1. Study of the genetic diversity of the
genus Passiflora L. and its distribution in
Colombia

2. People involved in the study
CIRAD
• Philippe FELDMANN
• Geo COPPENS d’EECKENBRUGGE
• Ange-Marie RISTERUCCI
BIOVERSITY INTERNATIONAL – CIAT
• Andrew JARVIS
• Xavier SCHELDEMAN
Ginés-Mera Fellowship

3. Context
 Genetic resources in Colombia (cultivated species)
 Passion fruit priorities:
- Collection and characterization
- Taxonomy problems
- Conservation problems

4. General objective
To study the genetic diversity of the genus
Passiflora L. and its biogeographic distribution in
Colombia.

5. Specific objectives
• To map the distribution and the diversity of
Colombian Passifloraceae species using
Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
• To characterize the morphologic and molecular
diversity at inter- and intra-specific levels.
• To evaluate the potential of Passiflora as an
indicator group to evaluate the risks of biodiversity
erosion and take them into account in the
development of strategies for in situ genetic
resources.

6. Introduction
1. Taxonomy
2. Reproduction Biology
3. Distribution
4. Uses
5. Cultivated species

7. 1. Passifloraceae family Taxonomy
18 genera
Killip (1938)
ca. 650 species
Genus Passiflora L. 22 subgenera
America
ca. 573 species
Africa
America
Asia
Asia
Feuillet & McDougal (2003)
4 subgenera
Astrophea
Decaloba
Deidamioides
Passiflora

8. Subgenus ASTROPHEA (Feuillet & MacDougal, 2003)
 Astrophea Killip (1938)
- Arborescent
- American
- 2n = 24

9. Subgenus DECALOBA (Feuillet & MacDougal, 2003)
 Decaloba
 Psilanthus
 Murucuja Killip (1938)
 Pseudomurucuja
 Apodogyne
- Climbers
- America
South Asia and Australia
- 2n = 12, 24, 36, 72

10. Subgenus PASSIFLORA (Feuillet & MacDougal, 2003)
Passiflora
Tacsonia
Distephana Killip (1938)
Manicata
Dysosmia
- Climbers
- American
- 2n = 18, 20 (Dysosmia)

11. Subgenus DEIDAMIOIDES (Feuillet & MacDougal)
 Deidamioides
Killip
 Tryphostemmatoides
- Climbers
- American
- 2n = ??

12. 2. Biology of reproduction
• Allogamous: cross-pollination
• Cytogenetic : 2n = 12, 18, 20, 24, 36, 72
x=6y9
• Heredability: paternal / biparental Muschner et al. (2006)
Hansen et al. (2007)
• Heteroplasmy
Mráček (2005)

13. Pollination syndromes

14. 3. Distribution of the genus Passiflora L.
22
species
Subg. Decaloba

15. 4. Uses
Other…
Ornamental
Food
Pharmacopeia
Liquors
Medicinal

16. 5. Cultivated species in Colombia

17. Economic importance – International markets
P. edulis f. flavicarpa P. edulis f. edulis P. ligularis
Yellow maracuja - Maracuyá Purple maracuja - Gulupa Sweet granadilla

18. Economic importance – International markets
P. tripartita var. mollissima P. tarminiana P. maliformis
Curuba de Castilla Curuba India Cholupa

19. Economic importance – International markets
P. quadrangularis P. popenovii P. alata
Giant granadilla - Badea Granadilla de Quijos Maracuja doce

20. Study Components
I- Diversity distribution in Colombia (GIS)
1.a. Biogeography and conservation
1.b. Potential distribution and adaptation
II- Morphological diversity (descriptors)
III- Genetic diversity (CAPS – DNAcp/mt)

21. I – Diversity Distribution in Colombia (SIG)
1a. Biogeography and conservation of Colombian Passifloraceae
.

22. Reported species
HERBARIA
National
PSO - HAU - COL - FAUC - CUVC - FMB
VALLE - MEDEL - CHOCO – TOLI - CAUP
AFP - UIS – CDMB - COAH – JAUM - HUQ
SURCO
Foreign
P : Museum d’Histoire Naturelle – Paris – France
MO : Missouri Botanical Garden – USA
MA : Real Jardin Botánico – Madrid – Espagne
K : Kew Garden – London - Grande-Bretagne
NY : New York Botanical Garden– USA
LITERATURE
Killip (1938, 1960), Escobar (1988, 1989) etc.
3.375 georeferenced data

23. Diversity distribution of the American Passion Fruits
16 3.375 georeferenced data
4
23.5º N
Tropic of Cancer
167 reported species
20 14
70 20
(26 new species for
15 17 10 10
18 the country)
55 13 25
78
31
48 53 30 32
36
167
0º
90
73 127
48
Maximum Diversity
in the American
Tropic of Capricorn 2 16 Andean Region,
19
-23.5º S
especially in
3
Colombia and
Ecuador
Diversity Centre

24. Species spatial distribution
High density in the central mountain
region.
Low density North-East and South of
the Andes.
Very marked low density in lowlands,
especially in the Orinoquian and
Amanzonian regions.
DIVA-GIS software

25. Expeditions and collected samples
• Species area richness and collection gaps
• Access permits (MMA - Ministerio del Medio Ambiente)
• Public order
555 collections from 17 of 32 departments
TOTAL : 3.930 OBSERVATIONS

26. Species distribution by Biogoegraphic region Elevation
Caribbean
(38)
Diversity concentrated in
the Andean Region
Pacific Andes Orinoquia
(36) (123) (19)
Amazonia
(44)

27. Colombian Biogeography & Passifloracea Species
Pacific
Andes
Caribbean
Amazonia
Orinoquia

28. Passifloraceae distribution in Colombia
(Maximum Distance vs. Circular Area)
2
697E-6*x 70
2
y = 21.8046+0.0024*x+9.3697E-6*x
R = 0.779
R2 = 0.7709
60 Species of
continental P. vitifolia
distribution
Species of
P. foetida
50
regional
distribution and P. auriculata
40 common P. quadrangularis
endemic species
CA50 (km 2)
P. nitida
30 P. maliformis
P. mollis
Endemic
P. mixta
P. cumbalensis P. menispermifolia
P. ligularis
20 species
P. suberosa
P.arborea
P. oerstedii P. capsularis
P. seemannii
P. coriaceae P.misera
P. biflora
P..coccinea P. rubra P. spinosa
P. antioquiensis
10 P. micropetala P. serratodigitata
P. involucrata
D. parviflora
0
0 200 400
400 600 800 1000
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
MaxD (km)

29. f. Threat status of Passifloraceae
• Circular area CA50
• Maximum Distance MaxD
• Number of records
• Date of records
UICN Categories
EX: Extinct
EW: Extinct in the wild
CR: Critically endangered
EN: Endangered
VU: Vulnerable
NT: Near threatened
LC: Least concern
DD: Deficient Data

30. 1. Diversity and potentiel distribution
1b. Diversity distribution and in situ conservation of the
Colombians Passifloraceae.

31. Software DIVA-GIS
Species richness and diversity
Herbarium data: 3.330
Literature data: 45
Collection data: 555
3.930 georeferenced data

32. Species potential distribution
Species richness
1
2
Nine ultra- diverse zones in
3 the Andes, four sub-explored
(1, 6, 8, 9)
5 4
7 6
9 8
“Hotspot”
Software DIVA-GIS

33. Protected areas
In situ conservation
“Hotspot”

34. Ultra-diverse zones vs.
Coffee growing ecotopes
Small reserves and micro-basin management
Conservation strategies
• Corridor creation
• Crop systems
Software DIVA-GIS

35. Conclusions
• The highest number of species are located between 1.000 and
2.000 m in fragmentation forests.
• Nine ultra-diverse (hotspot) and non-protected zones in the
Andes.
• There is no geographic relation between richness and
endemism.
• There is a need for urgent conservation strategies.
• Of the 167 recorded species, 42 have edible fruits and most are
not used.

36. II. Morphological diversity in the genus Passiflora L.

37. Collection and characterization (ex situ conservation)
 Collections
 Tenerife (El Cerrito – Valle del Cauca) – 2800 m
 El Moral (El Cerrito – Valle del Cauca) – 2400 m
 San Joaquín (El Tambo – Cauca) – 1800 m
 Paraguacito (Buenavista – Quindío) – 1250 m
 Arauca (Risaralda – Caldas) – 1000 m
 In situ (collections)
 Plant material
124 accessions
60 species
9 subgenera (Killip, 1938)

38. List of 127 descriptors
ORGAN Qualitative Characters (84) Qunatitative Characters (43)
Stem Form, antocianine, pubescence Internodes
Tendril Antocianine Longitude
Stipule Permanence, antocianine, pubescence and Dimensions
form
Leaf Polymorphism, form, colour, presence, Lobule longitude, angle between lateral
antocianine and pubescence, type, margin rib, petiole—sinus distance, number of
margin teeth
Petiole Nectary form Longitude and number of nectaries
Bract Form, union, permanency Dimensions
Flower Form, colours and pubescence of different Number, orientation and dimension of
parts, number and series of filaments, sepal different parts
and petal union, antocianine and
chlorophyll on sepals and hypanthium
Fruit Pigmentation, pubescence, form, Dimensions, weight
consistency, anthracnosis symptoms

39. Relative variance components – Quantitative characters
50

40. d. Factor loadings from a Principal Component Analysis - PCA
COMPONENTS
83% total variance ACP - Factor loadings
Descriptors 1 2 3 4 5
STDI -0.088 0.215 -0.892 -0.023 0.041
LEMS 0.353 0.365 0.152 0.041 0.759
LELC 0.019 0.571 -0.686 0.009 -0.195
LENN -0.017 0.040 0.011 0.962 0.014
PENN 0.648 0.407 0.013 -0.055 0.158
PDDI 0.135 0.847 -0.287 0.010 0.145
PDLF -0.054 -0.136 -0.943 -0.007 -0.044
PDBS -0.054 -0.113 -0.973 -0.006 -0.046
Cp.1: Flower length BRLR 0.296 0.723 0.186 -0.091 0.240
FLPL 0.501 0.774 -0.021 0.235 0.042
FLPW 0.713 0.595 -0.024 0.095 0.028
Cp.2: Flower width and bract shapeFLSL 0.577 0.716 0.036 0.243 -0.028
FLSW 0.520 0.754 0.034 0.074 -0.108
FLLE 0.960 0.179 0.045 0.017 0.090
FLHL 0.904 0.063 0.086 -0.100 0.119
Cp.3: Stem with, peduncle FLHL 0.824 0.208 0.026 -0.080 -0.137
branching and leaf length FLCN -0.521 0.723 0.034 -0.007 -0.329
FLFL 0.529 0.651 0.082 0.097 0.171
FLSF 0.677 0.658 0.076 0.061 -0.049
FLOL 0.454 0.693 0.067 0.073 0.263
Cp.4: Number of nectaries on leaf FLSL 0.964 0.064 0.047 0.033 0.099
FLOP 0.711 0.236 0.099 0.363 0.214
margin BRWI/BRLE -0.160 0.718 -0.221 -0.131 0.241
FLNC/FLHD 0.699 0.056 0.042 0.043 0.368
Expl.Var 7.610 6.496 3.336 1.256 1.238
Cp.5: Leaf serration Prp.Totl 0.317 0.271 0.139 0.052 0.052
% total varianza 46.028 16.999 11.138 4.913 3.986

41. PCA – Three-dimensional plot of the scores for Passiflora accessions
Manicata
Tacsonia
Passiflora Psilanthus
Distephana
Dysosmia Decaloba
Tryphostemmatoides
Astrophea

42. 32 Discriminant qualitative characters between subgenera
Feuillet & MacDougal (2003) Astrophea Decaloba
Killip (1938), Escobar (1988), MacDougal (1994)
Feuillet & MacDougal (2003)
Astrophea Decaloba
Astrophea Astrophea Decaloba
Decaloba Psilanthus Passiflora Distephana Dy
Passiflor
Killip (1938), Escobar (1988), number
(1994) Species/accession MacDougal (1994)
Astrophea Decaloba
Astrophea n= 3/4 Psilanthus Decaloba n= 17/31
Passiflora n= 1/1
Psilanthus Distephana Dysosmia 19/44
Passiflora n= Distephana n= 1/2 Dysosmia
Tacsonia n
Main number
pollinators
Species/accessionn= 3/4 n= medium (honey) bees
n= 17/31 3/4 n= 1/1 n= 17/31 to large bees19/44
small n= - wasps n= 1/1 sword-billed
n= 1/2 large (carpenter) bees
n= 19/44 1/2
n= hummingbirdsn= 1/2
n= 1/2 n= 16/36
Main pollinators (honey) bees
medium small tomedium (honey) bees
large bees - wasps sword-billed large bees - wasps (carpenter) bees sword-billed hummingbird
small to large hummingbirds bees
large (carpenter) bees sword-billed
hummingbirds bees
Chromosome number 2n = 24 hummingbird 2n = 12, 22, 24, 36 hummingbird 2n = 12 2n = 18 2n = 18
hummingbird 2n =
Chromosome number24range
Altitudinal
2n = 2n = 12, 22, 24, 24 1.000 - 2.200 m
2n = 36 60 - 2.700 m 18
2n = 2n = 12, 22, 24, 36
12 2n = 2n = 12 2.600 -= 18
2n 3.200 20 - 2.400 m
2n 2n 18 18, 20, 22
= = 2n = 18 2n 50= 18 2n = 18, 20, 22 -
- 1.200 m 30
Altitudinal range - 2.200 m
1.000
Descriptors 60 -1.000 -m
2.700 2.200 m 2.600 - 3.200 - 2.700 m
60 20 - 2.400 m 2.600 - 3.200 50 - 1.200 m 30 - 1.200 m
20 - 2.400 m 50 - 1.200 m - 3.700 m - 1.200 m
2.100 30
Descriptors Habit tree vine vine vine vine vine
Habittree Stem section vine tree irregular vine vine terete/angularvine vine angular vine
vine terete/angular/winged vine
vine vine terete vine terete v
sectionSecondery xylema
Stem irregular terete/angular irregular present angularabsent
terete/angular terete/angular/winged angular absent terete/angular/winged
terete absent
terete terete/angular absent
terete terete absent a
Secondery xylema position
presentTendril absent present absent absent absent axillary absent absent axillary
absent absent axillary
absent absent
absent axillary absent axillary a
absent Stipule
Tendril position axillary absent short triangular axillary
axillary setaceous/linear/foliaceous-aristate
axillary axillary setaceous
axillary axillary setaceous/linear/foliaceous-aristate
axillary axillary
axillary linear axillary foliaceoa
Stipule Stipule nectaries (conspicuous)
short triangular absent
setaceous/linear/foliaceous-aristate
short triangular absent
setaceous setaceous/linear/foliaceous-aristate
setaceous/linear/foliaceous-aristate absent setaceous/linear/foliaceous-aristate setaceous/linear/foliaceous-aristate
setaceous linear absent/present (P. maliformis )
foliaceous-aristate linear present present
foliaceous-aristate f
absent Leaf lobation
Stipule nectaries (conspicuous) absent absent one absent absent three absent/present (P. maliformis )
absent three one/three/more )
present absent/present present
(P. maliformis absent
present three present three a
one
Leaf lobationLeaf base three one cuneate-rounded three three cuneate-rounded/cordate/
one/three/more three cordate one/three/morethree
three cuneate-rounded/cordateone/three
three cordate three cordate t
cuneate-rounded
Leaf base cuneate-rounded/cordate/
cuneate-rounded cordatepeltate (P. coriacea and P. guatemalensis )
cuneate-rounded/cordate/ cuneate-rounded/cordate cordate cordate cuneate-rounded/cordate
cordate cuneate-rounded/cordate cordate
cordate c
Leaf apex obtuse/acute
peltate (P. coriacea and P. guatemalensis ) rounded/obtuse/acute
peltate (P. coriacea and P. guatemalensis ) acute/very acute rounded to very acute acute acute
Leaf margin
obtuse/acute
Leaf apex rounded/obtuse/acuteobtuse/acute entire entire/serrate (P. adenopoda ) acute
acute/very acute
rounded/obtuse/acute rounded to very entire rounded to very acute
acute
acute/very acute entire/serrate
acute acute/very acute
acute serrate acute serrate o
Leaf marginLaminar nectaries
entire adenopoda )absent
entire/serrate (P.entire entire/serratepresent/absent (five species)b
entire (P. adenopoda ) entire/serrate entire serrate entire/serrateabsent
present serrate serrate
serrate absent serrate absent s
absent Leaf margin nectaries (conspicuous) (five species)babsent
Laminar nectaries present/absent absent presentabsent/sinus/ absent
present/absent (five species)b present absent
absent absent absent/sinus
absent absent
absent sinus absent absent a
Leaf margin nectaries (conspicuous)
absent absent/sinus/ absent absent/sinus/all margin (P.absent/sinus )
absent adenopoda absent sinus absent/sinus lateral lobe (P. edulis f. edulis )
absent absent/sinus (P. jardinensis )
sinus absent a
Petiolar nectaries all margin (P. adenopoda ) absent absent/orbicular (P. adenopoda )/ f. edulis ) absent all except auriculate orbicular absent
all margin (P. adenopoda )lateral lobe (P. edulis lateral lobe (P. edulis f. edulis )
cylindrical (P. coriaceae and P. suberosa )
Petiolar nectaries
absent absent/orbicular absent
(P. adenopoda )/ absent all except auriculate
absent/orbicular (P. adenopoda )/ absent orbicularall except auriculate
absent linear/orbicular
orbicular absent l
cylindrical (P. coriaceae and P. suberosa ) /auriculate (P. auriculata )
cylindrical (P. coriaceae and P. suberosa )
Dorsal nectaries present absent absent absent absent absent
/auriculate (P. auriculata ) /auriculate (P. auriculata )
Peduncle branching present absent/present (P. sexflora ) absent absent absent absent
Dorsal nectaries
present absent present absent absent absent absent absent absent absent absent
absent absent a
Bract shape linear setaceous/linear/ linear foliaceous linear pinnatis
Peduncle branching
present absent/present (P. sexflora )
present absent/present (P. sexfloraabsent
absent ) absent absent absent absent absent
absent absent a
foliaceous (P. adenopoda , P. guatemalensis )
Bractlinear
shape setaceous/linear/linear linear
setaceous/linear/ foliaceous linear linear foliaceous pinnatisect foliaceous
linear pinnatisect f
/absent (four species)*
foliaceous (P. adenopoda , P. guatemalensis ) foliaceous (P. adenopoda , P. guatemalensis )
Nectary on bract absent absent absent absent/present present absent
/absent (four species)* /absent (four species)*
Flower orientation erect erect/intermediate/pendular pendular erect/intermediate/pendular erect erect
Nectary on bract
absent absent absent absent absent absent/present absent present absent/present absent present
absent absent a
Corolla shape reflex intermediate/campanulate campanulate intermediate/reflex reflex intermed
Flower orientation
erect erect
erect/intermediate/pendular erect/intermediate/pendular
pendular erect/intermediate/pendularpendular erect erect/intermediate/pendular
erect erect
erect/intermediate/pendularerect e
Dominant corolla color white white red (pink) white/red red white
Corolla shape
reflex reflex
intermediate/campanulate intermediate/campanulate intermediate/reflex
campanulate campanulate reflex intermediate/reflex intermediate/reflex reflex intermediate/reflex r
campanulate/intermediate/reflex
Corona type filamentous filamentous filamentous filamentous filamentous filament
Dominant corolla color
white white white white red (pink) white/red red (pink) red white/red white red white
red (including pink or orange) r
Corona filaments sickle-sword-shaped linear linear linear linear linear
Corona type
filamentous filamentous filamentous filamentous
filamentous filamentous filamentous filamentous
filamentous filamentous filamentous
tuberculous/ filamentous f
free free free free fused at base free
Corona filaments
sickle-sword-shaped linear sickle-sword-shaped linearlinear linear linear linear linear linear linear
filamentous, linear linear l
Number of corona series uniseriate biseriate/ uniseriate pentaseriate biseriate 3- to 5-s
free free free free free free free free
fused at base free fused at base
free free f
uniseriate (P. guatemalensis and P. adenopoda )/
Number of corona series
uniseriate biseriate/ uniseriate biseriate/
uniseriate pentaseriate uniseriate biseriate pentaseriate 3- to 5-seriate biseriate
uni- to 5-seriate 3- to 5-seriate p
triseriate (P. filipes and P. magadalenae )
uniseriate (P. guatemalensis and P. adenopoda )/ uniseriate (P. guatemalensis and P. adenopoda )/
Corona color-clear (longest row) white white white red white
triseriate (P. filipes and P. magadalenae ) triseriate (P. filipes and P. magadalenae )
Corona color-darkest (longest row) yellow white/purple/ white purple red purple
Corona color-clear (longest row)
white white white white white red white white red
white/purple white p
yellow (P. guatemalensis ) white (P. guazumaefolia )
Corona color-darkest (longest row)white/purple/
yellow yellow white/purple/
white purple white red purple purple red
purple purple p
Petals present present/ present present present present
yellow (P. guatemalensis ) yellow (P. guatemalensis )white (P. guazumaefolia ) white (P. guazumaefolia ) white (P. jardinensis )
absent (P. coriaceae and P. suberosa )
Petalspresent present/ present present/
present present present present present present present
present present p
Sepal awn absent absent/present absent present present present
absent (P. coriaceae and P. suberosa ) absent (P. coriaceae and P. suberosa )
Nectar chamber ring present absent absent present present present
Sepalabsent
awn absent/present absent absent/present
absent present absent present present present present
present present p
Hypanthium campanulate flat tubular campalunate tubular campanu
Nectar chamber ring
present absent present absent absent present absent present present present present
present present p
Limen present present absent present present present
Hypanthium
campanulate flat campanulate flat tubular campalunate tubular tubular campalunate campanulate tubular
tubular campanulate t
Ovary shape tricostate globose globose globose globose globose
Limen present present present presentabsent present absent present present present present
present present p
Fruit shape globose globose/ elongate globose/ globose globose
Ovary shape
tricostate globose tricostate globoseglobose globose globose globose globose globose globose
globose globose g
elongate (P. rubra and P. capsularis ) elongate (P. quadrangularis )
Fruit globose
shape globose/ globose globose/
elongate globose/ elongate globose globose/ globose globose
elongate/ globose e
Categorized (from quantitatives(P. rubra and P. capsularis )
elongate traits) elongate (P. rubra and P. capsularis ) quadrangularis )
elongate (P. elongate (P. quadrangularis ) globose (P. pinnatistipula )
Stem diameter
Categorized (from quantitatives traits) ≥ 120 mm ≤ 20 mm ≤ 20 mm ≥ 30 mm ≥ 30 mm ≤ 20 mm
< 60 mm < 60 mm
Stem ≥ 120 mm
diameter ≤ 20 mm ≥ 120 mm ≤ 20 mm mm
≤ 20 ≥ 30 mm ≤ 20 mm ≥ 30 mm≥ 30 mm ≤ 20 mm ≥ ≥ 30 mm
30 mm ≤ 20 mm ≥
Leaf length > 215 mm < 190 mm < 190 mm < 190 mm < 190 mm < 190 m
< 60 mm < 60 mm< 60 mm < < 60 mm
60 mm <
< 190 mm (P. sphaerocarpa )
Leaf lengthmm
> 215 < 190 mm > 215 mm < 190< 190 mm
mm < 190 mm < 190 mm < 190 mm 190 mm
< < 190 mm < < 190 mm
190 mm < 190 mm <
Sepal length ≤ 30 mm ≤ 30 mm > 30 mm > 30 mm > 30 mm ≤ 30 mm
< 190 mm (P. sphaerocarpa ) < 190 mm (P. sphaerocarpa )
≤ 30 mm (six species)ª
Sepal≤ 30 mm
length ≤ 30 mm ≤ 30 mm ≤ 30 mm mm
> 30 > 30 mm > 30 mm > 30 mm> 30 mm ≤ 30 mm > > 30 mm
30 mm ≤ 30 mm >
Androgynophore length < 23 mm < 23 mm > 25 mm < 23 mm > 25 mm < 23 mm
≤ 30 mm (six species)ª ≤ 30 mm (six species)ª ≤ 30 mm (P. luzmarina and P. mathewsii )
Androgynophore length
< 23 mm < 23 mm < 23 mm < 23 mm mm
> 25 < 23 mm > 25 mm > 25 mm< 23 mm < 23 mm > > 25 mm
25 mm < 23 mm >

43. e. Qualitative data dendrogram (nNeighbour Joining, 32 characters)
n = 12
n=6
n = 10
n=9
n=6
n = ??
Distances Sokal & Michener

44. Conclusions
The new descriptors list has permitted to rank species
together with taxonomy in a coherent way. However, there
are some exceptions.
The analysis is coherent with Killip's classification (1938) at
the subgenus level.
Descriptors related to the flower permit a higher
discrimination between subgenera and species.

45. III. Genetic diversity (CAPS – DNAcp/mt)

46. Taxon sampling
• 213 individuals
• 151 species
• 15 subgenera (Killip, 1938)
Origin
• Collections in Colombia – 75 %
• Passion Fruit National Collections – Blois (France) – 22 %
• Royal Botanical Garden – Meise (Belgium) – 2 %
• Cameroon and Gabon - 1% (outgroup)

47. Tecnic – Markers RFLP-PCR (2 couple of primers / 6 enzymes)

48. Outgroup
Previous studies
Yockteng & Nadot (2004)
Nuclear Sequences
ncpGS
- 91 species
- 17 subgenera (Killip, 1938)

49. Previous studies
Hansen et al. (2006)
Chloroplas Sequences
TrnL / TrnT
outgroup - 57 species
- 16 subgenera (Killip, 1938)

50. Ladder
P. oerstedii
P. maliformis
P. smithii
P. lehmannii
P. alata
P. ambigua
P. cincinnata
P. garckei
P. popenovii
P. trisulca
P. caerulea
P. quadrangularis
P. citrifolia
P. coriaceae
P. filipes
P. erytrophylla
P. suberosa
P. cuneata
P. magdalenae
P. linearistipula
P. antioquiensis
P. parritae
P. tricuspis
P. alnifolia
P. luzmarina
N1B1-
TS1-
P. flexipes
P. mixta
P. tarminana
(HpaII)
TS1-TS2 (HpaII)
(HpaII)
N1B1-N1C (HpaII)
Ladder
Chlorotypes are easier to interpret than mitotypes
Cytoplasmatic genome inter-specific variation
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
372 haplotypes
280 haplotypes

51. Observed variation per primer-enzyme combination
(haplotypes)
Primers Hinf I Rsa I Hpa II Hae III Hha I Taq I
PC1 – PC2 Decaloba two group - Impossible Decaloba three groups Decaloba - Adenia - Decaloba three groups Decaloba - other
Adenia - Barteria - to interpret - other subgenera Smeathmannia - other - Passiflora two subgenera
Smeathmannia - other subgenera groups - Tacsonia
Chloroplastic
subgenera two group - other
subgenera
TS1 – TS2 Decaloba two groups Decaloba three groups Decaloba two groups Decaloba three groups Decaloba two groups Decaloba three groups
- Passiflora four - Passiflora four - Passiflora three - Passiflora two - Passiflora two - Passiflora two
groups - (Barteria - groups - Astrophea - groups - Adenia - groups - other groups - other groups - Distephana -
Smeathmannia) - other subgenera (Barteria - subgenera subgenera Astrophea - Adenia -
other subgenera Smeathmannia) - (Barteria -
other subgenera Smeathmannia) -
other subgenera
N41 – N42 Decaloba two groups Decaloba three groups Decaloba two groups Decaloba two - Decaloba two groups Impossible
- Passiflora - - Passiflora two Passiflora four groups Passiflora five groups - Passiflora three to interpret
Mitochondrial
Astrophea - (Barteria groups - Adenia - - Tacsonia two groups - Adenia - other groups - Barteria two
- Smeathmannia) - other subgenera - Barteria two groups subgenera groups - other
other subgenera - other subgenera subgenera
N1B – N1C Decaloba three groups Decaloba two groups Decaloba two groups Decaloba two groups Decaloba two groups Decaloba two groups
- Passiflora two - Passiflora two - Passiflora two - Passiflora two - Passiflora two - Tacsonia - Barteria
groups - Tacsonia two groups - Tacsonia - groups - Tacsonia two groups - Tacsonia groups - Tacsonia two two groups - Adenia -
groups - (Barteria - (Barteria - groups - (Barteria - three two - other groups - Murucuja -
Smeathmannia) - Smeathmannia) - Smeathmannia) - subgenera Adenia - other
Adenia - other Adenia - other other subgenera subgenera
subgenera subgenera

52. AFTD of Chloroplastic data
OUTGROUP

53. Tryphostemmatoides
Astrophea Chloroplast DNA
- Three big groups
 Decaloba – much better separated and
structured
 Passiflora - little structure
 Astrophea
- Tryphostemmatoides
- Genus monophyly ?
NJ, distance de Sokal & Michener

54. Mitochondrial DNA
Tacsonia
 Separation of the Decaloba group, better
structured
Astrophea  Strong approximation of Astrophea
Tryphostemmatoides and Tryphostemmatoides to Passiflora
 Little cohesion with morphology at the
section and series levels.
Tacsonia
 Geographic structuring by:
- altitude range (Tacsonia, stip. ren.)
- region (Tacsonia, Ecuador/Colombia).
 Genus monophyly ?

55. Conclusions
• Divergence between morphologic, chloroplastic and mitochondrial data
explains plastid transmission modes:
Chloroplastic genome transmission is basically paternal or biparental in
the Passiflora group, and maternal in the mitochondiral genome.
• The doubt on whether the Passiflora genus is not monophyletic
imposes a re-examination of the generic classification of
Passifloraceae.
• The data set must be interpreted taking into account the geological
context of tropical flora separation and the formation of the Andean
mountain range.
• RETICULATE EVOLUTION

56. Future prospects
Passion fruits and biodiversity
Complete and verify our knowledge on little or non-exploited zones and
tune further geographic analyses to test passion fruits as an indicator
group.
Passion fruits and genetic resources
Explore the possibility of interspecific hybridization to compensate for the
deficiencies of the main cultivated species.
Passifloraceae studies and their evolution
- Sequences of other genome regions.
- Study hybridization and introgression between sympatric species
(compatibility, molecular markers and cytogenetics) to understand cross-
linking mechanisms.
- Study the plastid genome transmission in the family at the genus level.

57. Thanks!