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Prepared by:,[object Object],Lhea Joy Baylon,[object Object],LianellMaesa,[object Object],Cha Villania,[object Object]
COMPARATIVE BIOGEOGRAPHY,[object Object]
Biogeography can be a powerful tool to explore data on the diversity, phylogeny, and distribution of organisms, to reveal the biological and geographical history of Earth.,[object Object]
COMPARATIVE BIOGEOGRAPHY,[object Object],Uses the naturally hierarchical phylogenetic relationships of clades to discover the biotic area relationships among local and global biogeographic regions.,[object Object],Approach offers a comprehensive empirical framework for discovering and deciphering of life on Earth.,[object Object]
To introduce comparative biogeography, we differentiate between the two types of biogeographic investigation that it encompasses: systematic biogeography and evolutionary biogeography.,[object Object]
Systematic Biogeography,[object Object],is the study of biotic area relationships and their classification and distribution. ,[object Object],For example, the distribution and relationships of numerous taxa may be expressed in a hierarchy as Eastern South America (Africa, India), meaning that organisms in Africa have their closest relatives in India and that together they are in turn related to organisms in eastern South America. Examples include such diverse taxa as vascular plants, fishes, birds, and dinosaurs.,[object Object]
Evolutionary Biogeography,[object Object],is the proposal of evolutionary mechanisms responsible for organismal distributions. ,[object Object],Possible mechanisms responsible for the distribution of organisms related as in the area homolog Eastern South America (Africa, India) include widespread taxa disrupted by continental break-up or individual episodes of long distance movement, to name just two.,[object Object]
BIOGEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION,[object Object]
The idea that the ranges of species was due to their spreading from a point of origination had several precursors before Darwin developed it in 1837,[object Object]
Buffon (father of zoogeography) in 1779,[object Object],Similar species occupy the same position in different ecologies,[object Object],Proposed that a fauna was the product of the conditions of the district where it originated,[object Object],Peter Simon Pallas (German zoologist),[object Object],Similar forms were often connected by a graded chain of intermediate forms,[object Object],Leopold von Butch,[object Object],Drew the logical conclusion that varieties become segregated species,[object Object]
J G Gmelin (botanist) in 1747,[object Object],First to have suggested that species were independently created all over the world,[object Object],Joseph Hooker,[object Object],Species could spread beyond their allocated domain,[object Object],Charles Darwin,[object Object],Held to be important on islands, but also where rivers, mountains and other impediments prevented species split into separate breeding populations from back-crossing,[object Object]
Mayr,[object Object],Darwin prevaricated on its importance, and eventually also accepted the possibility of “sympatric” speciation – speciation due to a move into new ecological or behavioural niches,[object Object],Alexander von Humboldt (1805), EAW Zimmerman (1778) and CF Willdenow (1798),[object Object],Species had spread from a central point, the landing site of the Ark,[object Object],Alfred Russel Wallace (1855),[object Object],Published the principle that species are always found close in space and time to an allied species that precedes it in the geologic record,[object Object]
Wallace did his work in the Amazon region and the Malay Archipelago, while Darwin’s own observations twenty years earlier had been in Galapagos Archipelago and the plains of Patagonia during the Beagle voyage,[object Object],Darwin was spurred into publication of his ideas when Wallace, not knowing of Darwin’s views, sent him a paper on the topic in 1858,[object Object]
Darwin had just suffered the death of his son Charles, and his grief, he passed it on to Lyell and Hooker, with whom he had previously discussed his views who submitted it to the Linnean Society of London with extracts of Darwin’s unpublished 1844 Essay on Natural Selection and a letter wrote to Asa Gray in the United States on 5 September 1857,[object Object]
It is clear that Wallace and Darwin independently discovered biogeography, and are due the joint credit they now are imputed.,[object Object]
Biogeographic Distributions,[object Object],I.  Three important principles:  How do these principles support descent with modification?,[object Object],A. Environment cannot account for either similarity or dissimilarity, since similar environments can harbor entirely different species groups,[object Object]
B.  "Affinity" (=similarity) of groups on the same continent (or sea) is closer than between continents (or seas),[object Object],C.  Geographical barriers usually divide these different groups, and there is a correlation between degree of difference and rate of migration or ability to disperse across the barriers,[object Object]
Biogeo

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Biogeo

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