2. pÉëëáçå=lÄàÉÅíáîÉë
qç=ÖáîÉ=óçì=~=ï~ó=çÑ=îáÉïáåÖ=~åÇ=ÇÉëÅêáÄáåÖ=ÄìëáåÉëë=ÅìäíìêÉë
qç=ÇÉãçåëíê~íÉ=íÜÉ=Ñáå~åÅá~ä=ÄÉåÉÑáíë=çÑ=ëìÅÅÉëëÑìä=áåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=
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ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
3. tÜó=Ü~îÉ=óçì=áåîáíÉÇ=ãÉ=íçÇ~óÁ
eÉäé=Äê~åÇë=ã~å~ÖÉ=íÜÉ=ÖäçÄ~äLäçÅ~ä=ÇáäÉãã~
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Ó j~êâÉíáåÖ=áå=íÜÉ=rp^
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é Ö é é
t~åí=íç=ëÉÉ=Åçãé~åáÉë=áãéêçîÉ=íÜÉáê=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉåÉëë=~Åêçëë=ÄçêÇÉêë
ÖìÉëí=ÉñéÉêíW=`kkI=pâó=kÉïëI=`k_`I=cáå~åÅá~ä=qáãÉëI=__`=kÉïë
5
http://pewglobal.org/database/?indicator=18
6
«=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã
ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
8. 15
aáãÉåëáçåë=çÑ=`ìäíìêÉ=
Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F
Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F
USA UK
DK D FR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Task Relationship
Relating
16
«=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã
ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
9. aáãÉåëáçåë=çÑ=`ìäíìêÉ=
Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F
Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F
D UK
DK USA FR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Explicit Implicit
Relating
17
aáãÉåëáçåë=çÑ=`ìäíìêÉ=
Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F
Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F
UK DK
USA D FR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Individual Group
Relating
18
«=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã
ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
10. aáãÉåëáçåë=çÑ=`ìäíìêÉ=
Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F
Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F
DK
USA UK D FR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Risk-taking Risk-Avoiding
Regulating: Risk
19
aáãÉåëáçåë=çÑ=`ìäíìêÉ=
Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F
Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F
USA
DK D UK FR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Tight Loose
use of time use of time
Regulating: Time
20
«=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã
ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
11. aáãÉåëáçåë=çÑ=`ìäíìêÉ=
Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F
Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F
DK USA UK D FR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Shared Concentrated
Regulating: Power
21
aáãÉåëáçåë=çÑ=`ìäíìêÉ=
Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F
Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F
UK
DK
USA
D FR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Linear Circular
Reasoning
22
«=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã
ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
12. aáãÉåëáçåë=çÑ=`ìäíìêÉ=
Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F
Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F
USA
DK D UK FR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Facts Thinking
Reasoning
23
aáãÉåëáçåë=çÑ=`ìäíìêÉ=
Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F
Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F
UK
DK
USA D FR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Simple Complex
Reasoning: Context
24
«=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã
ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
14. dil_b=`çìåíêó=`äìëíÉêë
Nordic Europe: Latin Europe: Latin America: Southern Asia:
Finland France Argentina Philippines
Sweden Switzerland (French Bolivia Indonesia
Denmark speaking) Brazil Malaysia
Netherlands Italy Colombia Thailand
Portugal Costa Rica Iran
Germanic Europe: Spain Ecuador India
Germany (former West) Israel El Salvador
Switzerland (German speaking) Guatemala Sub-Saharan Africa:
Austria Anglo: Mexico Zimbabwe
Germany (former East) (Europe) Ireland Venezuela Namibia
(Europe) United Kingdom Zambia
Eastern Europe: Australia Nigeria
Confucian Asia:
Poland New Zealand South Africa (black sample)
Albania United States China
Georgia Canada
C d Hong Kong
Greece South Africa (white sample) Japan
Kazakhstan Korean Rep.
Russia Middle East: Singapore
Slovenia Turkey Morocco Taiwan
Hungary Egypt Qatar
Arab Rep. Kuwait
(Clustering based on societal culture GLOBE, cross-cultural literature, and World Bank Data) 27
27
dÉåÉê~ääóI=~Åêçëë=SO=ëçÅáÉíáÉëÁ
pçãÉ=äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=~ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=ÅçåíêáÄìíáåÖ
pçãÉ=äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=~ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=ÅçåíêáÄìíáåÖ
íç=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=ÉîÉêóïÜÉêÉK
pçãÉ=äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=~ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=áãéÉÇáåÖ
pçãÉ=äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=~ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=áãéÉÇáåÖ
äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=ÉîÉêóïÜÉêÉK
pçãÉ=~ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ áå=ëçãÉ=
pçãÉ=~ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ
ÅìäíìêÉë=~åÇ=åçí=áå=çíÜÉêëK
ä = Ç= =á = Ü
pçãÉ=~ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=åÉìíê~ä=çê=ÉîÉå=åÉÖ~íáîÉ=
pçãÉ=~ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=åÉìíê~ä=çê=ÉîÉå=åÉÖ~íáîÉ=
áå=ëçãÉ=ÅìäíìêÉë=~åÇ=åçí=áå=çíÜÉêëK
28
28
«=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã
ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
15. tÜáÅÜ=iÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=^ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=
ìåáîÉêë~ääó=î~äìÉÇ
Authority-Oriented: leader influences others by formal status, authority or
position
iti
Autonomous: leader is independent, individualistic or self-reliant
Charismatic: leader inspires others around a vision or values and high
performance standards
Face-Saving: leader maintains harmony and good relationships by indirect
communication or avoiding negatives
Humane-Oriented: leader is supportive, compassionate, and considerate of
pp p
others
Participative: leader shares power and decision-making
Team-Oriented: leader effectively builds and manages cohesive and loyal
teams that work to achieve a common goal
29
29
dil_bW=pìãã~êó=çÑ=cáåÇáåÖë
iÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=ÄÉäáÉÑë=ÜÉäÇ=~êçìåÇ=íÜÉ=ïçêäÇ=áåÑäìÉåÅÉ=
äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=éê~ÅíáÅÉëK
ä Ç Üá = á
iÉ~ÇÉê=ÄÉÜ~îáçìêë=áåíÉêéêÉíÉÇ=~ë=ÅÜ~êáëã~íáÅ çê=íÉ~ãJ
iÉ~ÇÉê=ÄÉÜ~îáçìêë=áåíÉêéêÉíÉÇ=~ë=ÅÜ~êáëã~íáÅ çê=íÉ~ãJ
çêáÉåíÉÇ ~êÉ=ìåáîÉêë~ääó=~ÅÅÉéíÉÇK=
iÉ~ÇÉê=ÄÉÜ~îáçìêë=áåíÉêéêÉíÉÇ=~ë=~ìíçåçãçìëI=~ìíÜçêáíóJ
iÉ~ÇÉê=ÄÉÜ~îáçìêë=áåíÉêéêÉíÉÇ=~ë=~ìíçåçãçìëI=~ìíÜçêáíóJ
çêáÉåíÉÇI=Ñ~ÅÉJë~îáåÖI=Üìã~åÉJ
çêáÉåíÉÇI=Ñ~ÅÉJë~îáåÖI=Üìã~åÉJçêáÉåíÉÇI=çê=é~êíáÅáé~íáîÉ=
~êÉ=~ÅÅÉéíÉÇ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíäó ~ãçåÖ=ÅìäíìêÉëK
30
30
«=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã
ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
19. bîÉêóçåÉ=håçïëW=
råÇÉêäóáåÖ==s~äìÉë
táåLïáå=Z=ÉÅçåçãáÅë=çÑ=~ÄìåÇ~åÅÉI=åçí=ëÅ~êÅáíó
aÉã~åÇ=ÅêÉ~íáçå=áë=ÖççÇ
kÉï=áë=áãéêçîÉÇ
^åóíÜáåÖ=áë=éçëëáÄäÉ
fåÑçêã~íáçå=áë=ÑêÉÉ
Ó ^ãÉêáÅ~åë=ëéÉ~â=áå=èìÉëíáçåë
oÉ~ÇóLÑáêÉL~áã
íÜÉ=^ãÉêáÅ~å=ï~óLáåëìä~êáíó
37
pÉåÇ=ãÉ=~=ãÉãç
qçéáÅë=çåLçÑÑ=íÜÉ=ãÉåì
eìãçìê
oÉëéçåëÉ=ÑêÉèìÉåÅóI=íáãÉÑê~ãÉë
eáÖÜLäçï=ÅçåíÉñí
Ó tvpftvd
Ó pÉäÑJ
pÉäÑJÇÉéêÉÅ~íáçå
Ó råÇÉêëí~íÉãÉåíLçîÉêëí~íÉãÉåí
38
«=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã
ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
20. qêçìÄäÉëçãÉ=tçêÇëÁrh rp
ÜííéWLLÉåKïáâáéÉÇá~KçêÖLïáâáLiáëí|çÑ|_êáíáëÜ|ïçêÇë|
åçí|ïáÇÉäó|ìëÉÇ|áå|íÜÉ|råáíÉÇ|pí~íÉë
39
oÉ~ëçåáåÖ==C=mêÉëÉåí~íáçå=píóäÉë
Facts and conclusions first, Concepts, big picture first
Leading t
L di to rationalization
ti li ti “how,” then “what”
“what,” then “how”
high
context
low
context
Inductive Deductive
(Anglo-Saxon, American) (Latin, Continental Europe)
40
«=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã
ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
26. j~å~ÖáåÖ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=aáäÉãã~ë
tÉää=ã~å~ÖÉÇ
Ó vçì=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ=íÜÉ=~Çî~åí~ÖÉë=çÑ=çåÉ=çê=ÄçíÜ=éçäÉë
Ó qÜÉêÉ=~êÉ=ÑÉï=ëáÖåë=çÑ=íÜÉ=Çáë~Çî~åí~ÖÉë
Ó qÜÉêÉ=~êÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=~ääá~åÅÉë=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜçëÉ=ëìééçêíáåÖ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=
éçáåíë=çÑ=îáÉï
mççêäó=ã~å~ÖÉÇ
Ó vçì=ëéÉåÇ=åÉÉÇäÉëë=íáãÉ=áå=íÜÉ=äçïÉê=èì~Çê~åíë
Ó qÜÉêÉ=~êÉ=áåÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=~ääá~åÅÉëLÇáîáëáçåë
Ó mÉçéäÉ=í~âÉ=~å=ÉáíÜÉêJçê=ÑçÅìë
mÉçéäÉ=í~âÉ=~å=ÉáíÜÉêJ
51
j~å~ÖáåÖ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=aáäÉãã~ë
píê~íÉÖáÉë=Ñçê=ã~å~ÖáåÖ=ÇáäÉãã~ë
oÉÅçÖåáòÉ=óçì=Ü~îÉ=çåÉ
Ö ó
oÉ~ääó=ÖÉí=íÜÉ=ïÜçäÉ=éáÅíìêÉ
råÇÉêëí~åÇ=óçìê=çïå=éçáåí=çÑ=îáÉïLÄá~ëÉë
håçï=ïÜÉêÉ=óçì=~êÉ=áå=íÜÉ=“éçä~êáíó=íïç=ëíÉéÒ
tçêâ=íç=ã~áåí~áå=íÜÉ=~Çî~åí~ÖÉë=çÑ=ÄçíÜ=éçäÉë
pí~ó=~äÉêí=íç=íÜÉ=ÇçïåëáÇÉëÔ
pí~ó=~äÉêí=íç=íÜÉ=ÇçïåëáÇÉëÔÇÉîÉäçé=É~êäó=ï~êåáåÖ=ëóëíÉãë
ó é ó Ö ó
_É=ïáääáåÖ=íç=ã~âÉ=~=ëÜáÑí=íçï~êÇ=íÜÉ=çééçëáåÖ=éçäÉ
^îçáÇ=ÉáíÜÉêJçê=íÜáåâáåÖÔ
^îçáÇ=ÉáíÜÉêJçê=íÜáåâáåÖÔäççâ=Ñçê=ëóåÉêÖáÉë
52
«=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã
ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
27. j~å~ÖáåÖ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=aáäÉãã~ë
+ +
• Flexibility • Clear direction
• Ability t
Abilit to respond to needs
dt d • Alignment across th
Ali t the
of changing markets organization
• Innovative products and • Reliable processes
services
• Responsiveness
Adaptive Consistent
Innovation Execution
• High costs • Mundane products
• Poor quality • Missed market opportunities
• Missed schedules and • Predictable strategy
deadlines • Difficulty with change
• Confusion around priorities
• Inconsistent performance
- -
53
j~å~ÖáåÖ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=aáäÉãã~ë
j~å~ÖáåÖ=íÜÉ=fååçî~íáçåJ
j~å~ÖáåÖ=íÜÉ=fååçî~íáçåJbñÉÅìíáçå=ÇáäÉãã~W
^Ç~éíáîÉ=ÅìäíìêÉW=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=áë=íÜÉ=åçêã
^Ç íá = äí = Ü =á =íÜ =
oÉ~äJ
oÉ~äJíáãÉ=ÅçããìåáÅ~íáçå
pÉãá=ëíêìÅíìêÉëW=^=ÑÉï=“áåîáçä~íÉÒ=êìäÉë
Ó bñéäáÅáí=ÅêáíÉêá~=Ñçê=ëÉííáåÖ=éêáçêáíáÉë
Ó mêçàÉÅí=ÇÉ~ÇäáåÉë
Ó `äÉ~ê=êÉëéçåëáÄáäáíáÉëLçïåÉêë
é
mä~ååÉÇ=áãéêçîáë~íáçå
54
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ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
28. bñÉêÅáëÉW=j~å~ÖáåÖ=däçÄ~ä=
iÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=aáäÉãã~ë
q~ÄäÉ=íÉ~ã=ÉñÉêÅáëÉW
vçì=~åÇ=óçìê=í~ÄäÉ=íÉ~ã=ïáää=ëéÉåÇ=íÜÉ=åÉñí=PM=ãáåìíÉë=ÉñéäçêáåÖ=
v = Ç= =í Ää =í = áää= Ç=íÜ = í=PM= á í = ä á =
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çê=ÉñíÉêå~ä=ÅçääÉ~ÖìÉEëF=çìíëáÇÉ=óçìê=ÜçãÉ=Åçìåíêó
fÇÉåíáÑó=íÜÉ=ê~åÖÉ=çÑ=ëíê~íÉÖáÉë=EëéÉÅáÑáÅ=~ÅíáçåëF=óçì=Å~å=í~âÉ=
ïÜáÅÜ=ÇÉäáîÉêë=íÜÉ=ÄÉëí=çÑ=~ää=Q=èì~Çê~åíë=EáåíÉÖê~íáçåI=åçí=
ÅçãéêçãáëÉF
êÉÅçêÇ=óçìê=~å~äóëáë=~åÇ=áÇÉ~ë=çå=íÜÉ=ÑäáéÅÜ~êí=
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55
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qÜÉêÉ=ïáää=ÄÉ=íÜêÉÉ=RJ
qÜÉêÉ=ïáää=ÄÉ=íÜêÉÉ=RJãáåìíÉ=êçìåÇë=ïáíÜ=É~ÅÜ=çÑ=óçì=Ü~îáåÖ=
íÜÉ=ÅÜ~åÅÉ=íç=éä~ó=íÜÉ=êçäÉ=çÑ=ã~å~ÖÉêI=ëìÄçêÇáå~íÉ=~åÇ=
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