Apidays New York 2024 - The value of a flexible API Management solution for O...
Coral reefs
1. Chapter 9
Coral Reefs
Coral reefs are living structures that provide homes and
attachment sites for countless marine organisms in shallow
tropical oceans.
2. Coral Reefs
Anatomy and Growth
Coral reefs are created by many species of
colonial cnidarians.
These anemone-like polyps produce a
CaCO3 skeleton in a great variety of sizes
and shapes.
6. Coral Reefs
Coral Distribution
Living coral reefs usually are located:
• within 30º latitude of the equator
• in water that averages at least 20ºC
• on the eastern sides of most continents
• within the photic zone at depths of 0-50 meters
7. Coral Reefs
Coral Distribution
Fig. 9.5 Distribution of reef-forming corals, by number of
genera. Heavy black lines indicate continental barrier reefs.
Light blue: <20 genera
Medium blue: 20-40 genera
Dark blue: > 40 genera
8. Coral Reefs
Coral Ecology
Reef-building corals maintain a mutualistic
relationship with a dinoflagellate called
zooxanthellae
The alga provides photosynthetic products to the
coral to aid in its survival and growth
The alga receives unlimited carbon dioxide and
nitrogenous wastes from the coral polyp in a
competition-free setting
10. Coral Reefs
Coral Reef Formation
Charles Darwin was the first to suggest that
coral reefs are sequential developmental
stages in the life cycle of a single reef:
• fringing reefs
• barrier reefs
• atolls
11. Coral Reefs
Fig. 9.7 A satellite view of a
portion of the hundreds of atolls
that make up the nation of
Maldives.
Courtesy of NASA Earth Observatory
12. Coral Reefs
Fig. 9.8 The developmental sequence of coral reefs, from young fringing reefs (left), to
barrier reefs (center), and finally to atolls (right).
13. Coral Reefs
Coral Reef Formation and Hot Spots
Fig. 9.9 Chains of
volcanoes along the
Hawaiian IslandEmperor Seamount
are carried, in a
conveyer-belt
fashion, north into
deeper water by the
movement of the
Pacific Plate. Each
volcano was formed
over the “hot spot,” a
continuous source of
new molten material
presently under
Hawaii, and is carried
to its eventual
destruction in the
Aleutian Trench.
Courtesy of NGDC/NESDIS/NOAA
14. Coral Reefs
Reproduction in Corals
Corals reproduce in a great variety of ways,
both asexually and sexually
Most sexually reproducing corals are
hermaphroditic spawners
17. Coral Reefs
Zonation on Coral Reefs
Wave force, water depth, temperature, salinity,
and a host of biological factors vary greatly across
a reef
Together they result in both horizontal and vertical
zonation of the species that form the reef
22. Coral Reefs
Coral Diversity and Catastrophic Mortality
Reefs worldwide are threatened by human
activities, succumbing to:
• pollution
• destructive fishing practices
• bleaching
• a host of diseases
23. Coral Reefs
b
a
Courtesy of AIMS/NOAA
Courtesy of David Burdick/NOAA
Fig. 9.16 The predatory sea star, Acanthaster, and (b) its major predator, the Pacific triton, Charonia.
24. Coral Reefs
Coral Diversity and Catastrophic Mortality.
Courtesy of Dr. Phillip Dustan, College of Charleston
Fig. 9.17 Black band disease overgrowing a coral
head. This star coral, Montastrea, which could be as
much as 500 years old, will probably be dead within
one year.
Courtesy of David Burdick/NOAA
Fig. 9.18 Wide-spread bleaching on a Pacific coral
reef.
25. Coral Reef Fishes
Fig. 9.19 Some common reef fishes on
a tropical Caribbean reef:
1. nurse shark (Ginglymostoma),
2. reef shark (Carcharhinus),
3. barracuda (Sphyraena),
4. surgeonfish (Acanthurus),
5. butterflyfish (Chaetodon),
6. angelfish (Pomacanthus),
7. hawkfish (Amblycirrhitus),
8. grouper (Mycteroperca),
9. moray eel (Gymnothorax),
10. stingray (Dasyatis),
11. grunt (Haemulon),
12. soldierfish (Myripristis),
13. porcupinefish (Diodon).
Angelfish photo from Joyce and Frank Burek/NOAA; all other photos from John Morrissey
26. Coral Reef Fishes
Coral Reef Sharks and Rays
Reefs worldwide are dominated by:
• benthic orectolobid sharks (nurses, wobbegongs, and
bamboosharks)
• and more typical pelagic carcharhinid sharks (blacktips,
whitetips, tigers, and reef sharks)
27. Coral Reef Fishes
Coral Reef Sharks and Rays
Fig. 9.20 Dermal flaps around the mouth of a wobbegong, a benthic reef shark.
28. Coral Reef Fishes
Coral Reef Teleosts
About 50% of all
living vertebrates
are teleost fishes,
and many of these
fishes inhabit coral
reefs.
Courtesy of NOAA
Fig. 9.21 Numerous species of teleost fishes are associated
with coral reefs.
29. Coral Reef Fishes
Coral Reef Teleosts
The great diversity of teleost fishes have
evolved numerous symbiotic relationships
such as inquilinism and cleaning behaviors.
30. Coral Reef Fishes
Fig. 9.22 Two remoras,
Echeneis, with modified
dorsal fins accompanying
a nurse shark,
Ginglymostoma.
33. Coral Reef Fishes
Coral Reef Teleosts
The brightly colored patterns of coral reef fishes
illustrate the advertisement, disguise, and
concealment roles of brilliant coloration in a coral
reef environment.
39. Coral Reef Fishes
Coral Reef Teleosts
Most reef teleosts are pelagic spawners.
As many as 30 or more species at any given time
will assemble around a coral promontory to
broadcast as many as 50,000 eggs apiece into the
water column.
After fertilization, these pelagic eggs drift away
from the reef and disperse for one day to a year or
more.
49. Coral Reef Fishes
Coral Reef Teleosts
Courtesy of Dr. Michael P. Robinson
Courtesy of Dr. Michael P. Robinson
Fig. 9.35 Male and female “bluehead” wrasses in
their initial yellow phase.
Fig. 9.36 Terminal-phase bluehead male surveying his
territory.
50. Coral Reef Fishes
Fig. 9.37 Relative reproductive success experienced by males and females of protandrous clownfishes (left)
and protogynous wrasses (right).
