133 137 141 143 145
  • 6. CHAPTER – 1 SELECTION OF LAND 1.0 SELECTION OF SITE: 1.1 Selection of site for construction of a Grid Sub Station is the first and important activity. This needs meticulous planning, fore-sight, skillful observation and handling so that the selected site is technically, environmentally, economically and socially optimal and is the best suited to the requirements. 1.2 The main points to be considered in the selection of site for construction of a Grid Sub Station are given below. 1.3 The site should be: a) As near the load centre as possible. b) As far as possible rectangular or square in shape for ease of proper orientation of bus – bars and feeders. c) Far away from obstructions, to permit easy and safe approach / termination of high voltage overhead transmission lines. d) Free from master plans / layouts or future development activities to have free line corridors for the present and in future. e) Easily accessible to the public road to facilitate transport of material. f) As far as possible near a town and away from municipal dumping grounds, burial grounds, tanneries and other obnoxious areas. g) Preferably fairly leveled ground. This facilitates reduction in leveling expenditure. h) Above highest flood level (HFL) so that there is no water logging. i) Sufficiently away from areas where police and military rifle practices are held. 1.4 The site should have as far as possible good drinking water supply for the station staff. 1.5 The site of the proposed Sub Station should not be in the vicinity of an aerodrome. The distance of a Sub Station from an aerodrome should be maintained as per regulations of the aerodrome authority. Approval in writing should be obtained from the aerodrome authority in case the Sub Station is proposed to be located near an aerodrome. 2.0 REQUIREMENT OF LAND / AREA: 2.1 The site should have sufficient area to properly accommodate the Sub Station buildings, structures, equipments, etc. and should have the sufficient area for future extension of the buildings and / or switchyard.
  • 7. 6 Construction Manual for Sub Stations 2.2 The requirement of land for construction of Sub Station including staff colony is as under: S.No. Voltage Class of GSS Required Area 1. 400 kV 20.0 Hectare 2. 220 kV 6.0 Hectare 3. 132 kV 3.5 Hectare 2.3 While preparing proposals for acquisition of private land and allotment of Government land, the area of land for respective Grid Sub Stations shall be taken into consideration as mentioned in para 2.2 above. While selecting Government land, the requirement may be made liberally but in other cases, where payment is to be made for the land acquisition, the requirement should be restricted to the limit mentioned in para 2.2.
  • 8. CHAPTER – 2 LAYOUT DESIGN 1.0 BUS BAR SCHEMES: The commonly used bus bar schemes at Sub Stations are: a) Single bus bar. b) Main and Auxiliary bus bar. c) Double bus bar. d) Double Main and Auxiliary bus bar e) One and a half breaker scheme. 1.1 SINGLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT: 1.1.1 This is the simplest switching scheme in which each circuit is provided with one circuit breaker. This arrangement offers little security against bus bar faults and no switching flexibility resulting into quite extensive outages of bus bar and frequent maintenance of bus bar isolator(s). The entire Sub Station is lost in case of a fault on the bus bar or on any bus bar isolator and also in case of maintenance of the bus bar. Another disadvantage of this switching scheme is that in case of maintenance of circuit breaker, the associated feeder has also to be shutdown. 1.1.2 Typical Single Bus Bar arrangement is shown in Annexure – 1. 1.2 MAIN AND AUXILIARY BUS ARRANGEMENT: 1.2.1 This is technically a single bus bar arrangement with an additional bus bar called “Auxiliary bus” energized from main bus bars through a bus coupler circuit, i.e., for ‘n’ number of circuits, it employs ‘n + 1’ circuit breakers. Each circuit is connected to the main bus bar through a circuit breaker with isolators on both sides and can be connected to the auxiliary bus bar through an isolator. The additional provision of bus coupler circuit (Auxiliary bus) facilitates taking out one circuit breaker at a time for routine overhaul and maintenance without de – energizing the circuit controlled by that breaker as that circuit then gets energized through bus coupler breaker. 1.2.2 As in the case of single bus arrangement, this scheme also suffers from the disadvantages that in the event of a fault on the main bus bar or the associated isolator, the entire substation is lost. This bus arrangement has been extensively used in 132 kV Sub Stations. 1.2.3 Typical Main and Auxiliary Bus Bar arrangement is shown in Annexure -2. 1.3 DOUBLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT: 1.3.1 In this scheme, a double bus bar arrangement is provided. Each circuit can be connected to either one of these bus bars through respective bus bar isolator. Bus coupler breaker is also provided so that the circuits can be switched on from one bus to the other on load. This scheme suffers from the disadvantage that when any circuit breaker is taken out for maintenance, the associated feeder has to be shutdown. 1.3.2 This Bus bar arrangement was generally used in earlier 220 kV sub stations. 1.3.3 Typical Double Bus Bar arrangement is shown in Annexure – 3. 1.4 DOUBLE MAIN AND AUXILIARY BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT: 1.4.1 The limitation of double bus bar scheme can be overcome by using additional Auxiliary bus, bus coupler breaker and Auxiliary bus isolators. The feeder is transferred to the
  • 9. 8 Construction Manual for Sub Stations Auxiliary bus during maintenance of its controlling circuit breaker without affecting the other circuits. 1.4.2 This Bus bar arrangement is generally used nowadays in 220 kV sub stations. 1.4.3 Typical Double Main and Auxiliary Bus Bar arrangement is shown in Annexure – 4. 1.5 ONE AND A HALF BREAKER ARRANGEMENT: 1.5.1 In this scheme, three circuit breakers are used for controlling two circuits which are connected between two bus bars. Normally, both the bus bars are in service. 1.5.2 A fault on any one of the bus bars is cleared by opening of the associated circuit breakers connected to the faulty bus bar without affecting continuity of supply. Similarly, any circuit breaker can be taken out for maintenance without causing interruption. Load transfer is achieved through the breakers and, therefore, the operation is simple. However, protective relaying is somewhat more involved as the central (tie) breaker has to be responsive to troubles on either feeder in the correct sequence. Besides, each element of the bay has to be rated for carrying the currents of two feeders to meet the requirement of various switching operations which increases the cost. The breaker and a half scheme is best for those substations which handle large quantities of power and where the orientation of out going feeders is in opposite directions. This scheme has been used in the 400 kV substations. 1.5.3 Typical One and a Half Breaker arrangement is shown in Annexure – 5. 2.0 ELECTRICAL LAYOUT DRAWING: 2.1 Typical electrical layout drawings and sectional drawings of 400 kV, 220 kV and 132 kV sub stations with different bus bar arrangements generally adopted in RVPN are shown in Annexure – 6 to Annexure – 14. 3.0 BILL OF MATERIAL: 3.1 Lists of material showing the particulars of the material generally required for construction of 132 kV, 220 kV and 400 kV sub stations are given at Annexure – 15 to Annexure – 17 respectively. 3.2 The lists of material are only typical and cover the general requirement. Any other equipment / structure / material which may be required for construction of Sub Station as per layout and other requirements and not included in the above typical lists of material are also to be added.
  • 11. 10 Construction Manual for Sub Stations ANNEXURE – 2
  • 13. 12 Construction Manual for Sub Stations ANNEXURE – 4
  • 15. 14 Construction Manual for Sub Stations ANNEXURE – 6
  • 17. 16 Construction Manual for Sub Stations ANNEXURE – 8
  • 19. 18 Construction Manual for Sub Stations ANNEXURE – 10
  • 21. 20 Construction Manual for Sub Stations ANNEXURE – 12
  • 23. 22 Construction Manual for Sub Stations ANNEXURE – 14
  • 24. Layout Design 23 Annexure – 15 LIST OF MATERIAL (TYPICAL) FOR CONSTRUCTION OF 132 kV GRID SUB-STATION S. No. Particulars A. Structures / Beams with nuts, bolts, washers, etc. complete. 1. BT – 1 type Column 2. BT – 4 type Column 3. BT – 6 type Column 4. BT – 7 type Column 5. BB – 1 type Beam 6. P – type Column 7. Q – type Column (with stub) 8. Q – type Column (without stub) 9. R – type Column (with stub) 10. GD type (10.0 Meters) Beam 11. X – type Column 12. Y – type Column (with stub) 13. Y – type Column (without stub) 14. Z – type Column (with stub) 15. GF – type Beam (5.4 Meters for 33 kV) 16. BO – 1 type for 132 kV Isolators 17. BO – 1 (T) type for 132 kV Tandem Isolators 18. AO – 5 type for LA’s / CT’s / Bus CVT’s 19. PIS type for 132 kV PIs 20. X – 15 type for 33 kV Isolators 21. 33 kV CT type B. Outdoor Equipment 1. 132 / 33 kV Power Transformer 2. 132 kV Isolator without Earth Blade 3. 132 kV Isolator with Earth Blade 4. 132 kV Tandem Isolator 5. 132 kV Circuit Breaker with structure (110 V DC) 6. 132 kV Current Transformer for transformer (125 – 250 – 500 / 1A, 3C) 7. 132 kV Current Transformer for feeder (250 – 500 / 1A, 3C) 8. 132 kV Capacitor Voltage Transformer (110/¥3, 110/¥3) 9. 132 kV Lightning Arrester 10. 132 kV Wave Trap 11. 132 kV Post Insulators 12. 132 kV Marshalling Kiosk 13. 33 kV Isolator without Earth Blade 14. 33 kV Isolator with Earth Blade 15. 33 kV Circuit Breaker with structure (110 V DC) 16. 33 kV Current Transformer for transformer (250 – 500 / 1A, 5C) 17. 33 kV Current Transformer for feeder (125 – 250 – 500 / 1A, 2C) 18. 33 kV Potential Transformer (110/¥3, 110/¥3, 110/¥3) 19. 33 kV Lightning Arrester 20. 22 kV Post Insulators 21. 33 / 0.415 kV, 250 KVA Station Transformer 22. 33 kV Horn Gap Fuse Set 23. 33 kV Marshalling Kiosk (one for 2 nos. bays)
  • 25. 24 Construction Manual for Sub Stations S. No. Particulars C. Control Room Equipment 1. 132 kV side of Transformer Control & Relay Panel (110 V, 1A) 2. 132 kV Feeder Control & Relay Panel (110 V, 1A) 3. 132 kV Bus Coupler Control & Relay Panel (110V, 1A) 4. 33 kV side Control & Relay Panel for Transformer & Bus Coupler (110V, 1A) 5. 33 kV Feeder Control & Relay Panel for two nos. feeders (110V, 1A) 6. 110 Volts, 200 AH Battery Set 7. 110 Volts, 200 AH Battery Charger 8. 110 Volts D. C. Distribution Board 9. L. T. Distribution Board (110 V DC) D. Bus Bar Material 1. Single Tension Hardware for Single Zebra (Bolted type) 2. Single Tension Hardware for Panther (Bolted type) 3. Single Suspension Hardware for Single Zebra 4. Single Suspension Hardware for Panther 5. 11 KV Disc Insulators, 120 KN 6. 11 KV Disc Insulators, 45 KN 7. ACSR Zebra Conductor 8. ACSR Panther Conductor 9. T – Clamps for Zebra to Zebra 10. T – Clamps for Zebra to Panther 11. T – Clamps for Panther to Panther 12. P. G. Clamps for Zebra to Zebra 13. P. G. Clamps for Zebra to Panther 14. P. G. Clamps for Panther to Panther 15. P. I .Clamps for Zebra 16. P. I .Clamps for Panther 17. Tension Hardware for 7 / 3.15 mm GSS Earth wire 18. 7 / 3.15 mm. GSS Earth wire 19. P. G. Clamps for 7 / 3.15 mm. Earth wire E. Copper Control Cables 1. 18 / 16 core × 2.5 sq. mm. 2. 12 / 10 core × 2.5 sq. mm. 3. 6 core × 2.5 sq. mm. 4. 4 core × 4 sq. mm. 5. 4 core × 2.5 sq. mm. 6. 3 core × 2.5 sq. mm. F. LT Power Cable (Aluminium) 1. 3½ core × 300 sq. mm. G. Earthing Material 1. M. S. Round 25 mm. dia. 2. M. S. Flat 50 × 10 mm. 3. M. S. Flat 50 × 6 mm. H. Others / Miscellaneous 1. M. S. Channel 100 × 50 × 6 mm. 2. Copper Earth Bond I. Fire Fighting Equipment 1. D. C. P. type. 2. CO2 type.
  • 26. Layout Design 25 Annexure – 16 LIST OF MATERIAL (TYPICAL) FOR CONSTRUCTION OF 220 kV GRID SUB-STATION S. No. Particulars A. Structures / Beams with nuts, bolts, washers, etc. complete. 1. AT – 1 type Column 2. AT – 3 type Column 3. AT – 4 type Column 4. AT – 6 type Column 5. AT – 8 type Column 6. AB – 1 type Beam 7. BT – 1 type Column 8. BT – 4 type Column 9. BT – 6 type Column 10. BT – 7 type Column 11. BB – 1 type Beam 12. AO – 1 type for 220 kV Isolators 13. AO – 1 (T) type for 220 kV Tandem Isolators 14. AO – 3 type for 220 kV CT’s 15. AO – 4 type for 220 kV CVT’s 16. AO – 5 type for 220 kV LA’s & for 132 kV CT’s, CVT’s / PT’s, LA’s 17. BO – 1 type for 132 kV Isolators 18. BO – 1 (T) type for 132 kV Tandem Isolators 19. PIS type for 220 kV & 132 kV PI’s B. Outdoor Equipment 1. 220 / 132 kV Power Transformer 2. 220 kV Isolator without Earth Blade 3. 220 kV Isolator with Earth Blade 4. 220 kV Isolator with Double Earth Blade 5. 220 kV Tandem Isolator 6. 220 kV Circuit Breaker with structure (220 V DC) 7. 220 kV Current Transformer (400 – 800 / 1A, 5C) 8. 220 kV Capacitor Voltage Transformer (110/¥3, 110/¥3) 9. 220 kV Lightning Arrester 10. 220 kV Wave Trap 11. 220 kV Post Insulators 12. 220 kV Marshalling Kiosk 13. 132 kV Isolator without Earth Blade 14. 132 kV Isolator with Earth Blade 15. 132 kV Tandem Isolator 16. 132 kV Circuit Breaker with structure (220 V DC) 17. 132 kV Current Transformer (250 – 500 / 1A, 4C) 18. 132 kV Capacitor Voltage Transformer (110/¥3, 110/¥3) 19. 132 kV Lightning Arrester 20. 132 kV Wave Trap 21. 132 kV Post Insulators 22. 132 kV Marshalling Kiosk 23. 33 / 0.415 kV, 250 KVA Station Transformer
  • 27. 26 Construction Manual for Sub Stations S. No. Particulars C. Control Room Equipment 1. 220 kV side of Transformer Control & Relay Panel (220 V DC, 1A) 2. 220 kV Feeder Control & Relay Panel (220 V DC, 1A) 3. 220 kV Bus Coupler Control & Relay Panel (220 V DC, 1A) 4. 132 kV side of Transformer Control & Relay Panel (220 V DC, 1A) 5. 132 kV Feeder Control & Relay Panel (220 V DC, 1A) 6. 132 kV Bus Coupler Control & Relay Panel (220 V DC, 1A) 7. 220 Volts, 400 AH Battery Set 8. 220 Volts, 400 AH Battery Charger 9. 220 Volts D. C. Distribution Board 10. L. T. Distribution Board (220 V DC) D. Bus Bar Material 1. Single Tension Hardware for Double Zebra (Bolted type) 2. Single Tension Hardware for Single Zebra (Bolted type) 3. Single Tension Hardware for Panther (Bolted type) 4. Single Suspension Hardware for Double Zebra 5. Single Suspension Hardware for Single Zebra 6. Single Suspension Hardware for Panther 7. 11 kV Disc Insulators, 120 KN 8. 11 kV Disc Insulators, 70 KN 9. ACSR Zebra Conductor 10. ACSR Panther Conductor 11. Spacer T – Clamps for Double Zebra to Zebra (ZZ – Z) 12. Spacer T – Clamps for Double Zebra to Panther (ZZ – P) 13. T – Clamps for Zebra to Zebra (Z – Z) 14. T – Clamps for Zebra to Panther (Z – P) 15. T – Clamps for Panther to Panther (P – P) 16. P. G. Clamps for Zebra to Zebra (Z – Z) 17. P. G. Clamps for Zebra to Panther (Z – P) 18. P. G. Clamps for Panther to Panther (P – P) 19. P. I .Clamps for Zebra 20. P. I .Clamps for Panther 21. Tension Hardware for 7 / 4.00 mm GSS Earth wire 22. 7 / 4.00 mm. GSS Earth wire 23. P. G. Clamps for 7 / 4.00 mm. Earth wire E. Copper Control Cables 1. 18 / 16 core × 2.5 sq. mm. 2. 12 / 10 core × 2.5 sq. mm. 3. 6 core × 6 sq. mm. 4. 6 core × 2.5 sq. mm. 5. 4 core × 4 sq. mm. 6. 4 core × 2.5 sq. mm. 7. 3 core × 2.5 sq. mm. F. LT Power Cable (Aluminium) 1. 3½ core × 300 sq. mm. G. Earthing Material 1. M. S. Round 28 mm. dia. 2. M. S. Flat 50 × 12 mm. 3. M. S. Flat 50 × 6 mm.
  • 28. Layout Design 27 S. No. Particulars H. Others / Miscellaneous 1. M. S. Channel 100 × 50 × 6 mm. 2. Copper Earth Bond I. Fire Fighting Equipment 1. D. C. P. type 2. CO2 type
  • 29. 28 Construction Manual for Sub Stations Annexure – 17 LIST OF MATERIAL (TYPICAL) FOR CONSTRUCTION OF 400 kV GRID SUB-STATION S. No. Particulars A. Structures / Beams with nuts, bolts, washers, etc. complete. 1. EhT – 1 type Column 2. EhB – 1 type Beam 3. AT – 1 type Column 4. AT – 3 type Column 5. AT – 4 type Column 6. AT – 6 type Column 7. AT – 8 type Column 8. AB – 1 type Beam 9. 400 kV Isolator Structure 10. 400 kV CT Structure 11. 400 kV CVT Structure 12. 400 kV LA Structure 13. 400 kV PI Structure (8.0 Meter Bus Height) 14. 400 kV PI Structure (10.0 Meter Bus Height) 15. 400 kV PI Structure (13.0 Meter Bus Height) 16. 400 kV Wave Trap Structure 17. AO – 1 type for 220 kV Isolators 18. AO – 1 (T) type for 220 kV Tandem Isolators 19. AO – 3 type for 220 kV CT’s 20. AO – 4 type for 220 kV CVT’s 21. AO – 5 type for 220 kV LA’s 22. PIS type for 220 kV PI’s 23. 33 kV PT structure 24. 33 kV PI structure for PI and Horn Gap Fuse B. Outdoor Equipment 1. 400 / 220 kV Power Transformer 2. 400 kV Isolator with Earth Blade 3. 400 kV Isolator with Double Earth Blade 4. 400 kV Isolator with Double Earth Blade (Individual Pole Operated) 5. 400 kV Circuit Breaker with structure (220 V DC) 6. 400 kV Current Transformer (500 – 1000 – 2000 / 1A, 5C) 7. 400 kV Capacitor Voltage Transformer (110/¥3 V , 110/¥3 V, 110/¥3V) 8. 400 kV Lightning Arrester 9. 400 kV Polycone Insulators with corona ring 10. 400 kV Wave Trap (Pedestal Type) 11. 400 kV Marshalling Kiosk 12. 220 kV Isolator without Earth Blade 13. 220 kV Isolator with Earth Blade 14. 220 kV Isolator with Double Earth Blade 15. 220 kV Tandem Isolator 16. 220 kV Circuit Breaker with structure (220 V DC) 17. 220 kV Current Transformer (500-1000-2000 / 1A, 5C) 18. 220 kV Capacitor Voltage Transformer (110/¥3 V, 110/¥3V)
  • 30. Layout Design 29 S. No. Particulars 19. 220 kV Lightning Arrester 20. 220 kV Wave Trap 21. 220 kV Polycone Insulators 22. 220 kV Marshalling Kiosk 23. 52 kV Potential Transformer (110/¥3 V, 110/¥3V) for tertiary winding of Transformer 24. 33 / 0.415 kV, 630 kVA Station Transformer 25. 22 kV Post Insulators 26. 33 kV Horn gap Fuse 27. Junction Box 28. WCSM 90 / 30 mm insulation for 33 kV pipe bus with tube roll C. Control Room Equipment (220 V DC, 1 Amp.) 1. 400 kV Control Panel for line, Tie CB and Transformer (One and a Half Breaker Scheme) 2. 400 kV Relay Panel for 400 kV line 3. 400 kV Relay Panel for 400 kV Tie CB 4. 400 kV Relay Panel for 400 kV side of transformer 5. 400 kV Bus Bar Protection Relay Panel 6. 220 kV Control Panel for 220 kV side of transformer 7. 220 kV Control Panel for 220 kV feeders 8. 220 kV Control Panel for 220 kV Bus Coupler 9. 220 kV Relay Panel for 220 kV side of transformer 10. 220 kV Relay Panel for 220 kV feeders 11. 220 kV Relay Panel for 220 kV Bus Coupler 12. 220 kV Bus Bar Protection Relay Panel 13. Disturbance Recorder 14. Event Logger Panel 15. 220 Volts, 600 AH Battery Set 16. 220 Volts, 600 AH Battery Charger 17. 220 Volts D. C. Distribution Boards 18. L. T. Distribution Boards 19. 220 V DC / 240 V AC Inverter (2.5 kVA) 20. Master and Slave Clock System (1 No. Master and 6 Nos. Slave) 21. Air Conditioning system 22. Mulsifier Fire fighting System 23. Synchronizing Panel / Trolley D. Bus Bar Material a) 400 kV Side: 1. Double Tension Hardware for double Moose 2. Single suspension Hardware for double Moose (Dropper Type) 3. Single suspension Hardware for double Moose (Jumper Type) 4. 120 KN Disc Insulators (Antifog type) 5. Spacer for Double Moose (Rigid type) 6. Spacer for Double Moose (Flexible type) 7. T – Clamp for Moose 8. Double Moose to 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe clamp (Vertical & Horizontal take off) 9. 400 kV Isolator clamp for Double Moose
  • 31. 30 Construction Manual for Sub Stations S. No. Particulars 10. 400 kV Isolator clamp for 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe (Expansion type) 11. 400 kV CT clamp for 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe (Expansion type) 12. 400 kV CB clamp for 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe (Expansion type) 13. 400 kV PI clamp for 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe (Expansion type) 14. 400 kV PI clamp for 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe (Rigid type) 15. 400 kV PI clamp for 114.2mm dia. Aluminium pipe (Sliding type) 16. 400 kV LA clamp for Double Moose 17. 400 kV CVT clamp for Double Moose 18. 400 kV Wave Trap clamp for Double Moose 19. 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe 20. Corona End Shield for 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe 21. Angular Connector for 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe, 20 Deg. 22. Angular Connector for 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe, 80 Deg. 23. Angular Connector for 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe, 90 Deg. 24. Angular bend Coupler for 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe, 110 Deg. 25. Angular bend Coupler for 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe, 135 Deg. 26. Straight Run Coupler for 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe 27. Transformer clamp for 400 kV Bushing for Double Moose b) 220 kV Side: 1. Double Tension Hardware for Quadruple Zebra 2. Double Tension Hardware for Double Zebra 3. Single Tension Hardware for Zebra 4. Single Suspension Hardware for Quadruple Zebra (Jumper type) 5. Single Suspension Hardware for Double Zebra (Dropper type) 6. Single Suspension Hardware for Double Zebra (Jumper type) 7. Single Suspension Hardware for Single Zebra 8. 70 KN Disc Insulators (Antifog type) 9. Spacer for Quadruple Zebra 10. Spacer for Double Zebra 11. P. I .Clamps for Double Zebra 12. T – Connector; Quadruple Zebra to Quadruple Zebra 13. T – Connector; Quadruple Zebra to Double Zebra 14. Spacer T – Clamps for Double Zebra to Zebra (ZZ – Z) 15. T – Clamp; Zebra to Zebra 16. P. G. Clamps for Zebra to Zebra (Z – Z) 17. Transformer clamp for 220 kV Bushing for Double Zebra 18. LA Clamp for Double Zebra 19. LA Clamp for Single Zebra 20. CVT Clamp for Single Zebra 21. CT Clamp for Double Zebra 22. CT Clamp for Single Zebra 23. CB Clamp for Double Zebra 24. Isolator Clamp for Double Zebra
  • 32. Layout Design 31 S. No. Particulars 25. ACSR Conductor ‘ZEBRA’ 26. Tension Hardware for 7 / 4.00 mm GSS Earth wire 27. 7 / 4.00 mm. GSS Earth wire 28. P. G. Clamps for 7 / 4.00 mm. Earth wire c) 33 kV Side: 1. Transformer clamp for 52 kV Bushing for 72.03 mm dia. Aluminium pipe (Expansion type) 2. 52 kV PT Clamp for 72.03 mm dia. Aluminium pipe (Expansion type) 3. 22 kV PI Clamp for 72.03 mm dia. Aluminium pipe (Expansion type) 4. 22 kV PI Clamp for 72.03 mm dia. Aluminium pipe (Rigid type) E. Copper Control Cables (FRLS) 1. 18 / 16 core × 2.5 sq. mm. 2. 12 / 10 core × 2.5 sq. mm. 3. 6 core × 6 sq. mm. 4. 6 core × 2.5 sq. mm. 5. 4 core × 4 sq. mm. 6. 4 core × 2.5 sq. mm. 7. 3 core × 2.5 sq. mm. F. LT Power Cable (Aluminium) 1. 3½ core × 300 sq. mm. 2. 3½ core × 95 sq. mm. G. Earthing Material 1. M. S. Round 40 mm. dia. 2. M. S. Flat 100 × 12 mm. 3. G. I. Flat 75 × 12 mm 4. M. S. Flat 50 × 12 mm. 5. M. S. Flat 50 × 6 mm. H. Others / Miscellaneous 1. M. S. Channel 100 × 50 × 6 mm. 2. Copper Earth Bond I. Fire Fighting Equipment 1. D. C. P. type 2. CO2 type
  • 33. 32 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
  • 34. CHAPTER – 3 SAFETY CLEARANCES 1.0 SAFETY CLEARANCES: 1.1 The various equipments and associated / required facilities have to be so arranged within the substation that specified minimum clearances are always available from the point of view of the system reliability and safety of operating personnel. These include the minimum clearances from live parts to earth, between live parts of adjacent phases and sectional clearance between live parts of adjacent circuits / bays. It must be ensured that sufficient clearance to ground is also available within the Sub Station so as to ensure safety of the personnel moving about within the switchyard. 1.2 The Table below gives the minimum values of clearances required for Sub Stations up to 765 kV: Table for Minimum Clearance Minimum clearances$ (mm) Nominal System Voltage(kV) Highest System Voltage(kV) Lightning Impulse level(kVp) Switching Impulse Voltage(kVp) Between Phase andEarth Between Phases Safety Clearances (mm) Ground Clearance* (mm) 11 12 70 -- 178 229 2600 3700 33 36 170 -- 320 320 2800 3700 132 145 550 650 -- 1100 1300 1100 1300 3700 3800 4600 4600 220 245 950 1050 -- 1900 2100 1900 2100 4300 4600 5500 5500 400 420 1425 1050 (Ph – E) 1575 (Ph – Ph) 3400 -- -- 4200 6400 8000 765 800 2100 1550 (Ph – E) 2550 (Ph – Ph) 6400 -- -- 9400 10300 13000 $ These values of air clearances are the minimum values dictated by electrical consideration and do not include any addition for construction tolerances, effect of short circuits, wind effects and safety of personnel, etc. * For safety of personnel moving in the switchyard with tools & plant. Notes: 1) The values in the Table above refer to an altitude not exceeding 1000 Meters and take into account the most unfavourable conditions which may result from the atmospheric pressure variation, temperature and moisture. A correction factor of 1.25 percent per 100 Meters is to be applied for increasing the air clearance for altitudes more than 1000 Meters and up to 3000 Meters. 2) “Safety Clearance” is the minimum clearance to be maintained in air between the live part of the equipment on one hand and earth or another piece of equipment or conductor (on which it is necessary to carry out the work) on the other.
  • 35. 34 Construction Manual for Sub Stations 1.3 As per Rule 64 (2) of the Indian Electricity Rules, 1956, the following safety working clearances shall be maintained for the bare conductors and live parts of any apparatus in any Sub Stations, excluding over head lines of HV and EHV installations: Table for Safety Working Clearance Sl. No. Nominal System Voltage (kV) Highest System Voltage (kV) Safety Working Clearance (mm) 1. 11 12 2600 2. 33 36 2800 3. 132 145 3700 4. 220 245 4300 5. 400 420 6400 6. 765 800 10300 Notes: i) The above values are valid for altitudes not exceeding 1000 Meters. A correction factor of 1.25 percent per 100 Meters is to be applied for increasing the clearance for altitudes more than 1000 Meters and up to 3000 Meters. ii) The above safety working clearances are based on an insulator height of 2440 mm, which is the height of lowest point on the insulator (where it meets the earthed metals) from the ground. iii) “Safety Working Clearance” is the minimum clearance to be maintained in air between the live part of the equipment on one hand and earth or another piece of equipment or conductor (on which it is necessary to carry out the work) on the other.
  • 36. CHAPTER - 4 EARTH MAT DESIGN 1.0 BASIC REQUIREMENT: 1.1 Provision of adequate earthing system in a Sub Station is extremely important for the safety of the operating personnel as well as for proper system operation and performance of the protective devices. The primary requirements of a good earthing system in a Sub Station are: a) The impedance to ground should be as low as possible but it should not exceed 1.0 (ONE) Ohm. b) The Step Potential, which is the maximum value of the potential difference possible of being shunted by a human body between two accessible points on the ground separated by the distance of one pace (which may be assumed to be one metre), should be within safe limits. c) Touch Potential, which is the maximum value of potential difference between a point on the ground and a point on an object likely to carry fault current such that the points can be touched by a person, should also be within safe limits. 1.2 To meet these requirements, an earthed system comprising of an earthing mat buried at a suitable depth below ground and supplemented with ground rods at suitable points is provided in the Sub Stations. 1.3 All the structures & equipments in the Sub Station are connected to the earthing mat so as to ensure that under fault conditions, none of these parts is at a potential higher than that of the earthing mat. 1.4 The neutral points of different voltage levels of transformers & reactors are separately earthed at two different points. Each of these earthed points should be interconnected with the station earthing mat. 2.0 MEASUREMENT OF EARTH RESISTIVITY: 2.1 Weather Conditions: The resistivity of earth varies over a wide range depending on its moisture content. It is, therefore, advisable to conduct earth resistivity tests during the dry season in order to get conservative results. 2.2 Test Procedure: Four electrodes are driven in to the earth at equal intervals s along a straight line in the chosen direction. The depth of the electrodes in the ground shall be of the order of 30 to 50 cm. The earth resistance Megger is placed on a steady and approximately level base, the link between terminals P1 and C1 is opened and the four electrodes are connected to the instrument terminals as shown in the figure. An appropriate range on the instrument, avoiding the two ends of the scale as far as possible, is then selected to obtain clear readings.
  • 37. 36 Construction Manual for Sub Stations The resistivity is calculated from the equation given below: 2 s RU S where U resistivity of soil in ohm – metre, s distance between two successive electrodes in metres, and R Megger reading in ohms. 2.3 Testing Soil Uniformity. 2.3.1 It is desirable to get information about the horizontal and vertical variations in earth resistivity over the site under consideration. The horizontal and vertical variation may be detected by repeating the tests at atleast 6 (Six) different location with a number of different electrode spacings, increasing from 1 metre to 50 metres in the steps of 1, 5, 10, 15, 25 and 50 metres. A diagram showing the typical layout for earth resistivity measurement in 6 directions is enclosed. 2.3.2 These readings, along with a sketch showing the directions in which earth resistivity readings have been taken, shall be submitted to the Superintending Engineer (400 KV Design) for designing the earth mat.
  • 38. Earth Mat Design 37 2.3.3 An example of the format in which the earth resistivity readings are to be recorded is given below. Sl. No. Electrode Spacing Megger Reading in Ohms Earth Resistivity in Ohm – metres Remarks Direction 1 1. 1 M 2. 2 M 3. 5 M 4. 10 M 5. 15 M 6. 25 M 7. 50 M Direction 2 1. 1 M 2. 2 M 3. 5 M 4. 10 M 5. 15 M 6. 25 M 7. 50 M Similarly for Direction 3 to Direction 6.
  • 39. 38 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
  • 42. CHAPTER - 1 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 1.0 Transportation and unloading of the sub station material and equipment at the location shall be done in a safe manner so that they are not damaged or misplaced. 2.0 All the material and equipment shall be checked as per Bill of Material (BOM). 3.0 All support insulators, circuit breaker poles, Transformer bushings and other fragile equipment shall preferably be handled carefully with cranes having suitable boom length and handling capacity. 4.0 Sling ropes, etc. should of sufficient strength to take the load of the equipment to be erected. They should be checked for breakages of strands before being used for the erection of equipments. 5.0 The slings should be of sufficient length to avoid any damage to insulator or other fragile equipments due to excessive swing, scratching by sling ropes, etc. 6.0 Mulmul cloth shall be used for cleaning the inside and outside of hollow insulators. 7.0 Erection of equipment shall be carried out as per and in the manner prescribed in the erection, testing and commissioning manual / instructions procedures of the manufacturer. 8.0 The services of the manufacturer’s Engineer, wherever necessary, may be utilized for erection, testing and commissioning of sub station equipment. 9.0 Whenever the work is required to be got done at the existing GSS where the adjacent portions may be charged, effective earthing must be ensured for safety against induced voltages so that work can be carried out without any danger / hazard to the workmen. 10.0 Wherever it is necessary to avail shutdowns of energized circuits for carrying out any work, the Work – In - Charge shall submit a requisition to the Engineer In - charge of the GSS stating the date, time and duration of the shutdown and the section / portion which is to be kept out of circuit during the shutdown. 11.0 The Work – In – Charge shall ensure that the portion of the switchyard under shutdown has been isolated and that effective earthing of the equipment / bus bar, on which work is to be carried out, has been done. 12.0 The Work – In – Charge shall ensure that the work is completed within the requisitioned time. 13.0 After completion of the erection work, all surplus material including bolts and nuts, templates, etc. shall be returned to the store. All unusable cut lengths of material such as conductor, earth wire, aluminium pipes, etc. shall not be treated as wastage and shall also be deposited in the store.
  • 43. 42 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
  • 44. CHAPTER - 2 STRUCTURES 1.0 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: 1.1 The structure material shall be stacked member / item wise. 1.2 The following are required to be made available to the workmen for erection of sub station structures / beams and equipment structures: i) Drawings and bills of material of structures / beams / equipment structures. ii) Templates of structures. iii) T & P such as levelling instruments, tackles, spanners, jacks, winches, ropes, derrick, etc. 2.0 TYPE OF STRUCTURES: 2.1 The types of structures generally used at sub stations are given below: Sl. No. Name of Structure Type of Structure Height of Column / Height of Conductor (Meters) A. 400 kV Structures: 1. EHT1 Column with Peak 27.0 / 20.5 2. EHB Beam 25.3 (Width) B. 220 kV Structures: 1. AT1 Column with Peak 20.0 / 14.5 2. AT3 Column without Peak 15.0 / 14.5 3. AT4 Column with Peak and Beams at two levels for Bus Bar stringing 20.0 / 14.5 and 9.5 4. AT6 Column without Peak 10.0 / 9.5 5. AT8 Column with Peak 15.0 / 9.5 6. AB Beam 16.6 (Width) C. 132 kV Structures: 1. BT1 Column with Peak 16.0 / 11.5 2. BT3 Column without Peak 12.0 / 11.5 3. BT4 Column with Peak and Beams at two levels for Bus Bar stringing 16.0 / 11.5 and 7.5 4. BT6 Column without Peak 8.0 / 7.5 5. BT7 Column with Peak 12.0 / 7.5 6. BB Beam 12.2 (Width) 7. P Peak 2.5 8. Q Column 7.5 / 7.5 9. R Extension 3.0 10. GD Beam 10.0 (Width)
  • 45. 44 Construction Manual for Sub Stations Sl. No. Name of Structure Type of Structure Height of Column / Height of Conductor (Meters) D. 33 kV and 11 kV Structures: 1. X Peak 1.5 2. Y Column 5.5 / 5.5 3. Z Extension 3.0 4. GF – 5.4 Beam for 33 kV 5.4 (Width) 5. GF – 4.6 Beam for 11 kV 4.6 (Width) E. Equipment Structures: 1. AO1 220 kV Isolators -- 2. AO1 (T) 220 kV Tandem Isolators -- 3. AO3 220 kV CT -- 4. AO4 220 kV CVT -- 5. AO5 220 kV LA & 132 kV CT, CVT / PT, LA -- 6. BO1 132 kV Isolator -- 7. BO1 (T) 132 kV Tandem Isolator -- 8. X – 15 33 kV & 11kV Isolators -- 9. X – 15 (T) 33 kV & 11kV Tandem Isolators -- 10. CT Structure 33 kV & 11kV CT, PT -- 11. PI Structure 220 kV, 132kV, 33 kV & 11 kV PI -- 3.0 SETTING OF STUB / FOUNDATION BOLTS, LEVELLING AND GROUTING: 3.1 In case of structures with foundation bolts, the template, along with the foundation bolts tightened on it with nuts on both sides, shall be placed on the foundation. The length of the foundation bolts above the template shall be sufficient so that all parts of the base plate assembly of the structure, washers, nuts and lock nuts can be tightened fully and 2 – 3 threads are left above the lock nut. 3.2 The template is levelled & centered with reference to its location on the foundation. The foundation bolts shall thereafter be grouted ensuring that there is no displacement during the placing of the concrete and use of vibrator. 3.3 In case of structures with stubs, the template with stubs shall be placed on the foundation. In case of structures in which the lowest member is used as a stub, the assembled lower part of the structure is placed on the foundation. This is levelled & centered with reference to its location on the foundation. The stubs / lowest member shall thereafter be grouted ensuring that there is no displacement during the placing of the concrete and use of vibrator. 3.4 While levelling and centering the structure / template, the following points should be checked:
  • 46. Structures 45 a) Level of structure / template with reference to the finished foundation level or the ground level. b) The level of the structure / template with reference to level of other similar structures. c) Distance of centre line of the structure from the center line of other structures or from a reference point. d) Centre to centre distance between structures, particularly structures which are to be connected together, for example, by a common beam. 4.0 ERECTION OF STRUCTURES: 4.1 Method of Erection: There are mainly three methods of erection of structures, which are as below: i) Ground assembly method. ii) Section method. iii) Built up method or Piecemeal method. 4.2 Ground Assembly Method: 4.2.1 This method is used for erection of equipment structures and is the preferred method for erection of sub station structures when crane facility is available. 4.2.2 This method consists of assembling the structure on the ground and erecting it as a complete unit. 4.2.3 The complete structure is assembled in a horizontal position near its location. On sloping or uneven ground, suitable packing is provided in the lower level area before or during assembly, as required, to eliminate / minimize stress on the structure members. 4.2.4 After the assembly is complete, the structure is picked up from the ground with the help of a crane and set on its foundation. 4.3 Section Method: 4.3.1 This method is used for large and heavy structures when crane facility is available. 4.3.2 A mobile crane is used for erecting the structures. 4.3.3 The two faces / sides of the complete structure are assembled on the ground and then erected. Alternatively, the two faces / sides of the major sections of the structure are assembled on the ground and the same are erected as units. 4.3.4 Each assembled side is then lifted clear of the ground with the crane and is lowered into position on its foundation or fitted on to stubs or foundation bolts which are already grouted. One side is held in place with props or rope guys while the other side is being erected. The two opposite sides are then connected together with cross members. 4.3.5 In case where the major sections of the structure have been assembled, the first face of the second section is erected. After the two opposite faces have been erected, the bracings on the other two sides are bolted up. The last lift raises the top of the structure. After the structure top is erected and all side bracings have been bolted up, all the guys are thrown off. 4.4 Built up method or Piecemeal method: 4.4.1 This method is used for large and heavy structures when crane facility is not available. 4.4.2 This method consists of erecting the structure member by member. The structure members are kept on ground serially according to erection sequence so that they can be sent up conveniently.
  • 47. 46 Construction Manual for Sub Stations 4.4.3 The erection progresses from the bottom upwards. The four main corner leg members of the first section of the structure are first erected. 4.4.4 The cross bracings of the first section are raised one by one and bolted to the already erected corner leg angles. If these have been assembled on the ground, then they are lifted up as a unit. 4.4.5 For assembling the second section of the structure, a derrick is placed on one of the corner legs. This derrick is used for raising parts of second section. The leg members and bracings of this section are then hoisted and assembled. 4.4.6 The derrick is then shifted to the corner leg members on the top of second section to raise the parts of third section of the structure in position for assembly. The derrick is thus moved up as the structure grows. This process is continued till the complete structure is erected. 5.0 ERECTION OF BEAMS: 5.1 The two faces of the beam are assembled on the ground. 5.2 Each face of the beam is raised with the help of crane or using derricks which are placed on the top of the already erected structures on both the sides of the beam. Single or multi – way pulleys with polypropylene / steel ropes are used as per load requirement. The ends of the beam are connected to the column as per fixing arrangement provided on the columns. 5.3 The bracings of the upper and lower faces of the beam are then raised up and fitted. 6.0 The columns shall be truly vertical and the beams truly horizontal after erection. Measures taken to bring the column to verticality and beam to horizontality should not result in strain on the structure members so as to cause distortion / bending of the members. 7.0 The work of erection of beams on erected columns and erection of equipment on erected structures shall not be taken up until these have been checked for tightening of the bolts & nuts. 8.0 All bolted connections shall be well tightened using spring washers & then punched at three points on the circumference of the bolt.
  • 48. CHAPTER - 3 BUS BAR & EARTH WIRE 1.0 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: 1.1 Care shall be taken during sagging operations so that no damage or deformation is caused to the structures. 1.2 The ends of the cut piece of conductor / earth wire shall be tied with at least two rounds of binding wire so that the strands do not open out. The tying of the binding wire shall be done such that the binding wire does not get tightened in the groove of the T – Clamps or the PG (Parallel Groove) – Clamps or the terminal connectors of the equipment. 1.3 Cut lengths of conductor and earth wire which are available as surplus / left over material from line works should preferably be used for stringing of bus bars & earth wire. Cut lengths of conductor and earth wire left after stringing of bus bars and earth wire can be used for jumpering work. 2.0 BUS BAR MATERIAL: 2.1 The bus bar material generally used in 400 kV, 220 kV & 132 kV substations is given below: Sl. No. Description Bus Bar and Jumper Material 1. 400 kV Main Bus 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe 2. 400 kV equipment interconnection 114.2 mm dia. Aluminium pipe 3. 400 kV overhead bus & droppers in all bays. Twin ACSR Moose 4. 220 kV Main Bus Quadruple / Twin ACSR Zebra / Twin AAC Tarantulla 5. 220 kV Auxiliary Bus ACSR Zebra 6. 220 kV equipment interconnection Twin ACSR Zebra / Single ACSR Zebra 7. 220 kV overhead bus & droppers in all bays. Twin ACSR Zebra / Single ACSR Zebra 8. 132 kV Main Bus ACSR Zebra 9. 132 kV Auxiliary Bus ACSR Panther 10. 132 kV equipment interconnection ACSR Zebra / ACSR Panther 11. 132 kV overhead bus & droppers in all bays. ACSR Panther 12. 33 kV Main Bus ACSR Zebra 13. 33 kV Auxiliary Bus ACSR Zebra 33 kV equipment interconnection, overhead bus and droppers: (i) Bus coupler & transformer bay ACSR Zebra 14. (ii) Feeder bay. ACSR Panther 15. 11 kV Main Bus Twin ACSR Zebra 16. 11 kV Auxiliary Bus ACSR Zebra 11 kV equipment interconnection, overhead bus and droppers: (i) Transformer bay Twin ACSR Zebra / Single ACSR Zebra (ii) Bus coupler ACSR Zebra 17. (iii) Feeder bay. ACSR Panther
  • 49. 48 Construction Manual for Sub Stations 3.0 STRINGING OF CONDUCTOR BUS BARS: 3.1 The conductor shall be handled with care to prevent scratches on it or damage to the strands of the conductor. When the conductor is to be taken from drums, small lengths can be unwound from the drum. For longer lengths, the conductor drum shall be placed on a turn table or jacked up on a suitable size of steel shaft. The conductor shall be paid out in a manner so that there are no scratches or damages caused to the conductor due to rubbing on the sides of the drum. 3.2 Disc insulators shall be cleaned and examined for any cracks / chipping, etc. Disc insulators having any hair cracks or chipping or defective glazing or any other defect shall not be used. The limits of the area of defective glazing are given by the following formulas. a) Single Glaze Defect 0.5 20000 D Fu Sq. cm. b) Total Glaze Defect 1.0 2000 D Fu Sq. cm. where, D = Diameter of the disc in cm. F = Creepage distance in cm. 3.3 The disc insulators shall be assembled on the ground to form the suspension and tension strings as given below. Suspension String Tension String Sl. No. System Voltage Nos. E M Strength (kN) Nos. E M Strength (kN) 1. 400 kV (Anti – fog type) 25 120 2 × 25 120 2. 220 kV at 400 kV GSS (Anti–fog type) 15 70 2 × 15 70 3. 220 kV 13 70 14 120 4. 132 kV 9 45 10 120 5. 33 kV 3 45 4 120 6. 11 kV 3 45 4 120 3.4 After assembly of the strings, the mouth of the W – clips / R – clips shall be widened to prevent any inadvertent removal during service. 3.5 The suspension and tension hardware shall be assembled as per their respective drawings and the disc insulator string shall be fitted in the requisite portion of the hardware assembly. 3.6 For stringing of bus bars, the conductor shall be fixed and tightened in the clamp of the tension hardware on one side of the bus. Thereafter, the complete hardware assembly with the conductor shall be hoisted up and fixed on the beam at this end. Sagging arrangement shall be made on the other end of the bus and the conductor shall be tensioned. 3.7 Measurement of length of conductor required for the bus shall be made thereafter and the conductor shall be released so that it returns to the ground. The conductor shall be cut to the marked length after deducting the length of the tension hardware with insulators and fixed on the clamps of the tension hardware. The conductor along with tension hardware set shall then be again pulled up and connected to the beam.
  • 50. Bus Bar Earth Wire 49 3.8 Equalizing of tension in the different sub – conductors of the same phase and in the different phases shall be done, if required, to ensure equal sag of all the sub – conductors or between phases of the bus section as well as that of adjacent or parallel sections. 3.9 The spacers shall be fitted on the twin and quadruple conductor bus bars at the spacing shown in the drawing. The spacers shall also be provided at points where jumpers are taken from the bus bar using T – clamps and / or P. G. clamps. Spacers are not used at jumper points in case T – Spacers are used for taking jumpers from multi conductor bus bars. 4.0 JUMPERING OF CONDUCTORS: 4.1.1 The jumpers connecting different sections of the bus bars as well as those connecting equipment to bus bars shall be of Y – type. 4.1.2 A typical diagram of Y – type jumpering is given below. 4.1.3 For making Y – type jumpers, the jumper conductor(s) shall be first connected to the bus bar conductor(s) using T – Clamp / Spacer T – Clamp which is suitable for clamping the respective conductors, i.e., bus bar conductor(s) and the jumper conductor(s). Thereafter, the bus bar conductor(s) shall be again connected with the jumper conductor(s) using properly curved shaped Y – conductor(s) and 2 nos. PG – clamps as shown in the diagram above. 4.2 The jumpering between equipment shall be done with single / twin / quadruple conductors as per the terminal connectors provided on the equipment. 4.3 In case of jumpers for twin and quadruple conductors, the spacers shall also be fitted at a suitable spacing on the jumpers in order to maintain their shape. 4.4 JUMPERING OF BUS BARS: 4.4.1 For jumpering of different sections of bus bars on the beam, the suspension hardware set along with disc insulators shall first be hoisted and fitted on the beam. 4.4.2 Conductor of approximately the length required for the jumper shall be cut and straightened so that kinks are removed. This shall be connected to the bus bar conductor on one side of the beam after taking into consideration the natural curve of the conductor.
  • 51. 50 Construction Manual for Sub Stations 4.4.3 This shall then be passed through the clamps on the suspension hardware so that the proper curve is obtained. The other end of the conductor shall then be taken up to the bus bar conductor on the other side and measurement of the length shall be taken. The conductor shall be cut to the appropriate length and then connected to the bus bar conductor on the other side. The length of the conductor used and its natural curve should be such that a neat and proper curve is obtained in the jumper without any kinks or bends. The clamp of the suspension hardware shall then be tightened after ensuring proportional lengths of the conductor on both the sides of the beam. 4.5 JUMPERING FROM BUS BAR TO EQUIPMENT / PIPE BUS: 4.5.1 Approximate length of the conductor required for the jumper shall be cut and then connected to the bus bar conductor. 4.5.2 In case the jumper is to be connected to equipment / pipe bus near or under a beam, the suspension hardware along with disc insulators is first fitted on the beam. The conductor shall be passed through the clamp of the suspension hardware. 4.5.3 The end of the conductor shall be taken up to the terminal connector of the equipment / connector fitted on the pipe bus. The measurement of length of the conductor up to the equipment / pipe bus shall be made. 4.5.4 After cutting the conductor to the required length, it shall be connected to the equipment / pipe bus. 4.5.5 The clamps of the suspension hardware shall be tightened thereafter. 4.6 JUMPERING BETWEEN EQUIPMENTS: 4.6.1 The distance between terminal connector of one equipment and terminal connector of other equipment is first measured. The appropriate length of the conductor shall be cut and then straightened so that curves and kinks are removed. 4.6.2 The jumper conductor shall then be connected to the terminal connectors of both the equipments and straightened or shaped as per site condition to give a neat and proper look. 4.6.3 Vertically supported insulators of equipments and Post Insulators should be checked for verticality again after jumpering on both sides, and corrected, if required. 5.0 STRINGING OF SHIELD / EARTH WIRE: 5.1 Sub Station is shielded against direct lightning strokes by overhead shield wire / earth wire. The methodology followed for system up to 400 kV is by suitable placement of earth wire so as to provide coverage to all the station equipment. Generally, an angle of shield of 60° for zones covered by two or more wires and 45° for single wire is considered adequate. 5.2 The shield / earth wire shall be handled with care to prevent scratches on it or damage to the strands of the wire. When the shield / earth wire is to be taken from drums, small lengths can be unwound from the drum. For longer lengths, the wire drum shall be placed on a turn table or jacked up on a suitable size of steel shaft. The shield / earth wire shall be paid out in a manner so that there are no scratches or damages caused to the shield / earth wire due to rubbing on the sides of the drum. 5.3 The earth wire shall be strung from one peak to another peak of the structures as per layout of the GSS. 5.4 The tension hardware shall be assembled as per the relevant drawings.
  • 52. Bus Bar Earth Wire 51 5.5 The shield / earth wire shall be fitted and tightened in the clamp of the tension hardware on one side. Thereafter, the complete hardware assembly along with the shield / earth wire shall be hoisted up and fixed on the peak of the structure at one end. 5.6 Sagging arrangement shall be made on the other end and the shield / earth wire shall be tensioned. Measurement of length of shield / earth wire required shall be made thereafter and the shield / earth wire shall again be released so that it is returned to the ground. The shield / earth wire shall be cut to the marked length after adding the length of the wire required for jumpering and fitted in the clamp of the tension hardware at the marked point. The shield / earth wire along with tension hardware set shall then be pulled up again and connected to the peak of the structure. 5.7 Adjustment of tension in the earth wire may be done, if required, to ensure equal sag of all the earth wires in adjacent or parallel sections. 6.0 JUMPERING OF SHIELD / EARTH WIRE: 6.1 The lengths of the earth wire which remain outside the tension hardware on the peak of the structures shall be cut, if required, so that these lengths when joined together form a smooth and proper curve. These shall be connected together using a PG –Clamp. 6.2 The earth bond provided with the earth wire tension clamp shall be connected to the specified point on the peak of the structure and to the earthing riser, which is used as a down conductor from the peak, for the purpose of connecting the shield / earth wire to the earth mesh of the sub station.
  • 53. 52 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
  • 54. CHAPTER - 4 ALUMINIUM PIPE BUS BAR AND JOINTS 1.0 ERECTION OF ALUMINIUM PIPE BUS BAR: 1.1 Aluminium pipes are used for 400 kV and 33 kV bus bar jumpers and interconnections at 400 kV GSS. The diameter of the pipes is 114.30 mm and 73.03 mm for 400 kV and 33 kV respectively. 1.2 The height of the 400 kV main bus is 8 meters 10 meters and that of jumpers is generally 8 meters, 10 meters 13 meters. 1.3 Fixed, sliding and expansion type clamps are fitted on the already erected post insulators as per the drawing. 1.4 The standard length of aluminium pipes is generally 6.0 to 7.0 meters. To reduce welding work at the bus height in case longer lengths are required, a maximum of 4 to 5 lengths of aluminium pipes may be welded together on the ground using straight run couplers. The pipe length is then lifted and erected on the post insulators. 1.5 If required for the bus length, the already erected pipe lengths are welded together at the bus height. 1.6 In case the bus height changes, then the pipes at the different levels are welded together with a piece of pipe using appropriate angular couplers (90° or 110° or 135°) as per drawing. 2.0 JUMPERING OF ALUMINIUM PIPES: 2.1 Jumpers between equipment to equipment and equipment to bus may either be direct or supported on post insulators. 2.2 In cases where the length required for jumpers is more than one pipe length and where angles are required to be given in the jumpers, welding of aluminium pipe to pipe or pipe to angular connectors is got done. Such welding may also be required to be got done after erection / fitting of pipes on clamps / connectors. 2.3 For jumpering between equipments, the pipes are erected between the equipments, supported fitted on the clamps on the post insulators where provided, and fitted on the terminal connectors of the equipments. 2.4 For jumpering between equipment and bus, the pipes are erected between the equipment and the bus, supported fitted on the clamps on the post insulators where provided. One end is fitted on the terminal connectors of the equipment. The other end is then welded to aluminium pipe using appropriate angular connector(s) (20° or 80° or 90°) as per drawing. 2.5 All the open ends of pipes are closed with corona end shields. 3.0 JOINTING OF ALUMINIUM PIPES / COUPLERS / CONNECTORS: 3.1 The joints / couplers shall be got machined in order to perfectly match their inner / outer diameter with the aluminium pipe. 3.2 All the surfaces to be welded must be thoroughly cleaned with Acetone or Alcohol to remove any oxide layer and foreign contaminants present on it to attain a fast joint and avoid porosity. In addition, a stainless steel wire brush shall be used for cleaning the surfaces.
  • 55. 54 Construction Manual for Sub Stations 3.3 Straight Run Coupler: 3.3.1 Before fitting the straight run coupler, the edges of the pipes to be welded for straight joints are to be beveled at an angle of 45° with a flat file to make a V – groove at the ends of joint. In cases where outer diameter of sleeve does not match the inner diameter of pipe, the sleeve shall be got turned to match the inner diameter of the pipe. 3.3.2 The straight run coupler is then to be pressed and both the pipes are pushed on to it till their ends come near the centre of the coupler. The centering pin of the coupler is fitted in the hole provided for it and the pipe ends are brought together until they touch the centering pin. 3.3.3 The straight run coupler is then split open so that it fits tightly on the inner surface of the pipe. It is held in this position till at least 25% of the welding of the coupler has been done. 3.3.4 The welding of the joint is then done till the V – groove between the pipes is filled with the fused metal. 3.4 Angular Coupler: 3.4.1 For jointing of pipes with angular coupler, the ends of both the pipes are fitted into the coupler. 3.4.2 The pipes are then welded on the coupler. 3.5 Angular Connector: 3.5.1 For jointing of pipe with angular connector, the end of the pipe is first fitted into the connector and welded. 3.5.2 The connector with the pipe is then fixed on the pipe bus and the connector is welded to the pipe bus. 4.0 ALUMINIUM WELDING: 4.1 The following material / TP / consumables are required for carrying out the work of welding of aluminium pipes / couplers / connectors. a) T.I.G. / M.I.G. welding set with Tungsten wire. b) Argon Gas. c) Oxy – acetylene torch with accessories or blow lamp. d) Filler wire. e) Water tank for welding. f) Tools such as chipping hammer, files, sand paper, steel wire brush, wind screen, blue glass slits, hacksaw frame, blades, power saw, etc. g) Cleaner, dye and developer. h) All safety equipments. 4.2 T.I.G (TUNGSTEN INERT GAS) welding utilizes high frequency A.C. generating set and welding torch having tungsten wire with outflow of inert gas like Argon, etc. M.I.G. (METAL INERT GAS) welding process is used as an alternative when T.I.G. welding is not available. 4.3 To avoid cracks in the joints after welding, the surface should be preheated uniformly with oxy – acetylene torch or blow lamp. 4.4 During welding, continuous flow of inert gas shall be maintained over the joint as well as inside the pipe to avoid oxidation on the inside surface. This flow of inert gas on joint should continue for at least 15 seconds after the welding of joint is completed.
  • 56. Aluminium Pipe Bus Bar and Joints 55 4.5 All the welding at a joint must be in one layer. If more layers are required at the joint, every bottom layer shall be cleaned with wire brush and checked for cracks before starting welding of the second layer. If any crack is observed, the whole layer shall be chipped off and refilled. 4.6 The joint, when completed, must be filed smooth with a wood file and fine sand paper. 4.7 Wind shield shall be used, if required, for protecting the joints from the blowing wind which may take away heat and inert gas flow at the surface of joints. 4.8 Every care shall be taken for preventing the scratches and roughness on the aluminum surface. 4.9 The welding should be got done so that molten mass is filled in gaps and no cracks or imperfections are present in joints. Unacceptable joints shall be chipped off for re – welding. 4.10 Each and every joint shall be subjected to: a) Physical examination. b) Liquid penetration test. 4.11 For liquid penetration test, the following three items are required: a) Cleaner for cleaning the joint. b) Red dye for spraying on the cleaned joint which will penetrate into the cracks, if any. c) White developer to be sprayed on the joint that will draw the red dye from the cracks and make these cracks visible, if present. 5.0 Depending upon the site conditions, some welding can be got done at ground level and the rest is to be done at a height of 8.0 to 13.0 meters from the ground level as per requirement. The necessary arrangements for welding of joints at such heights shall be made.
  • 57. 56 Construction Manual for Sub Stations
  • 58. CHAPTER – 5 POWER TRANSFORMERS 1.0 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: 1.1 The erection work shall be got done generally as per instructions / procedures prescribed in the following documents: a) Manufacturer’s Erection Installation Manual. b) Manufacturer’s Erection Drawings. c) IS: 10028 (Part II) – 1981: Indian Standard Code of Practice for Selection, Installation and Maintenance of Transformers: Installation. d) Transformer Manual (Technical Report No. 1) issued by the Central Board of Irrigation Power. 1.2 The work shall be carried out under the supervision of Work – In – Charge/ Manufacturer’s Engineer and as per instructions given by him / them. 1.3 Transformer oil drums should not be stored in low lying areas. They should be stored so that the air release hole (smaller hole) is on the upper side and at an angle of 45° to the vertical as shown in the diagram below. 1.4 All the accessories should generally be stored in a closed shed / room. However, accessories such as condenser bushings, radiators, conservator, headers, pipe work and A – frame can be stored under covered sheds. 1.5 The gas pressure in transformers received gas filled should be checked periodically. A positive pressure (generally 0.15 kg / cm2 at 30° C) should always be maintained. In case of reduction in pressure, it should be maintained by filling in gas from the cylinder on the transformer. 1.6 The core and winding should be exposed to the atmospheric air for the minimum possible time period and for not more than 8 hours at a time. The weather conditions during transformer erection should be dry. The transformer tank should not be opened when it is raining. 1.7 The Bushing CT’s fitted in the turrets should be got tested by the protection wing before erection of turrets. 1.8 Check the open and closed conditions of contacts provided in equipment such as M.O.L.G., Oil surge relays, Buchholz relays, oil flow indicators, etc. before they are installed.
  • 59. 58 Construction Manual for Sub Stations 1.9 The top oil temperature should invariably be noted during measurement of IR values of transformer. 1.10 IR values should not be measured when the transformer tank is under vacuum. 2.0 Initial oil filling in Transformers received gas filled: 2.1 Oil Preparation: 2.1.1 The oil supplied in oil drums (for first filling, topping up OLTC) is first filled into oil storage tank(s) through filter machine. This oil is then filtered in the tank(s). 2.1.2 The following oil values shall be attained so as to facilitate early and effective dehydration of transformer: a) Break Down Voltage: 70 kV (Minimum) b) Moisture Content: 10 ppm (Maximum) The oil temperature thermostat in the filter machine should be set at 60°C. 2.2 Vacuuming of the Transformer: 2.2.1 Provide equalizing connections between main tank and OLTC Diverter Switch chamber(s) and isolate those parts of the Transformer which are not designed for vacuum. 2.2.2 Erection of the part of the pipeline between the tank and the conservator up to the Buchholz relay. 2.2.3 Connect a breather to any valve above the tank oil level through a suitable pipe. 2.2.4 Connect a transparent plastic pipe (either reinforced or having wall thickness of 5 to 8 mm suitable for withstanding vacuum) between the top and bottom valves of the transformer to check the oil level. 2.2.5 Apply vacuum to the transformer. The vacuum pipe is generally connected to the pipeline between transformer tank and conservator. The extent of vacuum and the time duration of its application shall be as per Manufacturer's recommendations. In case this is not specified by the Manufacturer, then vacuum of 1.00 torr (maximum) is to be applied for at least 12 hours for transformers of up to 145 kV class and 24 hours for transformers of higher voltage class. 2.3 Oil Filling: 2.3.1 The treated oil shall then be filled into the transformer tank under vacuum until the oil level reaches 250 mm below the top cover level. The oil level can be seen in the transparent plastic pipe provided. 2.3.2 The vacuum in the tank is then slowly released by slightly opening the valve on which the breather is connected so that only moisture free air goes inside the tank. The rate of release of vacuum should be kept very slow so that the silica gel in the breather does not get sucked into the tank. 2.4 Internal Inspection: 2.4.1 Internal inspection of transformers up to 145 kV class may be carried out if recommended by the manufacturer and as per procedure prescribed by him. 2.4.2 The oil is drained from the tank for internal inspection, and for erection if required. Where connections are required to be made inside the tank and when the erection work is to be continued on the next day, the oil is refilled after the day’s erection activities are completed.
  • 60. Power Transformers 59 Additional precautions prescribed by the Manufacturer for dry air and human safety during such erection activities should be followed. 3.0 The oil received in drums (for topping up OLTC) for transformers received oil filled is filled into a storage tank through filter machine. This oil is filtered in the tank until the values given at para 2.1.2 are attained. 4.0 Transformers with separately mounted cooler banks: 4.1 Large size EHV Transformer (generally 245 kV class and above) are provided with separately mounted cooler banks. 4.2 Placing on foundation, levelling and centering of cooler bank supports (A – frame). 4.3 Erection of lower and upper headers on the A – frame. 4.4 Assembly and fitting of upper and lower cooler pipe line from transformer tank to respective headers including fixing of Valves, Pumps, Non Return Valves, expansion joints, oil flow indicators, etc., as per General Arrangement (GA) drawing. The arrow marks on the oil pumps and oil flow indicators should point towards the transformer tank. 4.5 Grouting of cooler bank supports (A – frame). 4.6 Erection of Radiators on the headers. 5.0 Transformers with tank mounted cooler bank / radiators: 5.1 Erection of headers, if provided. 5.2 Erection of radiators on headers / tank. 6.0 Erection of Accessories: 6.1 Erection of main conservator On Load Tap Changer (OLTC) conservator along with their supports. 6.2 Erection of HV, LV and TV turrets, when supplied separately. 6.3 Erection of HV, LV, TV neutral bushing(s) and making their connections inside the tank, as required. 6.4 Fitting of Pressure Relief Devices along with pipes, if provided. 6.5 Erection of Explosion Vent, if provided. Ensure that diaphragms are fitted on both ends of the vent pipe. 6.6 Assembly and fitting of equalizing pipeline between tank cover, turrets, inspection covers, etc. as provided. 6.7 Assembly and fitting of Buchholz pipeline, fitting of valves, expansion joints as provided and Buchholz relays, and connecting it to the equalizing pipeline and the main conservator. The arrow marks on the Buchholz relays should point towards the conservator. Where two Buchholz relays are provided, the relay near the tank is designated as Buchholz Relay – I and the relay near the conservator as Buchholz Relay – II. 6.8 Assembly and fitting of pipelines for breathers of main and OLTC conservators and fixing of breathers after checking the silica gel (to be replaced / regenerated, if not of blue colour),
  • 61. 60 Construction Manual for Sub Stations and also filling of oil in the oil cup. Ensure that the sealing provided on the air passage of the breathers has been removed. 6.9 Assembly and fitting of pipeline for the OLTC Diverter Switch including valves and oil surge relay and connecting it to the OLTC conservator. The arrow marks on the oil surge relays should point towards the conservator. 6.10 Assembly fitting of cooler fans, including fitting of supports, if provided. The levelling, centering and grouting of ground mounted supports is to be got done before erection. 6.11 Erection / placing of fan control cubicle / marshalling box OLTC drive mechanism. In case these are ground mounted, then these are to be placed on the foundation, levelled, centered and then grouted. 7.0 Filling of topping up oil in the transformer tank and conservator. During this process, the air release valves / plugs provided on the top of the conservator should be kept open. The oil shall be filled up to 1/3rd level in the conservator. 8.0 Dehydration of Transformer by Hot Oil Circulation: 8.1 When starting the dehydration, oil is drawn from the bottom of transformer into the filteration plant and let into transformer again at the top for removing any settled moisture / impurities. The readings of IR values shall not be taken during this process since these will be misleading due to erroneous indication of winding temperature. After about 8 – 12 hours of circulation in this manner, the cycle is reversed, i.e., oil is drawn from the top and fed at the bottom. 8.2 During dehydration, measure insulation resistance values of the transformer every 2 hours. The test voltage of 5 kV is applied for one minute. The winding temperature is assumed to be the same as top oil temperature under steady state conditions. 8.3 In the beginning, the IR values drop down as the temperature increases. If there is moisture in the windings, then, the IR values at constant temperature will drop down as the moisture is removed from the insulation and gets dissolved in the oil. The moisture in the oil is continuously removed by the filteration plant. After the moisture has been removed from the winding, the IR values will start rising as the dissolved moisture in the oil is removed. These reach a constant value after the drying out is complete. The dehydration process is thereafter continued for a minimum of another 24 hours or until the oil values given at para 8.7 are attained. 8.4 If there is no moisture in the windings, then the IR values at constant temperature will remain the same. In such a case, the dehydration is stopped after the time prescribed by the manufacturer. If no such time is prescribed, then the dehydration at constant temperature is carried out for a minimum of 72 hours or until the oil values given at para 8.7 are attained. 8.5 Allow the transformer to cool down to atmospheric temperature. Measure the IR values at 2 hour intervals during the cooling period. 8.6 IR values can be plotted against time. A typical indicative drying out curve is shown below:
  • 62. Power Transformers 61 8.7 The following oil values shall be attained in order to increase the time interval before re - filteration of oil is required when the transformer is in service: a) Break Down Voltage: 80 kV (Minimum) b) Moisture Content: 10 ppm (Maximum) 8.8 Compare the insulation resistance values with the following reference values: i) New transformers: Factory Test Results. ii) Old transformers: Previous Test Results. Insulation resistance varies inversely with the temperature. For a 10°C change of temperature, the insulation resistance changes by a ratio generally in the range of 2:1 to 1.4:1. If the specified IR values are achieved, the transformer can be charged. 8.9 If the specified IR values are not attained, then carry out further drying out by adopting any of the following processes, as convenient. However, in case of transformers within guarantee period, the manufacturer is to be contacted. a) Hot air circulation. b) Hot oil circulation and short circuit heating. c) Heating, vacuum pulling and Nitrogen filling. d) Hot oil circulation and vacuum pulling. The processes at (a), (b) and (c) are described in the CBIP Manual on Transformers (Publication no. 295) and in the IS : 10028 (Part – II) – 1981. The process at (d) is mostly adopted and is described at para 8.9 below. 8.10 Drying by Hot oil circulation and vacuum pulling: 8.10.1 Carry out hot oil circulation on the transformer. After maximum top oil temperature is attained, the hot oil circulation is continued for 2 – 3 volumes of the transformer oil. The IR values and the temperature are noted.
  • 63. 62 Construction Manual for Sub Stations 8.10.2 Drain the oil from the tank and apply vacuum immediately and maintain for 12 hours. The precautions, as given earlier, for application of vacuum (para 2.2.1) as well as for allowing dry air into the transformer while draining oil (para 2.2.5) are to be followed. 8.10.3 Fill the oil again into the transformer. Start hot oil circulation and continue for 2 – 3 volumes of the transformer oil after maximum top oil temperature is attained. The IR values and the temperature are noted. 8.10.4 The IR values as measured above at para 8.10.1 para 8.10.3 are compared. If there is improvement in the IR values, then the above process as given at para 8.10.2 para 8.10.3 is continued till two consecutive readings are same. 8.10.5 If there is no change in the IR values as measured above at para 8.10.1 para 8.10.3, then another cycle of the above process as given at para 8.10.2 para 8.10.3 is carried out. If still there is no change, then the drying out process is stopped, otherwise it is continued till two consecutive readings are same. 8.10.6 After constant IR values are achieved, the drying out process is stopped and the transformer is allowed to cool down to atmospheric temperature. 8.11 The IR values are then measured and the temperature is noted. These are compared with the reference values. If the previous IR values are achieved, the transformer can be charged. 9.0 Pressurizing of air cell in the main conservator: 9.1 Method recommended by the Manufacturer: 9.1.1 Open the air release plugs / valves provided on the top of the conservator. 9.1.2 Drain the oil from the transformer through the bottom filter valve till the conservator is empty. This can be checked by ensuring that there is no oil in the Buchholz relay(s). 9.1.3 Remove the breather. Connect the air filling device, which is provided with a pressure gauge and a filling pipe in which a non return valve is fitted, to the breather pipe. Any valves in the breather pipe should be kept open. 9.1.4 Inject air into the Air Bag / PRONAL through the air filling device to a maximum pressure of 0.1 kg / cm².
  • 64. Power Transformers 63 9.1.5 Slowly pump the oil through the bottom filter valve. Temporarily stop the oil filling operation when oil along with air bubbles starts coming out of the air release plugs / valves. Close the air release valve such that the flow of oil will be very slow. Where air release plugs are provided, they should be fitted but not fully tightened. 9.1.6 Continue the oil filling. Oil mixed with air bubbles shall start coming out. When all the air has been expelled, only oil will come out through the air release plugs / valves. The prismatic oil level gauge, if provided on the conservator, will indicate full oil level. 9.1.7 Stop the oil filling after ensuring that no air bubbles come out with the oil. Close the air release plugs / valves while still maintaining the air pressure. 9.1.8 Release the air pressure thereafter. 9.1.9 Refit the breather on the pipeline. 9.1.10 Continue the oil filling in the transformer till the level shown on the Magnetic Oil Level Gauge (MOLG) corresponds to the oil temperature as per the reference mark given on the MOLG. 9.2 Alternate Method / Field Practice: 9.2.1 Keep the oil level in the conservator at approximately 1/3rd level. 9.2.2 Open the air release plugs / valves provided on the top of the conservator. 9.2.3 Remove the breather. Connect the air filling device, which is provided with a pressure gauge and a filling pipe in which a non return valve is fitted, to the breather pipe. Any valves in the breather pipe should be kept open. 9.2.4 Inject air into the Air Bag / PRONAL through the air filling device to a maximum pressure of 0.1 kg / cm². 9.2.5 The air in the conservator outside the Air Bag / PRONAL is pushed out through the air release plugs / valves. When all the air has been expelled, oil along with air bubbles starts coming out of the air release plugs / valves. The oil is allowed to come out until there are no air bubbles in the oil. 9.2.6 The prismatic oil level gauge provided on the conservator will indicate full oil level. The air release plugs / valves are then closed while still maintaining the air pressure. 9.2.7 Release the air pressure thereafter. 9.2.8 Refit the breather on the pipeline. 9.2.9 The level of oil shown on the Magnetic Oil Level Gauge (MOLG) is checked with respect to the oil temperature and the reference mark given on the MOLG. 10.0 Filling of oil in OLTC and its Dehydration: 10.1 Fill filtered oil (as per para 2.1.1 / para 3.0) in the OLTC diverter switch chamber(s) and the OLTC conservator. 10.2 Carry out dehydration of the oil. This oil is filtered in the OLTC diverter switch chamber(s) until the values given at para 8.7 are attained.
  • 65. 64 Construction Manual for Sub Stations 11.0 Air Release from the Transformer: 11.1 Release air from the following air release points till there are no air bubbles in the oil coming out from these air release points. a) Air release plugs provided on the Main tank cover and bushing turrets. b) Air release plugs provided on the Radiators, Headers and Cooler Bank pipelines. c) Buchholz Relays. d) Float type Oil Surge Relays (OSR). e) Pressure relief device (PRD) and Explosion Vent (if provided). f) Air release screws on through oil type Bushings (up to 33 kV). g) Air release screws / plugs if provided on the mounting flange of O. I. P. Condenser type Bushings. h) Upper terminal of O. I. P. Condenser type Bushings i) On Load Tap Changer / Diverter Switch Chamber. 12.0 Assembly of OLTC Drive Mechanism Operating System: 12.1 Fix the brackets, gear boxes and operating shafts between OLTC drive mechanism and OLTC diverter switches. When connecting the operating shaft(s), ensure that the tap position indicated in the OLTC drive mechanism and at the head of OLTC diverter switch(es) are the same. Lock the bolts nuts of the coupling brackets of the operating shaft(s), if provided. 12.2 Check the operation of the OLTC manually and make adjustments so that there are equal numbers of free turns of the operating handle after each tap change in the diverter switch both during Raise Lower operations. 12.3 Synchronize the operation of all the three OLTC diverter switches so that all the three phases operate almost simultaneously. 13.0 Cabling on the Transformer: 13.1 Carry out laying of control cables from fans, protective relays, bushing / WTI CT’s, etc. to the fan control cubicle / marshalling box / Temperature meter box. 13.2 Prepare the cables at both the ends and fit into cable glands. 13.3 Drill holes in the cable gland plates of the fan control cubicle / marshalling box / Temperature meter box as per requirement. 13.4 Fix the cables on these cable gland plates and connect the wires as per schematic drawing. 14.0 Fix / fit minor accessories as below: a) Clamps / Brackets for pipes and fixing of pipes on them. b) Protective covers for OLTC operating shaft(s). c) Fixing of cable trays / brackets on the tank cover and clamping of cables on them. d) Fitting of sensors / probes for oil winding temperature indicators after filling oil in the pockets provided for them. e) Fitting of terminal connectors on the bushings. f) Any other accessories, etc. as provided. 15.0 After installation work is over, the transformer is to be made ready for commissioning. Prior to putting the transformer into service, attention should be paid to the checks and tests given in the following paras. The checks / tests given hereafter are generally applicable. Specific checks / tests prescribed by the manufacturer are also to be carried out. Problems arising out of peculiar situations are to be assessed and solved on case to case basis.
  • 66. Power Transformers 65 16.0 PRE – COMMISSIONING CHECKS: 16.1 All equipments are mounted in position as per General Arrangement drawing of the manufacturer. 16.2 Minimum clearances between live parts and between live parts to earth are as per General Arrangement drawing. 16.3 Arrow on the Buchholz Relays Oil Surge Relays is pointing towards the Conservator. 16.4 Arrow on the oil flow indicators and the oil pumps is pointing towards the transformer tank. 16.5 Inspect the transformer all over and check all flanged joints and fittings for oil leakages. If found necessary, re – tighten the bolts. 16.6 Isolating valves in Buchholz pipe line and all the radiators and any valve if provided in the breather pipeline are fully opened and locked in the open position. 16.7 Release air from the inside of the transformer tank by opening all plugs / venting screws / valves on radiators, bushings, Buchholz relay, OLTC oil surge relay (float type) and gas collection pipe, if provided, and tank cover until oil appears. Close these after the above check has been carried out. 16.8 Oil level in the main conservator and OLTC conservator is as per the oil temperature. 16.9 Oil level in the condenser bushings. 16.10 The thermometer pockets provided for oil and winding temperature indicators are filled with oil. 16.11 The colour of silica gel in the breathers is blue and that oil is filled up to correct oil level mark in the oil cup. 16.12 Buchholz relay contacts are not locked and these are in ‘SERVICE’ position. 16.13 The transport locks provided in equipment such as the MOLG, oil flow indicators, OTI, WTI, etc. have been removed. 16.14 Setting of all the mercury switches for Alarm, Trip and Cooler control in the Oil and Winding Temperature Indicators. As per general prevailing practice, the settings are made as given below: a) Oil Temperature Indicator (OTI): Alarm: ON: 70°C OFF: 60°C Trip: ON: 80°C OFF: 70°C b) Winding Temperature Indicator (WTI): Fan / Fan Group – I: Start: Stop: 55°C 50°C Oil Pump / Fan Group – II: Start: Stop: 65°C 60°C Alarm: ON: 80°C OFF: 70°C Trip: ON: 90°C OFF: 80°C
  • 67. 66 Construction Manual for Sub Stations If the site and load conditions warrant, higher settings of the winding temperature alarm trip contacts may be adopted for which the manufacturer’s recommendations are to be followed. 16.15 The Transformer neutral is connected to earth at two separate earth pits / electrodes which in turn are connected to the earth mat. 16.16 The Transformer tank, OLTC drive mechanism, cooler bank, marshalling box, cooler control cabinet, temperature meter box, etc. as provided are earthed. 16.17 Proper connections and tightness of terminal connectors provided on Bushings. 16.18 Bolts nuts of the coupling brackets of the operating shaft(s) of the OLTC have been locked. 16.19 No oil is visible in Explosion Vent sight glass, if provided. 16.20 Jumpering arrangement to achieve phase matching, if the transformer is to run in parallel with another transformer. 16.21 Setting of overload / protection relays / MCBs for fans pumps and for OLTC motor as per their rating. 17.0 PRE – COMMISSIONING TESTS: 17.1 Non Trip Alarms: Operation of the corresponding auxiliary relays if provided and alarm annunciation on actual operation of the transformer mounted protective Relays and supervisory equipments. i) Main Conservator Low oil level alarm. ii) OLTC Conservator Low oil level alarm. iii) Oil temperature high alarm. iv) Winding temperature high alarm (HV). v) Winding temperature high alarm (LV). vi) Winding temperature high alarm (TV). vii) Air cell fail alarm. 17.2 Trip Alarms: Operation of the corresponding auxiliary relays, Master Trip relays and alarm annunciation on actual operation of the transformer mounted protective Relays and supervisory equipments. i) Buchholz Alarm (I II) by draining oil from the relay. ii) Buchholz Trip (I II) by draining oil from the relay. iii) Oil Temperature Trip. iv) Winding Temperature Trip (HV). v) Winding Temperature Trip (LV). vi) Winding Temperature Trip (TV). vii) OLTC Surge Relay (U, V, W / common, as provided). viii) Pressure Relief Device. 17.3 Testing by the Protection Wing of Over current, Earth fault, Over flux, Neutral Displacement alarm, Restricted Earth Fault (REF), Circulating Current Differential
  • 68. Power Transformers 67 protection, Transformer Differential protection relays, associated Master Trip relays, alarm annunciations, etc., as provided. 17.4 Tripping of HV circuit breaker inter tripping of LV circuit breaker on operation of Master Trip Relays. This may be checked for operation of each Master Trip Relay for 2 or 3 protective relays. 17.5 Phase sequence of the A.C. supply to the Cooler Control Cubicle (CCC) / Fan Control Cubicle (FCC) / Marshalling Box. 17.6 Direction of rotation of fans and pumps. 17.7 Operation of fans / oil pumps as per settings made in the winding temperature indicators as per para 16.14. 17.8 Operation of stand by fans / pumps on failure of each fan / pump. 17.9 Lamp indications on RTCC Panel for fans and pumps. 17.10 Testing of alarm annunciations, such as “Fan Fail: Group – 1 2”, “Pump Fail: Group – 1 2”, “Cooler Control Supply Fail”, “Stand by Fan Fail: Group – 1 2”, “Stand by Pump Fail: Group – 1 2”, etc., as provided in the RTCC Panel. 17.11 Manual operation of OLTC: a) Operate by handle from tap no. 1 to the maximum tap position back to tap no. 1. b) Verify the reading of Tap Position Indicator (TPI) on Remote Tap Changer Control (RTCC) panel on all the tap positions. c) Observe any abnormal sound during this operation. d) Confirm functioning of mechanical locking at extreme tap positions. e) Check functioning of operation counter. 17.12 Electrical operation of OLTC: a) Operation of handle interlock. There should be no electrical operation of the OLTC with handle inserted. b) Check phase sequence of the A.C. supply to the OLTC drive mechanism. c) Operate On Load Tap Changer (OLTC) from tap no. 1 to the maximum tap position back to tap no.1 from local and from remote, i.e., RTCC Panel. Never start this OLTC operation from extreme tap positions. d) Confirm functioning of electrical limit switches at extreme tap positions. e) Step by step operation of the OLTC (only one tap should change in one pulse or with continuous pulse). f) Check tripping of MCB in OLTC Drive mechanism by pressing “Emergency Push Button” from local and from RTCC Panel.
  • 69. 68 Construction Manual for Sub Stations g) Checking of Lamp Indications provided in the RTCC Panel. h) If the transformer is to be run in parallel with another transformer, operation of OLTC Drive mechanism by making one transformer as ‘Master’ and another one as ‘Follower’ vice versa, i.e., “Master – Follower Operation of Transformer”. i) Testing of alarm annunciations, such as “Tap Changer Stuck / Tap Change Delayed”, “OLTC Motor MCB Trip”, “OLTC Control Supply Fail”, “OLTC out of Step”, etc., provided in the RTCC Panel. 17.13 Reading of Oil Winding temperatures on Remote Temperature indicators provided in RTCC Panel with reference to the OTI WTI fitted on the transformer. 17.14 Testing of Transformer: a) Magnetizing current measurement of all three phases of LV winding with single phase supply applied between phase and neutral one by one keeping HV TV windings open. b) Magnetizing current measurement of all three phases of HV winding at Tap no. 1 with single phase supply applied between phase and neutral one by one keeping LV TV windings open. c) Magnetizing current measurement of all three phases of the TV winding in case all the three phases have been brought out. For star connected TV winding, single phase supply is applied between phase and neutral of TV winding one by one keeping HV LV windings open. In case of delta connected TV winding, the voltage is applied one by one between phases of the TV winding keeping HV LV windings open. d) Magnetic balance test on all three phases of LV winding by applying single phase voltage one by one between phase and neutral of one phase and measuring the induced voltage on the other two phases. e) Magnetic balance test on all three phases of TV winding, in case all the three phases of the TV winding have been brought out, by applying single phase voltage one by one between phase and neutral on one phase (for star connected winding) or between phase to phase (for delta connected winding) and measuring the induced voltage on the other two phases. f) Short circuit current measurement of all three phases of HV winding at Tap no. 1 with single phase supply applied between phase and neutral one by one with LV winding short – circuited and TV winding open – circuited. g) Short circuit current measurement of all three phases of HV winding at Tap no. 1 with single phase supply applied between phase and neutral one by one with TV winding short – circuited in case all the three phases of the TV winding have been brought out. LV winding is kept open – circuited. h) HV, LV and TV WTI CT testing by measuring the current in the leads from the WTI CT terminals to the winding temperature indicator(s) during the above short circuit current measurement tests. i) Checking of continuity of contacts in diverter switch: During short circuit current measurement test above, connect an analogue type AVO / multi – meter on the HV winding and operate the OLTC from tap no. 1 to the maximum tap. There should not
  • 70. Power Transformers 69 be any break in the current during tap change which is indicated by the sudden deflection in the multi – meter reading. j) In case of tertiary winding where two terminals have been brought out, testing of TV winding by giving 3 – phase supply to HV, then shorting each LV phase with neutral one by one and measuring open delta voltage and closed delta current. k) Transformer Turns ratio measurement between HV – LV, HV – TV LV – TV using turns ratio measuring instrument. l) Insulation resistance measurement (meggering) and recording the readings for 15 sec. and 60 sec. between HV – Earth, LV – Earth, TV – Earth, HV – LV, HV – TV LV – TV using 5 kV megger. The 60 second value shall be taken as the reference value for future comparison. The top oil temperature is to be recorded. m) Winding resistance measurement of all three phases of HV (at Tap no. 1), LV and TV windings. The top oil temperature is to be recorded. n) Subject to availability of testing instrument, measurement of Capacitance and Tan G of condenser bushings and transformer windings for reference. The top oil temperature is to be recorded. It is not advisable to carry out this test when the relative humidity is above 75%. o) Checking of Vector Group of the transformer. p) Testing of transformer oil. The following tests are generally desired to be got carried out on transformer oil as per IS 1866 : 2000 – Code of Practice for Electrical Maintenance and Supervision of Mineral Insulating Oil in Equipment. The limits for unused mineral oil filled in New Power Transformer as recommended in Table – 1 of the above Indian Standard are given below. Highest Voltage of Equipment (kV)S. No. Property of Oil 72.5 72.5 to 170 170 1. Appearance Clear; free from sediments and suspended matter 2. Density at 29.5ºC (g / cm3 ), Max. 0.89 0.89 0.89 3. Neutralization value (mg KOH / g), Max. 0.03 0.03 0.03 4. Water Content (ppm), Max. 10 10 10 5. Dielectric dissipation factor at 90ºC and 40 Hz to 60 Hz, Max. 0.015 0.015 0.010 6. Resistivity (90ºC) × 1012 (ohm – cm), Min. 6 6 6 7. Breakdown Voltage (kV), Min. 80 80 80 8. Dissolved Gas Analysis For Reference 9. Viscosity at 27ºC (cSt), Max. 27 27 27 10. Flash Point (ºC), Min. 140 140 140 11. Pour point (ºC), Max. - 6 - 6 - 6 12. Interfacial Tension (mN / m), Min. 35 35 35 Oxidation Stability of uninhibited oil (i) Neutralization Value (mg KOH / g), Max. 0.4 0.4 0.4 13. (ii) Sludge (percent by mass), Max. 0.1 0.1 0.1 Oxidation Stability of inhibited oil14. (i) Induction Period (hours) Similar values as before filling
  • 71. 70 Construction Manual for Sub Stations q) The following tests as recommended in IS : 1866 are the minimum tests which should be got done on the transformer oil. The limits as recommended in Table – 1 of IS 1866: 2000 are also given below. Highest Voltage of Equipment (kV)S. No. Property of Oil 72.5 72.5 to 170 170 1. Appearance Clear; free from sediments and suspended matter 2. Density at 29.5ºC (g / cm3 ), Max. 0.89 0.89 0.89 3. Neutralization value (mg KOH / g), Max. 0.03 0.03 0.03 4. Water Content (ppm), Max. 10 10 10 5. Dielectric dissipation factor at 90ºC and 40 Hz to 60 Hz, Max. 0.015 0.015 0.010 6. Resistivity (90ºC) × 1012 (ohm – cm), Min. 6 6 6 7. Breakdown Voltage (kV), Min. 80 80 80 8. Dissolved Gas Analysis For Reference r) Other tests as prescribed in the Operation and Maintenance Manual of the Manufacturer. 17.15 The results of all the above tests are to be recorded for future reference. 18.0 CHARGING OF TRANSFORMER: 18.1 Check the tripping of HV circuit breaker inter tripping of LV circuit breaker on operation of Master Trip Relays. This may be checked for operation of each Master Trip Relay for 2 or 3 protective relays. 18.2 Transformer is to be charged at tap no. 2 otherwise transformer may trip on differential protection due to high magnetizing inrush current. 18.3 After charging, the operation of the OLTC is to be checked by increasing the tap position upto the tap corresponding to the system voltage. 18.4 Manufacturers recommend that transformer be kept on no load for 24 hours. During this period observe the temperature rise of the oil winding. 18.5 De – energize the transformer and check the Buchholz relay for any collection of air / gas. 18.6 Recharge the transformer at Tap no. 2. 18.7 After re – charging, tap position of the transformer is to be fixed according to HV side voltage available. Tap position (same voltage ratio) should also match with the transformer already in service in case of parallel operation. 18.8 Then take load on the transformer. 19.0 For operation and maintenance of Power Transformers, the “MAINTENANCE MANUAL FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS” of RVPN (erstwhile RSEB) should be followed.