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                                 © Richard Lewis Communications                                    13




                                                                                       14
                                                                              © 2001 Richard D Lewis
                                                                              © 2001 Richard D Lewis




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                                                                               16




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                                                                               17




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                                                                               18




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                                                                               19




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                                                                               20




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                                                                               21




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                                                                               22




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                                                                               23




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                                                                               24




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                                                                               Global
                                                                               Leadership &
                                                                               Organizational
                                                                               Behavior
                                                                               Effectiveness



               http://www.thunderbird.edu/wwwfiles/ms/globe/index.asp                           26
                                                                                                 26




«=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK                                  ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã
                                                                        ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
dil_b=`çìåíêó=`äìëíÉêë
            Nordic Europe:                   Latin Europe:                 Latin America:         Southern Asia:
            Finland                          France                        Argentina              Philippines
            Sweden                           Switzerland (French           Bolivia                Indonesia
            Denmark                          speaking)                     Brazil                 Malaysia
            Netherlands                      Italy                         Colombia               Thailand
                                             Portugal                      Costa Rica             Iran
            Germanic Europe:                 Spain                         Ecuador                India
            Germany (former West)            Israel                        El Salvador
            Switzerland (German speaking)                                  Guatemala              Sub-Saharan Africa:
            Austria                          Anglo:                        Mexico                 Zimbabwe
            Germany (former East)            (Europe) Ireland              Venezuela              Namibia
                                             (Europe) United Kingdom                              Zambia
            Eastern Europe:                  Australia                                            Nigeria
                                                                           Confucian Asia:
            Poland                           New Zealand                                          South Africa (black sample)
            Albania                          United States                 China
            Georgia                          Canada
                                             C    d                        Hong Kong
            Greece                           South Africa (white sample)   Japan
            Kazakhstan                                                     Korean Rep.
            Russia                           Middle East:                  Singapore
            Slovenia                         Turkey    Morocco             Taiwan
            Hungary                          Egypt      Qatar
                                             Arab Rep. Kuwait


                  (Clustering based on societal culture GLOBE, cross-cultural literature, and World Bank Data)             27
                                                                                                                                27




                           dÉåÉê~ääóI=~Åêçëë=SO=ëçÅáÉíáÉëÁ
               pçãÉ=äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=~ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=ÅçåíêáÄìíáåÖ
               pçãÉ=äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=~ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=ÅçåíêáÄìíáåÖ
               íç=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=ÉîÉêóïÜÉêÉK

               pçãÉ=äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=~ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=áãéÉÇáåÖ
               pçãÉ=äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=~ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=áãéÉÇáåÖ
               äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=ÉîÉêóïÜÉêÉK

               pçãÉ=~ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ áå=ëçãÉ=
               pçãÉ=~ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ
               ÅìäíìêÉë=~åÇ=åçí=áå=çíÜÉêëK
                 ä     = Ç= =á = Ü

               pçãÉ=~ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=åÉìíê~ä=çê=ÉîÉå=åÉÖ~íáîÉ=
               pçãÉ=~ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=åÉìíê~ä=çê=ÉîÉå=åÉÖ~íáîÉ=
               áå=ëçãÉ=ÅìäíìêÉë=~åÇ=åçí=áå=çíÜÉêëK
                                                                                                                           28
                                                                                                                                28




«=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK                                               ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã
                                                                                     ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
tÜáÅÜ=iÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=^ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=
                       ìåáîÉêë~ääó=î~äìÉÇ
           Authority-Oriented: leader influences others by formal status, authority or
             position
                  iti
           Autonomous: leader is independent, individualistic or self-reliant
           Charismatic: leader inspires others around a vision or values and high
             performance standards
           Face-Saving: leader maintains harmony and good relationships by indirect
             communication or avoiding negatives
           Humane-Oriented: leader is supportive, compassionate, and considerate of
                                           pp           p
             others
           Participative: leader shares power and decision-making
           Team-Oriented: leader effectively builds and manages cohesive and loyal
             teams that work to achieve a common goal

                                                                                         29
                                                                                          29




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              iÉ~ÇÉê=ÄÉÜ~îáçìêë=áåíÉêéêÉíÉÇ=~ë=~ìíçåçãçìëI=~ìíÜçêáíóJ
              çêáÉåíÉÇI=Ñ~ÅÉJë~îáåÖI=Üìã~åÉJ
              çêáÉåíÉÇI=Ñ~ÅÉJë~îáåÖI=Üìã~åÉJçêáÉåíÉÇI=çê=é~êíáÅáé~íáîÉ=
              ~êÉ=~ÅÅÉéíÉÇ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíäó ~ãçåÖ=ÅìäíìêÉëK



                                                                                         30
                                                                                          30




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                ëí~êí=éä~ååáåÖ=~åÇ=íáãÉJí~ÄäáåÖ=íÜÉ=ä~ìåÅÜ=çÑ=íÜáë=ÉñíÉåëáçå=
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                áå=Ü~îáåÖ=^åÇó=ìåÇÉêëí~åÇ=óçìê=ëáíì~íáçåI=~åÇ=Åê~Ñí=íÜÉ=
                áå=Ü~îáåÖ=^åÇó=ìåÇÉêëí~åÇ=óçìê=ëáíì~íáçå =~åÇ=Åê~Ñí=íÜÉ=
                ~Åíì~ä=ÅçããìåáÅ~íáçå
                kçãáå~íÉ=~=ëéçâÉëéÉêëçå=íç=êÉéçêí=Ä~Åâ
                q~âÉ=OM=ãáåìíÉë

                                                                                31




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                      iáåÉ~êJ
                      iáåÉ~êJ^ÅíáîÉ=mÉçéäÉÁ
              _É=éçäáíÉ=Äìí=ÇáêÉÅí
              rëÉ=äçÖáÅ=~åÇ=ê~íáçå~äáíó
              fåíÉêêìéí=ê~êÉäó
              píáÅâ=íç=íÜÉ=Ñ~Åíë=~åÇ=~ÖÉåÇ~
              pí~ó=êÉëìäíë=çêáÉåíÉÇ
              oÉëíê~áå=ÄçÇó=ä~åÖì~ÖÉ
              _É=éìåÅíì~ä
              `çåÅÉåíê~íÉ=çå=íÜÉ=í~ëâ=~í=Ü~åÇLéêçàÉÅíLïçêâëíêÉ~ã
              cçääçï=êìäÉëI=êÉÖìä~íáçåëI=ä~ïë
              qêìíÜ=íêìãéë=Çáéäçã~Åó

                    Do you know bosses/clients/colleagues like this?
                                                                                32




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                      jìäíáJ
                      jìäíáJ^ÅíáîÉ=mÉçéäÉÁ
              aáëéä~ó=ÑÉÉäáåÖë=~åÇ=Éãçíáçåë
              fåíÉêêìéí=ïÜÉå=óçì=äáâÉ
              aáéäçã~íáÅ=íêìãéë=ÇáêÉÅí
              mÉçéäÉI=ÑÉÉäáåÖë=ãçêÉ=áãéçêí~åí=íÜ~å=Ñ~Åíë
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              pÉÉâ=~åÇ=ÖáîÉ=Ñ~îçìêë=ïáíÜ=âÉó=éÉçéäÉ
              qÜÉ=ëéçâÉå=ïçêÇ=áë=áãéçêí~åí
              aáîÉêí=Ñêçã=~ÖÉåÇ~=íç=ÉñéäçêÉ=áåíÉêÉëíáåÖ=áÇÉ~ëI=ÇáëÅìëëáåÖ=ëÉîÉê~ä=
              íÜáåÖë=~í=çåÅÉ

                    Do you know bosses/clients/colleagues like this?
                                                                                     33




                      bÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=ïçêâáåÖ=ïáíÜ=
                      oÉ~ÅíáîÉ=mÉçéäÉÁ
              dççÇ=äáëíÉåáåÖ=áë=áãéçêí~åí
              péÉÉÅÜ=áë=íç=éêçãçíÉ=Ü~êãçåó
              kÉîÉê=áåíÉêêìéíI=ÅçåÑêçåí=çê=Çáë~ÖêÉÉ=çéÉåäó
              pí~íÉãÉåíë=~êÉ=éêçãáëÉë
              pÜ~êÉ=~ë=ãìÅÜ=~ë=óçì=Å~å
              q~äâ=ëäçïäó
              rëÉ=åÉíïçêâë
              açåÛí=êìëÜ=çê=éêÉëëìêÉ
              dç=çîÉê=íÜáåÖë=ëÉîÉê~ä=íáãÉë
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              c~ÅÉJíçJ
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              tçêâ=Ü~êÇ=íç=ÄìáäÇ=íêìëí
              lÄëÉêîÉ=ÜáÉê~êÅÜáÉëI=êÉëéÉÅí=Ñçê=~ÖÉLïáëÇçã

                    Do you know bosses/clients/colleagues like this?
                                                                                     34




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                                                             ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
^=ÑÉï=ïçêÇë=çå=ïçêâáåÖ=ïáíÜ=^ãÉêáÅ~åëÁ




                                                                   35




                     eáëíçêó=~åÇ=áíë=áåÑäìÉåÅÉ=çå=ÄìëáåÉëë=íçÇ~ó

              qÜÉ=mìêáí~å=ÇáäÉãã~
              j~åáÑÉëí=aÉëíáåó
              oÉîçäìíáçå
              kÉï=éä~ÅÉ=Z=ÄÉííÉê=éä~ÅÉ
              péÉÉÇ=áë=êÉï~êÇÉÇ




                                                                   36




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                                               ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
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                       råÇÉêäóáåÖ==s~äìÉë
              táåLïáå=Z=ÉÅçåçãáÅë=çÑ=~ÄìåÇ~åÅÉI=åçí=ëÅ~êÅáíó
              aÉã~åÇ=ÅêÉ~íáçå=áë=ÖççÇ
              kÉï=áë=áãéêçîÉÇ
              ^åóíÜáåÖ=áë=éçëëáÄäÉ
              fåÑçêã~íáçå=áë=ÑêÉÉ
               Ó   ^ãÉêáÅ~åë=ëéÉ~â=áå=èìÉëíáçåë
              oÉ~ÇóLÑáêÉL~áã
              íÜÉ=^ãÉêáÅ~å=ï~óLáåëìä~êáíó
                                                                     37




                       pÉåÇ=ãÉ=~=ãÉãç
              qçéáÅë=çåLçÑÑ=íÜÉ=ãÉåì
              eìãçìê
              oÉëéçåëÉ=ÑêÉèìÉåÅóI=íáãÉÑê~ãÉë
              eáÖÜLäçï=ÅçåíÉñí
               Ó   tvpftvd
               Ó   pÉäÑJ
                   pÉäÑJÇÉéêÉÅ~íáçå
               Ó   råÇÉêëí~íÉãÉåíLçîÉêëí~íÉãÉåí

                                                                     38




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                                                  ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
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             åçí|ïáÇÉäó|ìëÉÇ|áå|íÜÉ|råáíÉÇ|pí~íÉë




                                                                           39




                      oÉ~ëçåáåÖ==C=mêÉëÉåí~íáçå=píóäÉë

              Facts and conclusions first,   Concepts, big picture first
              Leading t
              L di to rationalization
                           ti  li ti         “how,” then “what”
              “what,” then “how”


                                                         high
                                                       context
                        low
                      context

                    Inductive                         Deductive
             (Anglo-Saxon, American)         (Latin, Continental Europe)

                                                                           40




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               qÜÉó=ïÉêÉ=Åçåëí~åíäó=~ëâáåÖ=óçì=íç=Öç=Ä~Åâ=çîÉê=ÚçäÇ=ÖêçìåÇÛ=~åÇ=
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               ÄêçìÖÜí=~äçåÖ=óçìê=ë~äÉë=íêÉåÇ=Ç~í~I=Äìí=íÜÉó=ëÉÉãÉÇ=íç=ï~åí=íç=
               ÇáëÅìëë=~êçìåÇ=íÜÉ=Ç~í~=~åÇ=í~äâ=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=Äê~åÇ=ëíê~íÉÖóK=vçì=íÜçìÖÜí=
               óçì=Ü~Ç=ÖçåÉ=íÜÉêÉ=íç=ï~äâ=íÜÉã=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=åÉï=~ééêç~ÅÜ=Ó
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               ÅçãéäÉíÉ=ï~ëíÉ=çÑ=óçìê=íáãÉK
               ÅçãéäÉíÉ=ï~ëíÉ=çÑ=óçìê=íáãÉ
               oÉÑÉêêáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=ÇáãÉåëáçåë=áå=íÜÉ=oáÅÜ~êÇ=iÉïáë=ãçÇÉä=Eíêá~åÖäÉFI=áå=ïÜáÅÜ=
               ÇáãÉåëáçåë=~êÉ=íÜÉ=ÄáÖÖÉëí=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉë=
               tÜ~í=áë=íÜÉ=ÄÉëí=ëíê~íÉÖó=Ñçê=ãçîáåÖ=íÜáåÖë=Ñçêï~êÇ=
               q~âÉ=NR=ãáåìíÉë
               mäÉ~ëÉ=ÑäáéÅÜ~êí=óçìê=áÇÉ~ë=~åÇ=åçãáå~íÉ=~=ê~ééçêíÉìê
               mäÉ~ëÉ=ÑäáéÅÜ~êí=óçìê=áÇÉ~ë=~åÇ=åçãáå~íÉ=~=ê~ééçêíÉìê

                                                                                                   41




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              qÜÉêÉ=áë=çåÖçáåÖ=íÉåëáçå=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=íïç
              b~ÅÜ=éçä~êáíó=Ü~ë=~Çî~åí~ÖÉë=~åÇ=Çáë~Çî~åí~ÖÉë
              kÉáíÜÉê=çÑÑÉêë=~=ÅçãéäÉíÉ=ëçäìíáçå
              qÜÉ=äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=Öç~ä=ÄÉÅçãÉë=íç
              Ó ^ÅÜáÉîÉ=íÜÉ=~Çî~åí~ÖÉë=çÑ=ÄçíÜ=éçäÉë

              Ó oÉÇìÅÉ=çê=ãáåáãáòÉ=íÜÉ=Çáë~Çî~åí~ÖÉë



                                                                                                   42




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             däçÄ~ä=ÅçåëáëíÉåÅó=îëK=äçÅ~ä=éê~ÅíáÅÉë
             fåÇáîáÇì~ä=îÉêëìë=íÉ~ã=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ
             j~êâÉí=îÉêëìë=éêçÇìÅí=ÇêáîÉå=ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåí
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             fååçî~íáçå=îÉêëìë=~=êÉäá~ÄäÉ=éêçÅÉëë



                                                                                  43




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Int marketing partners working with the world

  • 1. tçêâáåÖ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=tçêäÇ j~êâÉíáåÖ=^Å~ÇÉãó=_ççíÅ~ãé j~êâÉíáåÖ=^Å~ÇÉãó=_ççíÅ~ãé dççÖäÉ==J dççÖäÉ==J içåÇçåI=U=pÉéíÉãÄÉê=OMNM Ö I é ^ääóëçå=píÉï~êíJ ^ääóëçå=píÉï~êíJ^ääÉå aáêÉÅíçê fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK dêçëîÉåçê=d~êÇÉåë=eçìëÉ PRLPT=dêçëîÉåçê=d~êÇÉåë içåÇçå==ptNt=M_p íÉäW=HQQJOMLTUOUJVQMM==Ñ~ñW=HQQJOMLTUOUJ íÉäW=HQQJOMLTUOUJVQMM==Ñ~ñW=HQQJOMLTUOUJVQSS ÉW=~ääóëçå]áåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã 1 © International Marketing Partners Ltd. ^ÖÉåÇ~ m~óçÑÑ=Ñêçã=ìåÇÉêëí~åÇáåÖ=“ÄìëáåÉëë=ÅìäíìêÉÒ _ìëáåÉëë=ÅìäíìêÉ=ãçÇÉäë j~å~ÖáåÖ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=aáäÉãã~ë oçäÉ=éä~óë mÉêëçå~ä=^Åíáçå=mä~ååáåÖ 2 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 2. pÉëëáçå=lÄàÉÅíáîÉë qç=ÖáîÉ=óçì=~=ï~ó=çÑ=îáÉïáåÖ=~åÇ=ÇÉëÅêáÄáåÖ=ÄìëáåÉëë=ÅìäíìêÉë qç=ÇÉãçåëíê~íÉ=íÜÉ=Ñáå~åÅá~ä=ÄÉåÉÑáíë=çÑ=ëìÅÅÉëëÑìä=áåíÉêå~íáçå~ä= ìåÇÉêëí~åÇáåÖ qç=çÑÑÉê=áåëáÖÜíë=åÉÅÉëë~êó=íç=ÅêÉ~íÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=ÅçããìåáÅ~íáçå= ïáíÜ=áåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=ÅçääÉ~ÖìÉë=~åÇLçê=íÉ~ã=ãÉãÄÉêë qç=äÉí=óçì=éê~ÅíáÅÉ=ã~å~ÖáåÖ=íÜÉ=Åìäíìê~ä=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉë=áå=ïçêâ= ëáíì~íáçåë qç=êÉÇìÅÉ=óçìê=äÉîÉäë=çÑ=ëíêÉëëI=Ñêìëíê~íáçå=~åÇ=ÅçåÑäáÅíë=Ä~ëÉÇ=çå= ëáãéäÉ=ãáëìåÇÉêëí~åÇáåÖë á ä = á Ç í Çá qç=ê~áëÉ=íÜÉ=éêçÄ~Äáäáíó=íÜ~í=óçì=ÄìáäÇ=äçåÖJ qç=ê~áëÉ=íÜÉ=éêçÄ~Äáäáíó=íÜ~í=óçì=ÄìáäÇ=äçåÖJíÉêãI=éêçÑáí~ÄäÉ= ÄìëáåÉëë=êÉä~íáçåëÜáéë=ïÜáÅÜ=~ÅÜáÉîÉ=óçìê=ÄìëáåÉëë=~åÇ= éêçÑÉëëáçå~ä=Öç~äë 3 Á~åÇ=óçìê=çÄàÉÅíáîÉë Á~åÇ=óçìê=çÄàÉÅíáîÉë 4 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 3. tÜó=Ü~îÉ=óçì=áåîáíÉÇ=ãÉ=íçÇ~óÁ eÉäé=Äê~åÇë=ã~å~ÖÉ=íÜÉ=ÖäçÄ~äLäçÅ~ä=ÇáäÉãã~ _ê~åÇ_~êçãÉíÉê»=êÉëÉ~êÅÜ=áåíç=ëíêÉåÖíÜ=çÑ=ÜÉêáí~ÖÉLÅçìåíêó=çÑ= çêáÖáå `êçëëJ `êçëëJÅìäíìê~ä=~Çîáëçê=~åÇ=~ìíÜçê= Ó tçêâáåÖ=ïáíÜ=^ãÉêáÅ~åë Ó j~êâÉíáåÖ=áå=íÜÉ=rp^ `êÉ~íçê=çÑ=`çêéçê~íÉ=aáéäçã~Åó=éêçÖê~ããÉ=Ñçê=kÉï=vçêâ= éêÉëëìêÉ=Öêçìé=_ìëáåÉëë=Ñçê=aáéäçã~íáÅ=^Åíáçå é Ö é é t~åí=íç=ëÉÉ=Åçãé~åáÉë=áãéêçîÉ=íÜÉáê=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉåÉëë=~Åêçëë=ÄçêÇÉêë ÖìÉëí=ÉñéÉêíW=`kkI=pâó=kÉïëI=`k_`I=cáå~åÅá~ä=qáãÉëI=__`=kÉïë 5 http://pewglobal.org/database/?indicator=18 6 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 4. tçêâáåÖ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=tçêäÇW=tçêíÜ=ÖÉííáåÖ=áí=êáÖÜí jáÅêçëçÑí 7 tÜó=ëÜçìäÇ=ïÉ=Å~êÉ=~Äçìí= ÖÉííáåÖ=áí=êáÖÜí ÜííéWLL~ÄÅåÉïëKÖçKÅçãL_ìëáåÉëëLçìëíÉÇJÄéJÅÉçJ ÜííéWLL~ÄÅåÉïëKÖçKÅçãL_ìëáåÉëëLçìëíÉÇJÄéJÅÉçJ íçåóJÜ~óï~êÇëJÄáÖÖÉëíJ íçåóJÜ~óï~êÇëJÄáÖÖÉëíJ ÄäìåÇÉêëLëíçêóáÇZNNORPOUR 8 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 5. dçáåÖ=däçÄ~äW=jáëÜ~éë j~êâÉíáåÖ=ÅçããìåáÅ~íáçåë Implementation hÉåíìÅâó=cêáÉÇ=`ÜáÅâÉåW=`Üáå~ ó Zara: UK bäÉÅíêçäìñW=rp= Tesco Fresh & Easy: US ep_`W=oìëëá~ Starbucks: France EuroDisney j~êâÉí=oÉëÉ~êÅÜ _Éííó=`êçÅâÉêW=g~é~å oçääë=oçóÅÉW=dÉêã~åó få~ãÉÇW=br f Ç =br 9 pçÁ=ÜÉêÉÛë=~=ÑÉï=èìÉëíáçåë=àìëí=íç=ëÉÉ=áÑ=vlr= âåçï=Üçï=íç=çéÉê~íÉ=áå=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=ÅìäíìêÉëW `Üáå~W=^åó=ãÉÉíáåÖ=ïáíÜ=`ÜáåÉëÉ=ÄìëáåÉëë=éÉçéäÉ=áë=~äï~óë=~=êÉä~ñÉÇ=~åÇ= áåÑçêã~ä=çåÉK==mêçíçÅçäë=ëÉêîÉ=çåäó=~ë=äççëÉ=ÖìáÇÉäáåÉëI=ëç=óçì=ëÜçìäÇ=~äï~óë= ÉåëìêÉ=óçì=~êÉ=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=íç=ÄêÉ~â=íÜÉ=áÅÉ=ïáíÜ=ÖççÇJÜìãçìêÉÇ=~åÉÅÇçíÉëK= ÉåëìêÉ=óçì=~êÉ=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=íç=ÄêÉ~â=íÜÉ=áÅÉ=ïáíÜ=ÖççÇJÜìãçìêÉÇ=~åÉÅÇçíÉë = c^ipbK fåÇá~W=qÜçìÖÜ=fåÇá~=í~âÉë=ÖêÉ~í=éêáÇÉ=áå=áíë=éêçïÉëë=áå=íÜÉ=ÖäçÄ~ä=fq=áåÇìëíêóI= Éã~áäë=~êÉ=ëíáää=åçí=íÜÉ=ìëì~ä=ï~ó=íç=ÖÉí=íÜáåÖë=ÇçåÉK==c~ÅÉJíçJ Éã~áäë=~êÉ=ëíáää=åçí=íÜÉ=ìëì~ä=ï~ó=íç=ÖÉí=íÜáåÖë=ÇçåÉK==c~ÅÉJíçJÑ~ÅÉ=çê=íÉäÉéÜçåÉ= ÅçããìåáÅ~íáçå=~êÉ=ëíáää=íÜÉ=éêÉÑÉêêÉÇ=ãÉÇá~=Ñçê=ÄìáäÇáåÖ=ÄìëáåÉëë= êÉä~íáçåëÜáéëK== qorbK g~é~åW=fí=áë=Åçããçå=íç=ÅÉäÉÄê~íÉ=óçìê=ëìÅÅÉëëÑìääó=~ÖêÉÉÇ=Åçåíê~Åí=ïáíÜ=óçìê= é ó ó Ö ó g~é~åÉëÉ=ÅäáÉåí=Äó=ÖçáåÖ=íç=~=â~ê~çâÉ=ÅäìÄ=çê=ëìëÜá=Ä~ê=ìåíáä=îÉêó=ä~íÉ=áå=íÜÉ= ÉîÉåáåÖK==eçïÉîÉêI=~ë=óçì=~êÉ=åçí=g~é~åÉëÉI=óçì=~êÉ=åçí=åÉÅÉëë~êáäó=ÉñéÉÅíÉÇ= íç=àçáå=áå=íÜÉ=ÖÉåÉêçìë=äáÄ~íáçåë=åçê=ëí~ó=~ë=ä~íÉ=~ë=óçìê=ÜçëíëK= c^ipbK 10 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 6. pçÁ=ÜÉêÉÛë=~=ÑÉï=èìÉëíáçåë=àìëí=íç=ëÉÉ=áÑ=vlr= âåçï=Üçï=íç=çéÉê~íÉ=áå=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=ÅìäíìêÉëW oìëëá~W=fí=áë=îÉêó=áãéçêí~åí=íç=ëÜçï=êÉëéÉÅí=Ñçê=íÜÉ=Äçëë=áå=~=oìëëá~å= çêÖ~åáò~íáçåI=~åÇ=êÉëéÉÅí=íÜÉ=Åçêéçê~íÉ=ÜáÉê~êÅÜóK==dçáåÖ=çîÉê=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~Çë= çÑ=çíÜÉêë=áë=ÅÉêí~áå=íç=çÑÑÉåÇ=~åÇ=äçïÉê=óçìê=ÅÜ~åÅÉë=çÑ=ÄìáäÇáåÖ= éêçÑáí~ÄäÉ=ÄìëáåÉëë=êÉä~íáçåëÜáéëK= qorbK p~ìÇá=^ê~Äá~W=^ééçáåíãÉåíë=ïáíÜ=p~ìÇá=ÄìëáåÉëëãÉå=~êÉ=ê~êÉäó= ìåáåíÉêêìéíÉÇ=Äó=éÜçåÉ=Å~ääë=çê=îáëáíë=Ñêçã=ÑêáÉåÇë=~åÇ=Ñ~ãáäóK==qÜÉ=ÄÉëí= êÉëéçåëÉ=áë=íç=ëí~ó=Åççä=ê~íÜÉê=íÜ~å=ëÜçï=óçìê=Ñêìëíê~íáçå=~í=íÜÉ=ÇÉä~ó=áå= ÖÉííáåÖ=íÜáåÖë=ÇçåÉKK qorbK qorb råáíÉÇ=pí~íÉëW=fíÛë=äáâÉäó=íÜ~í=ïÜÉå=åÉÖçíá~íáåÖ=ïáíÜ=^ãÉêáÅ~åëI=óçìÛää=ÄÉ= Éèì~ääó=éÉêëì~ëáîÉ=ïÜÉå=éêÉëÉåíáåÖ=èì~äáí~íáîÉ=çéáåáçåë=~åÇ=éçáåíë=çÑ= îáÉï=~ë=ïÜÉå=éêÉëÉåíáåÖ=îçäìãÉë=çÑ=ëí~íáëíáÅ~ä=ÉîáÇÉåÅÉ=íÜ~í=ëìééçêíë= óçìê=éçëáíáçåK== c^ipbK 11 bñÉêÅáëÉW==ïçêâáåÖ=áåíÉêå~íáçå~ääó bñÉêÅáëÉW==ïçêâáåÖ=áåíÉêå~íáçå~ääó táíÜ=óçìê=í~ÄäÉJ táíÜ=óçìê=í~ÄäÉJíÉ~ã=ÅçääÉ~ÖìÉëI=íÉää=ìëW óçìê=éçáåíJçÑJ óçìê=éçáåíJçÑJîáÉï=E~=ÑÉï=ÄìääÉí=éçáåíëF=~Äçìí= Ó ïÜ~í=áåÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=áåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=íÉ~ãë=Çç=EíÜÉ= ïÜ~í=áåÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=áåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=íÉ~ãë=Çç=EíÜÉ= ÄÉÜ~îáçìêëF= Ó tÜ~í=îÉêó=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=áåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=íÉ~ãë=Çç=EíÜÉ= tÜ~í=îÉêó=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=áåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=íÉ~ãë=Çç=EíÜÉ= ÄÉÜ~îáçìêëF= 12 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 7. qÜÉ=`ìäíìêÉ^ÅíáîÉ»=jçÇÉä NR=Åìäíìê~ä=ÇáãÉåëáçåëI=P=Å~íÉÖçêáÉë © Richard Lewis Communications 13 14 © 2001 Richard D Lewis © 2001 Richard D Lewis «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 8. 15 aáãÉåëáçåë=çÑ=`ìäíìêÉ= Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F USA UK DK D FR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Task Relationship Relating 16 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 9. aáãÉåëáçåë=çÑ=`ìäíìêÉ= Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F D UK DK USA FR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Explicit Implicit Relating 17 aáãÉåëáçåë=çÑ=`ìäíìêÉ= Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F UK DK USA D FR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Individual Group Relating 18 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 10. aáãÉåëáçåë=çÑ=`ìäíìêÉ= Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F DK USA UK D FR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Risk-taking Risk-Avoiding Regulating: Risk 19 aáãÉåëáçåë=çÑ=`ìäíìêÉ= Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F USA DK D UK FR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tight Loose use of time use of time Regulating: Time 20 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 11. aáãÉåëáçåë=çÑ=`ìäíìêÉ= Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F DK USA UK D FR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Shared Concentrated Regulating: Power 21 aáãÉåëáçåë=çÑ=`ìäíìêÉ= Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F UK DK USA D FR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Linear Circular Reasoning 22 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 12. aáãÉåëáçåë=çÑ=`ìäíìêÉ= Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F USA DK D UK FR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Facts Thinking Reasoning 23 aáãÉåëáçåë=çÑ=`ìäíìêÉ= Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F Eqj^=tçêäÇmêáëã»=F UK DK USA D FR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Simple Complex Reasoning: Context 24 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 13. qÉëí=óçìê=äçÅ~ä=âåçïäÉÇÖÉÁ qÜÉ=OMNM=ëìêîÉó=ïáää=ëççå=ÄÉ=~î~áä~ÄäÉW ÜííéWLLéÉïÖäçÄ~äKçêÖLÖäçÄ~äLáèL 25 däçÄ~ä=iÉ~ÇÉêëÜáéW=Údil_bÛ=píìÇó NTM=ëçÅá~ä=ëÅáÉåíáëíë=Ñêçã=SO=ÅìäíìêÉë NTM=ëçÅá~ä=ëÅáÉåíáëíë=Ñêçã=SO=ÅìäíìêÉë áåîÉëíáÖ~íÉÇ=íÜÉ=êÉä~íáçåëÜáéë= ÄÉíïÉÉå=ëçÅáÉí~ä=ÅìäíìêÉI=çêÖ~åáò~íáçå~ä=ÅìäíìêÉI=äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáéI=~åÇ= çêÖ~åáò~íáçå~ä=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉåÉëë a~í~=Ö~íÜÉêÉÇ=ïáíÜáå=SO=ÅìäíìêÉë=Ñêçã=~Äçìí=NTIMMM=ãáÇÇäÉ= a~í~=Ö~íÜÉêÉÇ=ïáíÜáå=SO=ÅìäíìêÉë=Ñêçã=~Äçìí=NTIMMM=ãáÇÇäÉ= ã~å~ÖÉêë=áå=VRN=çêÖ~åáò~íáçåë Ä~ëÉÇ=áå=P=áåÇìëíêáÉë=Ecáå~åÅÉI= qÉäÉÅçããìåáÅ~íáçåëI=cççÇF Global Leadership & Organizational Behavior Effectiveness http://www.thunderbird.edu/wwwfiles/ms/globe/index.asp 26 26 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 14. dil_b=`çìåíêó=`äìëíÉêë Nordic Europe: Latin Europe: Latin America: Southern Asia: Finland France Argentina Philippines Sweden Switzerland (French Bolivia Indonesia Denmark speaking) Brazil Malaysia Netherlands Italy Colombia Thailand Portugal Costa Rica Iran Germanic Europe: Spain Ecuador India Germany (former West) Israel El Salvador Switzerland (German speaking) Guatemala Sub-Saharan Africa: Austria Anglo: Mexico Zimbabwe Germany (former East) (Europe) Ireland Venezuela Namibia (Europe) United Kingdom Zambia Eastern Europe: Australia Nigeria Confucian Asia: Poland New Zealand South Africa (black sample) Albania United States China Georgia Canada C d Hong Kong Greece South Africa (white sample) Japan Kazakhstan Korean Rep. Russia Middle East: Singapore Slovenia Turkey Morocco Taiwan Hungary Egypt Qatar Arab Rep. Kuwait (Clustering based on societal culture GLOBE, cross-cultural literature, and World Bank Data) 27 27 dÉåÉê~ääóI=~Åêçëë=SO=ëçÅáÉíáÉëÁ pçãÉ=äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=~ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=ÅçåíêáÄìíáåÖ pçãÉ=äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=~ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=ÅçåíêáÄìíáåÖ íç=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=ÉîÉêóïÜÉêÉK pçãÉ=äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=~ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=áãéÉÇáåÖ pçãÉ=äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=~ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=áãéÉÇáåÖ äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=ÉîÉêóïÜÉêÉK pçãÉ=~ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ áå=ëçãÉ= pçãÉ=~ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ ÅìäíìêÉë=~åÇ=åçí=áå=çíÜÉêëK ä = Ç= =á = Ü pçãÉ=~ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=åÉìíê~ä=çê=ÉîÉå=åÉÖ~íáîÉ= pçãÉ=~ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ=ëÉÉå=~ë=åÉìíê~ä=çê=ÉîÉå=åÉÖ~íáîÉ= áå=ëçãÉ=ÅìäíìêÉë=~åÇ=åçí=áå=çíÜÉêëK 28 28 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 15. tÜáÅÜ=iÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=^ííêáÄìíÉë=~êÉ= ìåáîÉêë~ääó=î~äìÉÇ Authority-Oriented: leader influences others by formal status, authority or position iti Autonomous: leader is independent, individualistic or self-reliant Charismatic: leader inspires others around a vision or values and high performance standards Face-Saving: leader maintains harmony and good relationships by indirect communication or avoiding negatives Humane-Oriented: leader is supportive, compassionate, and considerate of pp p others Participative: leader shares power and decision-making Team-Oriented: leader effectively builds and manages cohesive and loyal teams that work to achieve a common goal 29 29 dil_bW=pìãã~êó=çÑ=cáåÇáåÖë iÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=ÄÉäáÉÑë=ÜÉäÇ=~êçìåÇ=íÜÉ=ïçêäÇ=áåÑäìÉåÅÉ= äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=éê~ÅíáÅÉëK ä Ç Üá = á iÉ~ÇÉê=ÄÉÜ~îáçìêë=áåíÉêéêÉíÉÇ=~ë=ÅÜ~êáëã~íáÅ çê=íÉ~ãJ iÉ~ÇÉê=ÄÉÜ~îáçìêë=áåíÉêéêÉíÉÇ=~ë=ÅÜ~êáëã~íáÅ çê=íÉ~ãJ çêáÉåíÉÇ ~êÉ=ìåáîÉêë~ääó=~ÅÅÉéíÉÇK= iÉ~ÇÉê=ÄÉÜ~îáçìêë=áåíÉêéêÉíÉÇ=~ë=~ìíçåçãçìëI=~ìíÜçêáíóJ iÉ~ÇÉê=ÄÉÜ~îáçìêë=áåíÉêéêÉíÉÇ=~ë=~ìíçåçãçìëI=~ìíÜçêáíóJ çêáÉåíÉÇI=Ñ~ÅÉJë~îáåÖI=Üìã~åÉJ çêáÉåíÉÇI=Ñ~ÅÉJë~îáåÖI=Üìã~åÉJçêáÉåíÉÇI=çê=é~êíáÅáé~íáîÉ= ~êÉ=~ÅÅÉéíÉÇ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíäó ~ãçåÖ=ÅìäíìêÉëK 30 30 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 16. bñÉêÅáëÉ få=óçìê=í~ÄäÉ=ÖêçìéëW vçì=åÉÉÇ=íç=Åçåí~Åí=óçìê=ÅçääÉ~ÖìÉI=^åÇóI=ïÜç=áë=Ä~ëÉÇ=áå= íÜÉ=Åçìåíêó=óçìê=í~ÄäÉ=íÉ~ã=áë=~ëëáÖåÉÇ ^åÇóI=ïÜç=áë=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~Ç=çÑ=íÜÉ=oCa=íÉ~ã=äÉ~ÇáåÖ=~=ã~àçê= ëíìÇó=áå=íÜ~í=ÅçìåíêóI=Ü~ë=åçí=ÄÉÉå=Ñçêï~êÇáåÖ=óçì=íÜÉ= ïÉÉâäó=ìéÇ~íÉë=óçì=êÉèìáêÉ=ëç=íÜ~í=óçìê=Äê~åÇ=íÉ~ã=Å~å= ëí~êí=éä~ååáåÖ=~åÇ=íáãÉJ ëí~êí=éä~ååáåÖ=~åÇ=íáãÉJí~ÄäáåÖ=íÜÉ=ä~ìåÅÜ=çÑ=íÜáë=ÉñíÉåëáçå= íç=óçìê=ê~åÖÉ= qÉää=ìë=ïÜ~í=ÅçããìåáÅ~íáçå=ãÉÇá~=ïçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ãçëí=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ= áå=Ü~îáåÖ=^åÇó=ìåÇÉêëí~åÇ=óçìê=ëáíì~íáçåI=~åÇ=Åê~Ñí=íÜÉ= áå=Ü~îáåÖ=^åÇó=ìåÇÉêëí~åÇ=óçìê=ëáíì~íáçå =~åÇ=Åê~Ñí=íÜÉ= ~Åíì~ä=ÅçããìåáÅ~íáçå kçãáå~íÉ=~=ëéçâÉëéÉêëçå=íç=êÉéçêí=Ä~Åâ q~âÉ=OM=ãáåìíÉë 31 bÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=ïçêâáåÖ=ïáíÜ= iáåÉ~êJ iáåÉ~êJ^ÅíáîÉ=mÉçéäÉÁ _É=éçäáíÉ=Äìí=ÇáêÉÅí rëÉ=äçÖáÅ=~åÇ=ê~íáçå~äáíó fåíÉêêìéí=ê~êÉäó píáÅâ=íç=íÜÉ=Ñ~Åíë=~åÇ=~ÖÉåÇ~ pí~ó=êÉëìäíë=çêáÉåíÉÇ oÉëíê~áå=ÄçÇó=ä~åÖì~ÖÉ _É=éìåÅíì~ä `çåÅÉåíê~íÉ=çå=íÜÉ=í~ëâ=~í=Ü~åÇLéêçàÉÅíLïçêâëíêÉ~ã cçääçï=êìäÉëI=êÉÖìä~íáçåëI=ä~ïë qêìíÜ=íêìãéë=Çáéäçã~Åó Do you know bosses/clients/colleagues like this? 32 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 17. bÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=ïçêâáåÖ=ïáíÜ= jìäíáJ jìäíáJ^ÅíáîÉ=mÉçéäÉÁ aáëéä~ó=ÑÉÉäáåÖë=~åÇ=Éãçíáçåë fåíÉêêìéí=ïÜÉå=óçì=äáâÉ aáéäçã~íáÅ=íêìãéë=ÇáêÉÅí mÉçéäÉI=ÑÉÉäáåÖë=ãçêÉ=áãéçêí~åí=íÜ~å=Ñ~Åíë péÉÉÅÜ=áë=Ñçê=çéáåáçåë qÜáåâ=~äçìÇ pÉÉâ=~åÇ=ÖáîÉ=Ñ~îçìêë=ïáíÜ=âÉó=éÉçéäÉ qÜÉ=ëéçâÉå=ïçêÇ=áë=áãéçêí~åí aáîÉêí=Ñêçã=~ÖÉåÇ~=íç=ÉñéäçêÉ=áåíÉêÉëíáåÖ=áÇÉ~ëI=ÇáëÅìëëáåÖ=ëÉîÉê~ä= íÜáåÖë=~í=çåÅÉ Do you know bosses/clients/colleagues like this? 33 bÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=ïçêâáåÖ=ïáíÜ= oÉ~ÅíáîÉ=mÉçéäÉÁ dççÇ=äáëíÉåáåÖ=áë=áãéçêí~åí péÉÉÅÜ=áë=íç=éêçãçíÉ=Ü~êãçåó kÉîÉê=áåíÉêêìéíI=ÅçåÑêçåí=çê=Çáë~ÖêÉÉ=çéÉåäó pí~íÉãÉåíë=~êÉ=éêçãáëÉë pÜ~êÉ=~ë=ãìÅÜ=~ë=óçì=Å~å q~äâ=ëäçïäó rëÉ=åÉíïçêâë açåÛí=êìëÜ=çê=éêÉëëìêÉ dç=çîÉê=íÜáåÖë=ëÉîÉê~ä=íáãÉë Ö c~ÅÉJíçJ c~ÅÉJíçJÑ~ÅÉ=Åçåí~Åí=áë=áãéçêí~åí tçêâ=Ü~êÇ=íç=ÄìáäÇ=íêìëí lÄëÉêîÉ=ÜáÉê~êÅÜáÉëI=êÉëéÉÅí=Ñçê=~ÖÉLïáëÇçã Do you know bosses/clients/colleagues like this? 34 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 18. ^=ÑÉï=ïçêÇë=çå=ïçêâáåÖ=ïáíÜ=^ãÉêáÅ~åëÁ 35 eáëíçêó=~åÇ=áíë=áåÑäìÉåÅÉ=çå=ÄìëáåÉëë=íçÇ~ó qÜÉ=mìêáí~å=ÇáäÉãã~ j~åáÑÉëí=aÉëíáåó oÉîçäìíáçå kÉï=éä~ÅÉ=Z=ÄÉííÉê=éä~ÅÉ péÉÉÇ=áë=êÉï~êÇÉÇ 36 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 19. bîÉêóçåÉ=håçïëW= råÇÉêäóáåÖ==s~äìÉë táåLïáå=Z=ÉÅçåçãáÅë=çÑ=~ÄìåÇ~åÅÉI=åçí=ëÅ~êÅáíó aÉã~åÇ=ÅêÉ~íáçå=áë=ÖççÇ kÉï=áë=áãéêçîÉÇ ^åóíÜáåÖ=áë=éçëëáÄäÉ fåÑçêã~íáçå=áë=ÑêÉÉ Ó ^ãÉêáÅ~åë=ëéÉ~â=áå=èìÉëíáçåë oÉ~ÇóLÑáêÉL~áã íÜÉ=^ãÉêáÅ~å=ï~óLáåëìä~êáíó 37 pÉåÇ=ãÉ=~=ãÉãç qçéáÅë=çåLçÑÑ=íÜÉ=ãÉåì eìãçìê oÉëéçåëÉ=ÑêÉèìÉåÅóI=íáãÉÑê~ãÉë eáÖÜLäçï=ÅçåíÉñí Ó tvpftvd Ó pÉäÑJ pÉäÑJÇÉéêÉÅ~íáçå Ó råÇÉêëí~íÉãÉåíLçîÉêëí~íÉãÉåí 38 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 20. qêçìÄäÉëçãÉ=tçêÇëÁrh rp ÜííéWLLÉåKïáâáéÉÇá~KçêÖLïáâáLiáëí|çÑ|_êáíáëÜ|ïçêÇë| åçí|ïáÇÉäó|ìëÉÇ|áå|íÜÉ|råáíÉÇ|pí~íÉë 39 oÉ~ëçåáåÖ==C=mêÉëÉåí~íáçå=píóäÉë Facts and conclusions first, Concepts, big picture first Leading t L di to rationalization ti li ti “how,” then “what” “what,” then “how” high context low context Inductive Deductive (Anglo-Saxon, American) (Latin, Continental Europe) 40 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 21. bñÉêÅáëÉ få=óçìê=í~ÄäÉ=íÉ~ãëI=ÇáëÅìëë=íÜáë=ëÅÉå~êáç=~åÇ=íÉää=ìë=Üçï=íç=ãçîÉ=Ñçêï~êÇW tÜÉå=óçì=îáëáíÉÇ=çåÉ=çÑ=óçìê=~ÖÉåÅáÉë=áå=cê~åÅÉ=áå=gìåÉ=íç=ÇáëÅìëë=íÜÉ= ä~ëí=Å~ãé~áÖå=íÜÉó=ïçêâÉÇ=çå=ïÜáÅÜ=ÇáÇåÛí=ãÉÉí=ÉñéÉÅí~íáçåëI=åçí=çåäó= ïÉêÉ=íÜÉó=ä~íÉ=íç=óçìê=éêÉëÉåí~íáçåI=áí=ï~ë=ãÉí=ïáíÜ=~=Ä~êê~ÖÉ=çÑ= ïÉêÉ=íÜÉó=ä~íÉ=íç=óçìê=éêÉëÉåí~íáçå =áí=ï~ë=ãÉí=ïáíÜ=~=Ä~êê~ÖÉ=çÑ= ~ÖÖêÉëëáîÉ=èìÉëíáçåëK= vçì=ïÉêÉ=åçí=ëìêÉ=~í=Ñáêëí=ïÜÉíÜÉê=áí=ï~ë=~=éêçÄäÉã=çÑ=íÜÉã=åçí= ìåÇÉêëí~åÇáåÖ=óçìê=båÖäáëÜI=çê=ïÜÉíÜÉê=íÜÉó=ïÉêÉ=àìëí=ÄÉáåÖ=ÜçëíáäÉK= qÜÉó=ïÉêÉ=Åçåëí~åíäó=~ëâáåÖ=óçì=íç=Öç=Ä~Åâ=çîÉê=ÚçäÇ=ÖêçìåÇÛ=~åÇ= Éñéä~áå=ïÜó=óçì=åÉÉÇÉÇ=íç=áãéäÉãÉåí=ÅÜ~åÖÉë=áå=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=éä~ÅÉK=vçì= ÄêçìÖÜí=~äçåÖ=óçìê=ë~äÉë=íêÉåÇ=Ç~í~I=Äìí=íÜÉó=ëÉÉãÉÇ=íç=ï~åí=íç= ÇáëÅìëë=~êçìåÇ=íÜÉ=Ç~í~=~åÇ=í~äâ=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=Äê~åÇ=ëíê~íÉÖóK=vçì=íÜçìÖÜí= óçì=Ü~Ç=ÖçåÉ=íÜÉêÉ=íç=ï~äâ=íÜÉã=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=åÉï=~ééêç~ÅÜ=Ó óçì=Ü~Ç=ÖçåÉ=íÜÉêÉ=íç=ï~äâ=íÜÉã=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=åÉï=~ééêç~ÅÜ=Ó áí=ï~ë=~= ÅçãéäÉíÉ=ï~ëíÉ=çÑ=óçìê=íáãÉK ÅçãéäÉíÉ=ï~ëíÉ=çÑ=óçìê=íáãÉ oÉÑÉêêáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=ÇáãÉåëáçåë=áå=íÜÉ=oáÅÜ~êÇ=iÉïáë=ãçÇÉä=Eíêá~åÖäÉFI=áå=ïÜáÅÜ= ÇáãÉåëáçåë=~êÉ=íÜÉ=ÄáÖÖÉëí=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉë= tÜ~í=áë=íÜÉ=ÄÉëí=ëíê~íÉÖó=Ñçê=ãçîáåÖ=íÜáåÖë=Ñçêï~êÇ= q~âÉ=NR=ãáåìíÉë mäÉ~ëÉ=ÑäáéÅÜ~êí=óçìê=áÇÉ~ë=~åÇ=åçãáå~íÉ=~=ê~ééçêíÉìê mäÉ~ëÉ=ÑäáéÅÜ~êí=óçìê=áÇÉ~ë=~åÇ=åçãáå~íÉ=~=ê~ééçêíÉìê 41 j~å~ÖáåÖ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=aáäÉãã~ë tÜ~í=áë=~=“ÇáäÉãã~Ò=^=ëáíì~íáçå=ïÜÉêÉW qïç=çééçëáåÖ=ÑçêÅÉë=çê=éçä~êáíáÉë=Éñáëí b~ÅÜ=éçäÉ=ÉñÉêíë=~å=áåÑäìÉåÅÉ=çê=éìää=çå=íÜÉ=çíÜÉê qÜÉêÉ=áë=çåÖçáåÖ=íÉåëáçå=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=íïç b~ÅÜ=éçä~êáíó=Ü~ë=~Çî~åí~ÖÉë=~åÇ=Çáë~Çî~åí~ÖÉë kÉáíÜÉê=çÑÑÉêë=~=ÅçãéäÉíÉ=ëçäìíáçå qÜÉ=äÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=Öç~ä=ÄÉÅçãÉë=íç Ó ^ÅÜáÉîÉ=íÜÉ=~Çî~åí~ÖÉë=çÑ=ÄçíÜ=éçäÉë Ó oÉÇìÅÉ=çê=ãáåáãáòÉ=íÜÉ=Çáë~Çî~åí~ÖÉë 42 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 22. j~å~ÖáåÖ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=aáäÉãã~ë bñ~ãéäÉë=çÑ=ëçãÉ=Åçããçå=j~êâÉíáåÖ=ÇáäÉãã~ëÁ p~ÑÉíó=îëK=ëéÉÉÇ=íç=ã~êâÉí `Éåíê~äáòÉÇ=îÉêëìë=ÇÉÅÉåíê~äáòÉÇ=ÇÉÅáëáçåë däçÄ~ä=ÅçåëáëíÉåÅó=îëK=äçÅ~ä=éê~ÅíáÅÉë fåÇáîáÇì~ä=îÉêëìë=íÉ~ã=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ j~êâÉí=îÉêëìë=éêçÇìÅí=ÇêáîÉå=ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåí fåíÉêå~ä=îÉêëìë=ÅìëíçãÉê=ÑçÅìë fååçî~íáçå=îÉêëìë=~=êÉäá~ÄäÉ=éêçÅÉëë 43 j~å~ÖáåÖ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=aáäÉãã~ë eçï=Çç=óçì=êÉÅçÖåáòÉ=~=ÇáäÉãã~=qïç=èìÉëíáçåë=íç=~ëâ= óçìêëÉäÑW äÑ NK fë=íÜÉ=ëáíì~íáçå=çê=ÇáÑÑáÅìäíó=çåÖçáåÖÔÑçê=Éñ~ãéäÉI=áë=íÜÉêÉ=åç= fë=íÜÉ=ëáíì~íáçå=çê=ÇáÑÑáÅìäíó=çåÖçáåÖÔ çåÉ=êáÖÜí=ëçäìíáçå OK ^êÉ=íÜÉêÉ=íïç=çééçëáåÖ=ÑçêÅÉë=çê=éçäÉëI=ÄçíÜ=ïáíÜ=~Çî~åí~ÖÉë= ~åÇ=Çáë~Çî~åí~ÖÉë= tÜ~í=~êÉ=ëçãÉ=áåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=ÇáäÉãã~ë=óçì=Ñ~ÅÉ 44 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 23. j~å~ÖáåÖ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=aáäÉãã~ë + + Pole A Pole B - - aáäÉãã~=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=íççä «=cçêìã=`çêéçê~íáçå 45 j~å~ÖáåÖ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=aáäÉãã~ë + + “The solution?” Pole A Pole B “The problem?” The problem? - - © Forum Corporation mêçÄäÉãë=îëK=ÇáäÉãã~ë 46 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 24. j~å~ÖáåÖ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=aáäÉãã~ë + + Pole A Pole B - - © Forum Corporation qÜÉ=“éçä~êáíó=íïç=ëíÉéÒ 47 j~å~ÖáåÖ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=aáäÉãã~ë + + High focus Out of focus Pole A Pole B Out of focus High focus - - © Forum Corporation tÜó=íÜáë=áë=ÅÜ~ääÉåÖáåÖ 48 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 25. j~å~ÖáåÖ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=aáäÉãã~ë + + High focus High focus Pole A Pole B High focus High focus - - © Forum Corporation qÜÉ=ïÜçäÉ=éáÅíìêÉ 49 j~å~ÖáåÖ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=aáäÉãã~ë j~å~ÖáåÖ=ÇáäÉãã~ëW NK fÇÉåíáÑó=íÜÉ=ÇáäÉãã~X=å~ãÉ=íÜÉ=éçäÉë OK aÉÑáåÉ=íÜÉ=~Çî~åí~ÖÉë=~åÇ=Çáë~Çî~åí~ÖÉë=çÑ=É~ÅÜ=éçäÉ=Eáå=~åó= çêÇÉêF PK håçï=óçìê=çïå=é~êíáÅìä~ê=ÑçÅìëLÄá~ë QK Q q~âÉ=íÜÉ=ä~êÖÉê=îáÉïI=ÑçÅìëáåÖ=çå=~ää=Q=èì~Çê~åíë q~âÉ=íÜÉ=ä~êÖÉê=îáÉïI=ÑçÅìëáåÖ= q~âÉ=íÜÉ=ä~êÖÉê=îáÉï =ÑçÅìëáåÖ=çå=~ää=Q=èì~Çê~åíë =ÑçÅìëáåÖ=çå=~ää=Q=èì~Çê~åíë 50 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 26. j~å~ÖáåÖ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=aáäÉãã~ë tÉää=ã~å~ÖÉÇ Ó vçì=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ=íÜÉ=~Çî~åí~ÖÉë=çÑ=çåÉ=çê=ÄçíÜ=éçäÉë Ó qÜÉêÉ=~êÉ=ÑÉï=ëáÖåë=çÑ=íÜÉ=Çáë~Çî~åí~ÖÉë Ó qÜÉêÉ=~êÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=~ääá~åÅÉë=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜçëÉ=ëìééçêíáåÖ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí= éçáåíë=çÑ=îáÉï mççêäó=ã~å~ÖÉÇ Ó vçì=ëéÉåÇ=åÉÉÇäÉëë=íáãÉ=áå=íÜÉ=äçïÉê=èì~Çê~åíë Ó qÜÉêÉ=~êÉ=áåÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=~ääá~åÅÉëLÇáîáëáçåë Ó mÉçéäÉ=í~âÉ=~å=ÉáíÜÉêJçê=ÑçÅìë mÉçéäÉ=í~âÉ=~å=ÉáíÜÉêJ 51 j~å~ÖáåÖ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=aáäÉãã~ë píê~íÉÖáÉë=Ñçê=ã~å~ÖáåÖ=ÇáäÉãã~ë oÉÅçÖåáòÉ=óçì=Ü~îÉ=çåÉ Ö ó oÉ~ääó=ÖÉí=íÜÉ=ïÜçäÉ=éáÅíìêÉ råÇÉêëí~åÇ=óçìê=çïå=éçáåí=çÑ=îáÉïLÄá~ëÉë håçï=ïÜÉêÉ=óçì=~êÉ=áå=íÜÉ=“éçä~êáíó=íïç=ëíÉéÒ tçêâ=íç=ã~áåí~áå=íÜÉ=~Çî~åí~ÖÉë=çÑ=ÄçíÜ=éçäÉë pí~ó=~äÉêí=íç=íÜÉ=ÇçïåëáÇÉëÔ pí~ó=~äÉêí=íç=íÜÉ=ÇçïåëáÇÉëÔÇÉîÉäçé=É~êäó=ï~êåáåÖ=ëóëíÉãë ó é ó Ö ó _É=ïáääáåÖ=íç=ã~âÉ=~=ëÜáÑí=íçï~êÇ=íÜÉ=çééçëáåÖ=éçäÉ ^îçáÇ=ÉáíÜÉêJçê=íÜáåâáåÖÔ ^îçáÇ=ÉáíÜÉêJçê=íÜáåâáåÖÔäççâ=Ñçê=ëóåÉêÖáÉë 52 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 27. j~å~ÖáåÖ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=aáäÉãã~ë + + • Flexibility • Clear direction • Ability t Abilit to respond to needs dt d • Alignment across th Ali t the of changing markets organization • Innovative products and • Reliable processes services • Responsiveness Adaptive Consistent Innovation Execution • High costs • Mundane products • Poor quality • Missed market opportunities • Missed schedules and • Predictable strategy deadlines • Difficulty with change • Confusion around priorities • Inconsistent performance - - 53 j~å~ÖáåÖ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=aáäÉãã~ë j~å~ÖáåÖ=íÜÉ=fååçî~íáçåJ j~å~ÖáåÖ=íÜÉ=fååçî~íáçåJbñÉÅìíáçå=ÇáäÉãã~W ^Ç~éíáîÉ=ÅìäíìêÉW=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=áë=íÜÉ=åçêã ^Ç íá = äí = Ü =á =íÜ = oÉ~äJ oÉ~äJíáãÉ=ÅçããìåáÅ~íáçå pÉãá=ëíêìÅíìêÉëW=^=ÑÉï=“áåîáçä~íÉÒ=êìäÉë Ó bñéäáÅáí=ÅêáíÉêá~=Ñçê=ëÉííáåÖ=éêáçêáíáÉë Ó mêçàÉÅí=ÇÉ~ÇäáåÉë Ó `äÉ~ê=êÉëéçåëáÄáäáíáÉëLçïåÉêë é mä~ååÉÇ=áãéêçîáë~íáçå 54 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 28. bñÉêÅáëÉW=j~å~ÖáåÖ=däçÄ~ä= iÉ~ÇÉêëÜáé=aáäÉãã~ë q~ÄäÉ=íÉ~ã=ÉñÉêÅáëÉW vçì=~åÇ=óçìê=í~ÄäÉ=íÉ~ã=ïáää=ëéÉåÇ=íÜÉ=åÉñí=PM=ãáåìíÉë=ÉñéäçêáåÖ= v = Ç= =í Ää =í = áää= Ç=íÜ = í=PM= á í = ä á = ~å=~ÅíáîÉ=ÇáäÉãã~=çåÉ=çê=ãçêÉ=çÑ=óçì=ÅìêêÉåíäó=Ñ~ÅÉ=ïáíÜ=áåíÉêå~ä= çê=ÉñíÉêå~ä=ÅçääÉ~ÖìÉEëF=çìíëáÇÉ=óçìê=ÜçãÉ=Åçìåíêó fÇÉåíáÑó=íÜÉ=ê~åÖÉ=çÑ=ëíê~íÉÖáÉë=EëéÉÅáÑáÅ=~ÅíáçåëF=óçì=Å~å=í~âÉ= ïÜáÅÜ=ÇÉäáîÉêë=íÜÉ=ÄÉëí=çÑ=~ää=Q=èì~Çê~åíë=EáåíÉÖê~íáçåI=åçí= ÅçãéêçãáëÉF êÉÅçêÇ=óçìê=~å~äóëáë=~åÇ=áÇÉ~ë=çå=íÜÉ=ÑäáéÅÜ~êí= kçãáå~íÉ=~=ëéçâÉëéÉêëçå=íç=êÉéçêí=Ä~Åâ 55 bñÉêÅáëÉW= `çããìåáÅ~íáåÖ=^Åêçëë=`ìäíìêÉë qêáç=Öêçìé=~ÅíáîáíóW qÜÉêÉ=ïáää=ÄÉ=íÜêÉÉ=RJ qÜÉêÉ=ïáää=ÄÉ=íÜêÉÉ=RJãáåìíÉ=êçìåÇë=ïáíÜ=É~ÅÜ=çÑ=óçì=Ü~îáåÖ= íÜÉ=ÅÜ~åÅÉ=íç=éä~ó=íÜÉ=êçäÉ=çÑ=ã~å~ÖÉêI=ëìÄçêÇáå~íÉ=~åÇ= íÜÉ=ÅÜ~åÅÉ=íç=éä~ó=íÜÉ=êçäÉ=çÑ=ã~å~ÖÉê =ëìÄçêÇáå~íÉ=~åÇ= çÄëÉêîÉê vçì=ïáää=Ñáêëí=í~âÉ=NM=ãáåìíÉë=íç=áåÇáîáÇì~ääó=ÅêÉ~íÉ=~=êÉ~äJ vçì=ïáää=Ñáêëí=í~âÉ=NM=ãáåìíÉë=íç=áåÇáîáÇì~ääó=ÅêÉ~íÉ=~=êÉ~äJäáÑÉ= ëÅÉå~êáç=ïÜÉêÉ=óçì=åÉÉÇ=íç=áåÑäìÉåÅÉ=óçìê=áåíÉêå~íáçå~ä= ÅçääÉ~ÖìÉ=íç=Åçãéäó=ïáíÜ=~å=áãéçêí~åí=áåáíá~íáîÉK qÜÉ=“ëìÄçêÇáå~íÉÒ=ïáää=êçäÉéä~ó=~=êÉ~ÅíáîÉI=ãìäíáJ qÜÉ=“ëìÄçêÇáå~íÉÒ=ïáää=êçäÉéä~ó=~=êÉ~ÅíáîÉI=ãìäíáJ~ÅíáîÉ=çê=äáåÉ~ê= ~ÅíáîÉ=ã~å~ÖÉêI=éÉê=óçìê=êÉèìÉëí Ó ëìÖÖÉëíáçåW=Ü~îÉ=íÜÉ=“ëìÄçêÇáå~íÉÒ=éä~ó=íÜÉ=íóéÉ=ïÜáÅÜ=ãáêêçêë=óçìê= ëìÖÖÉëíáçåW=Ü~îÉ=íÜÉ=“ëìÄçêÇáå~íÉÒ=éä~ó=íÜÉ=íóéÉ=ïÜáÅÜ=ãáêêçêë=óçìê= á =Ü = Ü =“ Ä Çá Ò= ä = Ü = = Üá Ü= á = = êÉ~äJ êÉ~äJäáÑÉ=ëáíì~íáçå ^í=íÜÉ=ÉåÇ=çÑ=É~ÅÜ=êçìåÇI=íÜÉ=çÄëÉêîÉê=ïáää= Ó ÇÉäáîÉê=ëíêìÅíìêÉÇ=éçëáíáîÉ=~åÇ=ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåí~ä=ÑÉÉÇÄ~Åâ=çå=óçìê= ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉåÉëë=ìëáåÖ=íÜÉ=pJ ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉåÉëë=ìëáåÖ=íÜÉ=pJ_Jf=ãçÇÉä=~í=íÜÉ=ÉåÇ=çÑ=É~ÅÜ=êçìåÇ Ó páíì~íáçåL_ÉÜ~îáçìêLfãé~Åí 56 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 29. j~âáåÖ=óçìê=éçáåíÁ A B A B A B 57 tçêâáåÖ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=tçêäÇ=Ó tçêâáåÖ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=tçêäÇ=Ó jÉÉíáåÖë 58 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 30. tçêâáåÖ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=tçêäÇ=Ó tçêâáåÖ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=tçêäÇ=Ó jÉÉíáåÖë 59 tçêâáåÖ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=tçêäÇ=Ó tçêâáåÖ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=tçêäÇ=Ó jÉÉíáåÖë 60 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
  • 31. tçêâáåÖ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=tçêäÇ=Ó tçêâáåÖ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=tçêäÇ=Ó jÉÉíáåÖë 61 tçêâáåÖ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=tçêäÇ=Ó tçêâáåÖ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=tçêäÇ=Ó ^ìÇáÉåÅÉ=bñéÉÅí~íáçåë 62 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã
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  • 34. SM=Ç~óë=áå=SM=ëÉÅçåÇë mÉêëçå~ä=^Åíáçå=mä~ååáåÖ=~Åíáîáíó q~âÉ=~=ãáåìíÉ=åçï=íç=êÉÅçêÇ=Üçï=ïÜ~í ó q~âÉ=~=ãáåìíÉ=åçï=íç=êÉÅçêÇ=Üçï=ïÜ~í óçìÛîÉ=äÉ~êåÉÇ= íçÇ~ó=ïáää=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=Üçï íçÇ~ó=ïáää=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=Üçï óçì=~ééêç~ÅÜ=óçìê=ã~êâÉíáåÖ= ~ÅíáîáíáÉë=çîÉê=íÜÉ=ÅçãáåÖ=ÅçìéäÉ=çÑ=ãçåíÜë=Á vçìê=äáëí=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=~åÇ=áããÉÇá~íÉäó=~Åíáçå~ÄäÉ 67 67 «=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=j~êâÉíáåÖ=m~êíåÉêë=iíÇK ïïïKáåíÉêã~êâÉíáåÖçåäáåÉKÅçã ïïïKïçêâáåÖïáíÜ~ãÉêáÅ~åëKÅçã