Michael Walsh on Mazda
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Michael Walsh on Mazda
- 1. International Trends in Environmental Regulations for Vehicles Santiago, Chile May 13, 2008 Michael P. Walsh International Consultant Chairman, Board of Directors, International Council on Clean Transportation
- 4. Growth of Vehicle Population in Shanghai, 1988-2002 E:hanghong CHEN对外合作 能源基金会 交通项目 基础数据 机动车统计报表 .xls Most Vehicles Are In Cities
- 6. PM 10 in Major cities Slide Source: Cohen et al, 2005
- 9. Carbon Dioxide is Not The Whole Story!
- 11. Slide
- 12. Technology Capable of Cleaning Vehicle Emissions Has Improved Dramatically in the Past 30-40 Years
- 15. How The Trap Functions
- 16. Typical engine exhaust mass and number weighted size distributions shown with alveolar deposition
- 17. from non grey.. Gasoline and LPG G-DI Conventional Diesel
- 18. Current DPF Applications Millions of cars are equipped with DPF around world
- 19. Air Tank Urea Tank Catalyst Input Temperature Catalyst Output Temperature Engine SCR Connector ECM Dosing Unit J1939 (Public) Air Solenoid Urea Sensor SCR Control Exhaust Gas Processor SCR Solution System Architecture
- 21. California’s ZEV History ZEV Regulation PZEVs created CaFCP Started AT PZEVs Created ZEV Reg Implementation FC Buses on-road
- 26. ZEV Technology Review - CARB
- 27. Plug In Hybrids Are Emerging
- 33. Europe
- 35. Euro 5+ and Euro 6 Will Include 6X10 11 /km Particle Number Limit
- 36. Comparison of NOx and PM regulations for HD diesel vehicle among Japan, USA and Europe
- 39. * This figure is intended to illustrate the timeline for the final highway and nonroad diesel fuel sulfur control programs. It is not drawn to exact scale. Refer to 40 CFR Part 80 for specific program dates. All Diesel ~3400 ppm Highway Diesel 500ppm All Off-Highway Diesel ~3400 ppm >80% 15 ppm <20% 500 ppm All Highway 15 ppm 10/1993 06/2006 01/2010 Highway + Nonroad Diesel Fuel Sulfur Specs* NR, L&M Diesel 500 ppm NR 15 ppm 6/2007 6/2010 HWY NR L&M 500 ppm 6/2014 HHF ~3400ppm Small 15 ppm 6/2012 Small & Credit 500 ppm Small & Credit ~3400 HHF ~3400ppm L&M 15ppm
- 40. over 3 million 40,000 lost work days hospital admissions chronic bronchitis premature deaths number prevented annually (in 2030) 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 Health Benefits Are Tremendous!
- 41. The Benefits Far Outweigh The Costs 40,000 cost benefit Total Cost: $11 billion Total Benefits: $175 billion 0 20 40 60 80 100 Tier 4 Nonroad 2007 Heavy-duty Highway Tier 2 Light-duty Highway $ Billion Annually in 2030
- 42. ZEV Program (2012 – 2014) Current ZEV Program 30 % PZEV “ 10%” Mandate 42% by volume 2 % AT PZEV 11% ~1% ZEV
- 43. ZEV Program
- 44. ZEV Technology Review - CARB
- 45. China
- 46. Status of Air Quality PM10 levels in Major Chinese Cities (1999 – 2005) NAAQS Class II PM10 limit = 100µg/m 3
- 47. China’s GDP
- 48. Urbanization Rate in China
- 49. New Vehicle Sales Are Booming No. 2 largest auto market
- 50. Crude oil prod’n & consum’n > 40% oil import dependence
- 51. Motor Vehicle Growth Forecast 9 x by 2025 3.5 x by 2025 Vehicle Population Projection from Segment Y plc See: http://segmenty.com
- 55. India
- 56. Vehicle population growth in India Vehicle Population Projection from Segment Y plc See: http://segmenty.com 6.7 x by 2025 5 x by 2025
- 58. Brazil
- 60. % ESTIMADO DE PRODUÇÃO ÓLEO DIESEL INTERIOR 2 a BOMBA (PUMP) ÓLEO DIESEL FERROVIÁRIO E P/ TERMOELÉTRICAS ÓLEO DIESEL 500 ÓLEO DIESEL METROPOLITANO ÓLEO DIESEL 50 ÓLEO DIESEL AUTOMOTIVO 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 D 2000 73% 73% 73% 63% 58% 53% 5% 5% 5% 5% D 500 27% 27% 27% 27% 27% 27% 60% 45% 30% 15% D 50 10% 15% 20% 35% 50% 65% 80%
- 62. Worldwide Motorcycle Emission Regulations Japan III Stage (2008) HC+NOx:1.0~1.25 CO: 1.0~1.25 China II Stage (2004) ECE40 HC: 1.2 NOx:0.3 CO: 5.5 10,000 km Europe EU II (2003) ECE40 Cold Start HC: 1.0 NOx:0.3 CO: 3.0 EU III (2006) HC: 0.8 NOx:0.15 CO: 2.0 30,000 km (2006/2007) ECE40 Cold Start HC: 0.3/0.5 NOx:0.15 CO: 2.0 12,000/24,000 km IV Stage (2004) ECE40 Cold Start HC+NOx:2.0 CO: 7.0 15,000 km Taiwan II Stage (2005) IDC Cold Start HC+NOx:1.5 CO: 1.5 30,000 km India
- 63. Life-cycle Emission Control Note: I/M (Inspection and Maintenance)
- 65. Resultados homologación diesel EURO IV por modelo EURO IV EURO V
- 66. Resultados homologación diesel EURO IV por modelo EURO IV EURO V
- 67. Resultados homologación EPA por modelo grs/km (CO y HC) Tier 0, Tier 2 Bin 5 Modelos homologados bajo normas EPA (6 de los 10 modelos más vendidos) Corsa Plus homologado Euro Tier 0
- 68. Resultados homologación EPA por modelo gr/km (Nox) Tier 1 Tier 2 Bin 8 Tier 2 Bin 5
Notas del editor
- These are estimated annual average concentrations of PM10 in cities with populations over 100,000 and in national capital cities The darkest spots are heavily concentrated in regions of China and India. Other areas of note include Indonesia, Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula, and West Africa
- Technologies such as the advanced Three Way Catalyst are continuing to evolve in response to the tighter standards.
- Technologies such as the diesel PM filter are maturing
- Pictures of current DPF applications Today, more than 800 000 cars are equipped wit DPFs in EU
- Engine ECM SCR algorithm functions will reside in the ECM (IEM approach) Determines the injection rate Tank control and diagnostics Controls the pump and reports pump diagnostics Doser Pump Injects the urea at the rate requested by the engine ECM by using air pressure Maintains and reports diagnostics status of the pump (via J1939) Tank Fill tank for the urea Contains heater and sensor for urea level/quality/temperature (quality consists of concentration and contamination levels) Exhaust Gas Processor (EGP) Canned Catalyst Inlet and Outlet Temperature sensors
- System description “ one shot” design – no optimisation of component sizes etc. Note advanced urea dosing system – low dose because low EO NOx 1 st NOx sensor for monitoring. Not closed-loop control. Urea dosing calibrated for ESC, ETC and WHTC only.
- Top speed of between 20 – 30kph and a range of 25 – 100 km During operation they emit zero local air pollution, but they do use about 2 kWh of electricity per 100 km Power ranges between 200 - 600 W and they take around 6 – 8 hours to charge
- When we develop our regulations, we estimate the health benefits and associated costs. In addition to public health benefits – there are other benefits: improved visibility, reduced acid rain, etc.
- Time and time again, we find that the benefits far exceed the costs of reducing pollution from vehicles. We know that many people may ask---so what does this mean in the Chinese context, in light of different income levels, etc. In session three after lunch we will hear a very important presentation on a “Cost-Benefit Analysis for Chinese Clean Fuel Promotion” by Tsinghua University and the International Council on Clean Transportation. Without stealing the spotlight from the presenters this afternoon, I think it is fair to say that the presentation that China could also realize substantial benefits from a similar clean fuel and vehicle program.
- Top speed of between 20 – 30kph and a range of 25 – 100 km During operation they emit zero local air pollution, but they do use about 2 kWh of electricity per 100 km Power ranges between 200 - 600 W and they take around 6 – 8 hours to charge