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Introduction. The role of the immune system. Components of the immune system. Morphology of lymphoid organs .  Basic definitions.  The structure of antibodies, generation of diversity.
Topics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Topics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Topics 12.  Classes of immunoglobulins and biological activities  (two light-chain  subtypes,  λ  4 subtypes, five heavy-chains isotypes/classes,  subisotypes/subclasses,  Immunoglobulin superfamily of receptors 14.  Secreted immunoglobulins (sIg), membrane-bound immunoglobulins (mIg), carboxyl-terminal domain ( extracellular hydrophilic “spacer” sequence ,  hydrophobic transmembrane sequenc e,  cytoplasmic tail ) 16.  Immunoglobulin genes 17.  Generation of diversity ( combinatorial V-D-J joining  , junctional diversity,  hyper mutations) 18.  Clinical application of antibody-based therapeutics (IVIg)
Overview of the immune respone
BLOOD CELLS   Pluripotent haemopoietic stem cell Red blood cells 5x10 12 /l  (5x10 6 /mm 3 )   120 days Platelets 200x10 9 /l  (2x10 5 /mm 3 )   8-12 days White blood cells 5x10 9 /l   (2x10 3 /mm3)     <hours  – years Neutrophils 50-70% Lymphocytes 20-40% Monocytes  1-6% Eosinophils 1-3% Basophils <1% BLOOD PLASMA Clotting factors Proteins of innate and adaptive immunity
Blood cells Human red blood cells ( red ), activated platelets ( purple )   white blood cells - monocyte ( green ) T lymphocyte ( orange ). Colorized - SEM (scanning electron micrograph) Magnification: - 1200x -- (Based on an image size of 1 inch in the narrow dimension) ©Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc.,  www.DennisKunkel.com
WHITE BLOOD CELLS Basophil mast cell Eosinophil phagocyte Neutrophil phagocyte Monocyte macrophage phagocyte Langerhans / dendritic cell family Natural killer cell B lymphocyte T lymphocyte
Neutrophils - phagocytes that form first line of defence against bacteria that proliferate in the extracellular fluids Deficiency in numbers or quality of neutrophils:- Skin infections Abscess formation (staphylococci) Invasive bacterial infections   (rapidly dividing extracellularly replicating) Septicaemia Invasive fungal infection Death within 1-2 weeks if no neutrophils
The  clonal - selection   theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Antigen-antibody interaction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Definitions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The immunoglobulin superfamily ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Organization and expression of immunoglobulin genes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Origin of Antibody Diversity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Characteristics of the  i mmune  s ystem ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Current polyvalent antibody based therapeutics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Antivenins ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Antitoxins ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Antichemical ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Anti-infectives ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Monoclonal antobodies and their derivatives. Immunological tests and techniques employing monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antiodies in therapy.  Structure and function of T cell receptor .  Seminar 2
Topics  1 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Topics  2 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The  clonal - selection   theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Definitions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Nomenclature ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Monoclonal antibodies approved for therapeutic use in the USA Multiple sclerosis Receptor binding and antagonism; inhibition of leukocyte adhesion to their counter receptors α4-Subunit of α4β1-integrin  And α4β7-integrin Humanized IgG4 Tysabri; natalizumab Persistent asthma Ligand binding and receptor antagonism; reduction in release of allergic-response mediators from mast cells and basophils IgE Humanized IgG1 Xolair; omalizumab Prophylaxis against RSV infection in children at high risk Binding and neutralization of RSV; inhibition of viral fusion and replication RSV gpF Humanized IgG1 Synagis; palivizumab Rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis Ligand binding and receptor antagonism; induction of CDC TNF Human IgG1 Humira; adalimumab Plaque psoriasis Receptor binding and antagonism; inhibition of leukocyte adhesion to other cells CD11a Humanized IgG1 Raptiva; efalizumab Rattle snake antidote Toxin binding and neutralization Snake venom Ovine Fab CroFab Digoxin overdose Drug binding and neutralization Digoxin Ovine Fab DigiFab Prevention of plateletmediated clots in coronary angioplasty Receptor binding and antagonism; inhibition of platelet aggregation gpIIb–gpIIIa and  αvβ3-Integrin Chimeric Fab ReoPro; abciximab Crohn’s disease, rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis,  Ulcerative colitis and ankylosing spondylitis Ligand binding and receptor antagonism TNF Chimeric IgG1 Remicade; infliximab Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and rheumatoid arthritis Sensitization of cells to chemotherapy; induction of apoptosis, ADCC and CDC CD20 Chimeric IgG1 Rituxan, MabThera; rituximab Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Induction of cell death by radiation; induction of apoptosis, ADCC and CDC CD20 Mouse IgG2a, 131I-labelled Bexxar; 131I-tositumomab Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Induction of cell death by radiation; induction of apoptosis CD20 Mouse IgG1, 90Y-labelled Zevalin ibritumomab tiuxetan Acute myeloid leukaemia that expresses CD33 Induction of double-stranded DNA breaks and cell death (caused by calicheamicin) CD33 Humanized IgG4, Calicheamicin conjugated Mylotarg; Gemtuzumab ozogamicin B-cell chronic lymphocytic  leukaemia Induction of ADCC and CDC CD52 Humanized IgG1 Campath; alemtuzumab Metastatic colorectal cancer Ligand binding and receptor antagonism; inhibition of angiogenesis and metastatic disease progression VEGF Humanized IgG1 Avastin; bevacizumab Metastatic colorectal cancer, and head and neck cancer Receptor binding and antagonism; inhibition of  cell proliferation; induction of  apoptosis; sensitization of cells to chemotherapy and  radiotherapy; inhibition of  angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis; induction of ADCC EGFR Chimeric IgG1 Erbitux cetuximab Metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses ERBB2 Sensitization of cells to chemotherapy; inhibition of angiogenesis and proliferation, induction of ADCC ERBB2 Humanized IgG1 Herceptin trastuzumab Prophylaxis of acute kidney-transplant rejection Receptor binding and antagonism CD25 Chimeric IgG1 Simulect basiliximab Prophylaxis of acute kidney-transplant rejection Receptor binding and antagonism CD25 Humanized IgG1 Zenapax daclizumab Prophylaxis of acute kidney-transplant rejection Blocking of function of T-cell expressed  CD3; reversal of graft rejection CD3 Mouse IgG2a Orthoclone OKT3 muromonab-CD3 Approved indication Mechanisms of action Antigen Product type Product name / antibody name
The immunoglobulin superfamily ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Immune response, its induction and development. Lymphocyte activation. Subpopulations of lymphocytes. Seminar 4
Topics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
T cell populations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cytokines-functions and clinical applications.   Regulation of the immune response .  Effector mechanisms of the immune response. Mechanisms of cytotoxicity . Seminar  5
E ffector  mechanisms  of humoral and cell-mediated immunity - summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Generation of the immune response
Effector mechanisms of the immune system
Th1/Th2 ballance
Role of T H 1/T H 2 balance in determining disease outcomes  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CTL=Tc ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
NK cells ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The effector functions of antibodies
What are cytokines? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cytokine-mediated effects ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cytokine  a ctions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
How can non-specific cytokines act specifically? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cytokine nomenclature ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Five cytokine receptor families ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Signal Transduction by cytokine receptors ,[object Object],[object Object]
Major functions of cytokines ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Early mediators ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Interferon  a ction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Chemokines ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Late mediators ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Down regulators ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Maintenance cytokines ,[object Object],[object Object]
Cytokine-related diseases ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Innate immunity.  The complement system.  The phagocytic system.  Interferons-role and clinical applications. Immunity to infectious diseases.  Seminar 7
Topics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Complement activation
Topics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Viruses ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Prokaryotes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fungi ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Parasites ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
General immune evasion mechanisms  Reduction of antigenicity  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Anti-viral immune response. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Anti-viral immune response. Innate immunity.
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Evasion of cell-mediated immunity by viruses
Anti-bacterial immune response. Innate immunity. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Anti-bacterial immune response. Acquired immunity.
Anti-bacterial immune response. Acquired immunity. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Anti-bacterial immune response. Pathogenesis of infectious diseases. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Characteristics of a good vaccine ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Types of vaccines ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Transplantation immunology. Mechanisms of allogeneic transplant rejection, induction of transplantation tolerance Seminar 11
Types of transplants syngeneic = autograft cells/tissue/organ transferred from one part of the body to another in the same individual allogeneic = allograft cells/tissue/organ   transferred between genetically different members of the same species xenotransplant = xenograft cells/tissue/organ transferred between members of different species isogeneic = isograft cells/tissue/organ   transplanted between genetically identical individuals
Types of rejection antibodies, immune complexes, cellular reaction, recurrence of disease months/years  Chronic primary activation of T cells days/weeks Acute reactivation of sensitized T cells days Accelerated preformed anti-donor antibodies minutes/hours Hyperacute CAUSE TIME TEKEN TYPE OF   REJECTION
Hyper-acute rejection ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Acute rejection – direct and indirect presentation
Chronic rejection ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Tests: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Crossmatch measuring cell  lysis  suspension of donor  lymphocytes   recipient’s seru m complement
Mixed lymphocyte reaction ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],History of xenotransplantation in men
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Xenotransplantation. Attempts to avoid hyperacute rejection in xenotransplantation
Bone marrow transplantation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Immunosuppressive treatment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Problems of current transplantology ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hypersensitivity types. Atopic diseases – pathogenesis and current treatment, immunotherapy. Seminar 12
Topics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HYPERSENSITIVITY NON-SELF ANTIGEN AUTOIMMUNITY SELF ANTIGEN IMMUNE RESPONSE TOLERANCE
IgE antibodies  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Characteristics  of type II hypersensitivity - c ytotoxic  h ypersensitivity  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Type III hypersensitivity – immune complex reaction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Type IV hypersensitivity
Major histocompatibility complex. Antigen presentation and recognition. Seminar 4
Topics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The immunoglobulin superfamily ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cytosolic pathway
Endocytic pathway
Introduction to tumor biology. Immunology and immunothrapy of tumors. Seminar 12
 
 
 
 
Cancer pathways
Cancer screening
Cancer therapeutic agents
Tolerance, autoimmunity, mechanisms preventing autoimmune response. Prospects for specific therapies. Seminar 13
IMMUNE TOLERANCE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
FEATURES OF THE IMMUNE TOLERANCE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SIGNIFICANCE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MECHANISMS OF TOLERANCE  CENTRAL TOLERANCE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MECHANISMS OF TOLERANCE  CENTRAL TOLERANCE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MECHANISMS OF PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE  – T cells ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MECHANISMS OF PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE  – T cells ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MECHANISMS OF PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE  – T cells ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Immune tolerance. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],APPLICATIONS MODIFICATION OF IMMUNE TOLERANCE
STRATEGIES OF TOLERANCE INDUCTION IN TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and HYPERSENSITIVITY DISORDERS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. Prospects for treatment and prevention of AIDS Seminar 15
 
 
 
 
 
 

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Immuno Coverage

  • 1. Introduction. The role of the immune system. Components of the immune system. Morphology of lymphoid organs . Basic definitions. The structure of antibodies, generation of diversity.
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4. Topics 12. Classes of immunoglobulins and biological activities (two light-chain subtypes, λ 4 subtypes, five heavy-chains isotypes/classes, subisotypes/subclasses, Immunoglobulin superfamily of receptors 14. Secreted immunoglobulins (sIg), membrane-bound immunoglobulins (mIg), carboxyl-terminal domain ( extracellular hydrophilic “spacer” sequence , hydrophobic transmembrane sequenc e, cytoplasmic tail ) 16. Immunoglobulin genes 17. Generation of diversity ( combinatorial V-D-J joining , junctional diversity, hyper mutations) 18. Clinical application of antibody-based therapeutics (IVIg)
  • 5. Overview of the immune respone
  • 6. BLOOD CELLS Pluripotent haemopoietic stem cell Red blood cells 5x10 12 /l (5x10 6 /mm 3 ) 120 days Platelets 200x10 9 /l (2x10 5 /mm 3 ) 8-12 days White blood cells 5x10 9 /l (2x10 3 /mm3) <hours – years Neutrophils 50-70% Lymphocytes 20-40% Monocytes 1-6% Eosinophils 1-3% Basophils <1% BLOOD PLASMA Clotting factors Proteins of innate and adaptive immunity
  • 7. Blood cells Human red blood cells ( red ), activated platelets ( purple ) white blood cells - monocyte ( green ) T lymphocyte ( orange ). Colorized - SEM (scanning electron micrograph) Magnification: - 1200x -- (Based on an image size of 1 inch in the narrow dimension) ©Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc., www.DennisKunkel.com
  • 8. WHITE BLOOD CELLS Basophil mast cell Eosinophil phagocyte Neutrophil phagocyte Monocyte macrophage phagocyte Langerhans / dendritic cell family Natural killer cell B lymphocyte T lymphocyte
  • 9. Neutrophils - phagocytes that form first line of defence against bacteria that proliferate in the extracellular fluids Deficiency in numbers or quality of neutrophils:- Skin infections Abscess formation (staphylococci) Invasive bacterial infections (rapidly dividing extracellularly replicating) Septicaemia Invasive fungal infection Death within 1-2 weeks if no neutrophils
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  • 22. Monoclonal antobodies and their derivatives. Immunological tests and techniques employing monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antiodies in therapy. Structure and function of T cell receptor . Seminar 2
  • 23.
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  • 29. Monoclonal antibodies approved for therapeutic use in the USA Multiple sclerosis Receptor binding and antagonism; inhibition of leukocyte adhesion to their counter receptors α4-Subunit of α4β1-integrin And α4β7-integrin Humanized IgG4 Tysabri; natalizumab Persistent asthma Ligand binding and receptor antagonism; reduction in release of allergic-response mediators from mast cells and basophils IgE Humanized IgG1 Xolair; omalizumab Prophylaxis against RSV infection in children at high risk Binding and neutralization of RSV; inhibition of viral fusion and replication RSV gpF Humanized IgG1 Synagis; palivizumab Rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis Ligand binding and receptor antagonism; induction of CDC TNF Human IgG1 Humira; adalimumab Plaque psoriasis Receptor binding and antagonism; inhibition of leukocyte adhesion to other cells CD11a Humanized IgG1 Raptiva; efalizumab Rattle snake antidote Toxin binding and neutralization Snake venom Ovine Fab CroFab Digoxin overdose Drug binding and neutralization Digoxin Ovine Fab DigiFab Prevention of plateletmediated clots in coronary angioplasty Receptor binding and antagonism; inhibition of platelet aggregation gpIIb–gpIIIa and αvβ3-Integrin Chimeric Fab ReoPro; abciximab Crohn’s disease, rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis, Ulcerative colitis and ankylosing spondylitis Ligand binding and receptor antagonism TNF Chimeric IgG1 Remicade; infliximab Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and rheumatoid arthritis Sensitization of cells to chemotherapy; induction of apoptosis, ADCC and CDC CD20 Chimeric IgG1 Rituxan, MabThera; rituximab Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Induction of cell death by radiation; induction of apoptosis, ADCC and CDC CD20 Mouse IgG2a, 131I-labelled Bexxar; 131I-tositumomab Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Induction of cell death by radiation; induction of apoptosis CD20 Mouse IgG1, 90Y-labelled Zevalin ibritumomab tiuxetan Acute myeloid leukaemia that expresses CD33 Induction of double-stranded DNA breaks and cell death (caused by calicheamicin) CD33 Humanized IgG4, Calicheamicin conjugated Mylotarg; Gemtuzumab ozogamicin B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia Induction of ADCC and CDC CD52 Humanized IgG1 Campath; alemtuzumab Metastatic colorectal cancer Ligand binding and receptor antagonism; inhibition of angiogenesis and metastatic disease progression VEGF Humanized IgG1 Avastin; bevacizumab Metastatic colorectal cancer, and head and neck cancer Receptor binding and antagonism; inhibition of cell proliferation; induction of apoptosis; sensitization of cells to chemotherapy and radiotherapy; inhibition of angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis; induction of ADCC EGFR Chimeric IgG1 Erbitux cetuximab Metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses ERBB2 Sensitization of cells to chemotherapy; inhibition of angiogenesis and proliferation, induction of ADCC ERBB2 Humanized IgG1 Herceptin trastuzumab Prophylaxis of acute kidney-transplant rejection Receptor binding and antagonism CD25 Chimeric IgG1 Simulect basiliximab Prophylaxis of acute kidney-transplant rejection Receptor binding and antagonism CD25 Humanized IgG1 Zenapax daclizumab Prophylaxis of acute kidney-transplant rejection Blocking of function of T-cell expressed CD3; reversal of graft rejection CD3 Mouse IgG2a Orthoclone OKT3 muromonab-CD3 Approved indication Mechanisms of action Antigen Product type Product name / antibody name
  • 30.
  • 31. Immune response, its induction and development. Lymphocyte activation. Subpopulations of lymphocytes. Seminar 4
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34. Cytokines-functions and clinical applications. Regulation of the immune response . Effector mechanisms of the immune response. Mechanisms of cytotoxicity . Seminar 5
  • 35.
  • 36. Generation of the immune response
  • 37. Effector mechanisms of the immune system
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42. The effector functions of antibodies
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45.
  • 46.
  • 47.
  • 48.
  • 49.
  • 50.
  • 51.
  • 52.
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  • 58.  
  • 59. Innate immunity. The complement system. The phagocytic system. Interferons-role and clinical applications. Immunity to infectious diseases. Seminar 7
  • 60.
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  • 67.
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  • 75.
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  • 77. Transplantation immunology. Mechanisms of allogeneic transplant rejection, induction of transplantation tolerance Seminar 11
  • 78. Types of transplants syngeneic = autograft cells/tissue/organ transferred from one part of the body to another in the same individual allogeneic = allograft cells/tissue/organ transferred between genetically different members of the same species xenotransplant = xenograft cells/tissue/organ transferred between members of different species isogeneic = isograft cells/tissue/organ transplanted between genetically identical individuals
  • 79. Types of rejection antibodies, immune complexes, cellular reaction, recurrence of disease months/years Chronic primary activation of T cells days/weeks Acute reactivation of sensitized T cells days Accelerated preformed anti-donor antibodies minutes/hours Hyperacute CAUSE TIME TEKEN TYPE OF REJECTION
  • 80.
  • 81. Acute rejection – direct and indirect presentation
  • 82.
  • 83.
  • 84. Crossmatch measuring cell lysis suspension of donor lymphocytes recipient’s seru m complement
  • 85.
  • 86.
  • 87.
  • 88.
  • 89.
  • 90.
  • 91. Hypersensitivity types. Atopic diseases – pathogenesis and current treatment, immunotherapy. Seminar 12
  • 92.
  • 93. HYPERSENSITIVITY NON-SELF ANTIGEN AUTOIMMUNITY SELF ANTIGEN IMMUNE RESPONSE TOLERANCE
  • 94.
  • 95.
  • 96.
  • 98. Major histocompatibility complex. Antigen presentation and recognition. Seminar 4
  • 99.
  • 100.
  • 103. Introduction to tumor biology. Immunology and immunothrapy of tumors. Seminar 12
  • 104.  
  • 105.  
  • 106.  
  • 107.  
  • 111. Tolerance, autoimmunity, mechanisms preventing autoimmune response. Prospects for specific therapies. Seminar 13
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  • 120.
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  • 122. Primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. Prospects for treatment and prevention of AIDS Seminar 15
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  • 128.