1. Anti-eutrophication Measures for Lakes in Japan
日本湖沼富营养化对策
—Conservation program to prevent the eutrophication of Kasumigaura lake—
霞个浦保全计划中的富营养化对策
National Institute for Environmental Studies 国立环境研究所
Asian Environment Research Group 亚洲环境研究组
Motoyuki Mizuochi 水落元之

2. History of Water Pollution Control
水污染控制对策过程
水污染控制对策过程
1880 s:
1880’s: First recorded water pollution
problem
1950 s
1950’s -
Economic growth
→ H lth D
Health Damage cased b water
d by t
pollution
→ Damage to Fishery
i h
1970
“Environment Pollution Diet”
→ Water Pollution Control Law
reinforcement of control measures

3. Water quality condition in Tokyo(1967)
东京的水质情况（1967年）
（ ）
kasai Br.（Arakawa river）
DO: 0.6 – 3.7 mg/L
BOD: 1.5 – 13.4 mg/L
g
COD: 11.2 – 58.7 mg/L
2002年 BOD 1.9 mg/L
Ryogoku Br.（Sumida river）
Taiko Br.（Meguro river） DO: 0.0 – 4.5 mg/L
DO: 0.4 – 8.4 mg/L BOD: 9.7 – 26.3 mg/L
BOD: 16.8 – 74.4 mg/L COD: 23.3 – 51.6 mg/L
COD: 18.4 – 55.6 mg/L
2002年 BOD 2.6 mg/L
2002年 BOD 2.5 mg/L

4. Eutrophication of closed water bodies
封闭水体的富营养化
(Targets that are hard to attain )
（很难达到的目标）
 In 1972, a large-scale outbreak of
1972
plankton occurred in the Seto
Inland Sea
 In Lake Biwa as well, large-scale
outbreaks of freshwater algae
have occurred every year since
1977, and the water p
, pollution
problem is becoming more
serious

5. Control of nutrient salt effluents
控制营养盐类流出
控制营养盐类流出
 Eutrophication: Phenomenon in which algae, etc. breed
abnormally, and water quality progressively deteriorates
(In Tokyo Bay and elsewhere, COD load from internal
production is 40-50% of the total)
 Substances causing phenomenon:
Nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.
 Effects: Harm to all types of water,
decrease in dissolved oxygen
(DO) in bottom layer
 Countermeasures: Environmental
Quality Standards for N and P
(Lakes: 1982, Marine areas: 1993), (from Sanbanze DO Conference Web site)
effluent regulations in Water Pollution Law (Lakes: 1985
— for N, 201 lakes and for P, 1,200 lakes; Marine areas:
1993)

6. State of achievement for the water quality
standards (BOD, COD)
水质标准完成率（BOD，COD）
水质标准完成率（ O CO ）
100
達成率 (water
80
境基準達 for the(%)
ards (%)
60
hievemennt
qualit standa
40
ty
環境
State of ach
20 全体
Total 河川
River 湖沼
Lake 海域
Marine
0
974
978
982
986
990
994
998
002
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20

7. Lake Water Quality Special
Measures Law (1984)
( )
湖沼水质特别措置法（1984年）
湖沼水质特别措置法（1984年）
 Basic policy for protecting lake water quality:
Basic policy and measures for all lakes and marshes.
Cabinet decisions.
 Designated lakes: Kasumigaura, Lake Biwa, etc. Cabinet
decisions.
 Plans for protecting lake water
quality: Prefecture Governors
draw up plans, and Environment
Minister agrees
(see next page)
( )
 Special measures
(see separate page) （from Shiga Prefecture Web site)

8. Designated Lakes and Reservoirs in Japan
指定湖沼
Lake Nojiri
Lake Suwa［Nagano］ ［Nagano］
Lake Biwa［Shiga］ Kamafusa Dam
［Miyagi］
Nakaumi［Shimane］
Lake Kasumigaura
Lake Shinji［Shimane］ ［Ibaraki］
Lake Inba［Chiba］
Lake Tega
Lake Kojima ［Chiba］
［Okayama］

9. Plans for protecting
lake water quality
湖沼水质保全计划
(Drawn up every five years)
1. Policies for water quality protection: Plan period,
basic approach to plan, target values for water
pp p , g
quality
2. Projects relating to water quality protection
3. Regulations and other measures: Including measures
against surface-
originating loads, and protection
i i i l d d i
of natural environment
4. Other
4 Oth measures necessary to t
protect water quality: Monitoring,
investigative research etc
research, etc.
（from Mapping Kasumigaura Web site)

10. Outline of Lake Kasumigaura
霞个浦的概要

11. Outline of the Lake Kasumigaura
霞个浦的概要
Catchment area 2,156.7km2 35% of Ibaraki plef.
West lake 172km2,North
North
Surface are 220km2
lake 36km2,Others 12km2
Average depth ４m
Maximum depth 7m
Average deposition in
1,282
1 282 mm Average by 1937 to 2003
the catchment are
Pondage 80 million m3
Average retention period About 200 days
Target environment
Lake A, LakeⅢ
standard
Population in the
960,000 2002 fiscal year
catchment area
The origin of the lake Sea trace lake

12. Water environmental standards for the Lake Kasumigaura
霞个浦的水环境标准
Standard Values
Parameter
Water use Total
Class pH BOD SS DO
coliform
Water supply classes 2
7.5mg 1,000MPN
and 3, fishery class 2, 3mg /L 5mg /L
A 6.5-8.5 /L / 100mL
bathing, and uses listed
g, or less or less
or more or less
in B-C
Water supply class 2:
Purify water using sedimentation filters and other ordinary means
Water supply class 3:
Purify water using pre-treatment and other advanced methods
pre treatment
Fishery class 2:
For such alpha-oligosaprobic marine products as the Salmonidae (salmon/trout)
species, sweetfish, and marine products for fishery class 3.
p , , p y
Industrial water class 1:
Water purified using sedimentation and other ordinary means
Environmental conservation:
Limit of not disrupting the day-to-day lives of the population (including things likes
walks along the beach).

13. Water environmental standards for the Lake Kasumigaura
霞个浦的水环境标准
Standard Values
Parameter
Water use Total
Class g
Total nitrogen
phosphorus
Water supply class 3 (special
Ⅲ types) and uses listed 0.4mg /L or less 0.03mg /L or less
in IV-V
i IV V
Water supply class 3:
Purify
P if water using pre-treatment and other advanced methods ( "
t i t t t d th d d th d (a "special
i l
item" is a special purification means capable of removing odor-producing
substances).
Fishery class 2:
For such marine products as smelt and marine products for fishery class 3.
Fishery class 3:
y
Such marine products as koi and crunian carp.4
Conservation of the environment:
Limit of not disrupting the day-to-day lives of the population (including
day to day
things likes walks along the beach).

14. T-P (mg/L) T-N (mg/L) COD (mg/L
L)
0.00
0 00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.100
0.120
1972 1972
2
1972
1973 1973 1973
3
1974 1974 1974
4
1975 1975 1975
5
1976 1976 1976
6
1977 1977 1977
7
1978 1978 1978
8
1979 1979 1979
9
1980 1980 1980
0
1981 1981 198 1
1982 1982 2
1982
1983 1983 1983
3
1984 1984 1984
4
1985 1985 1985
5
1986 1986 1986
6
1987 1987 1987
7
1988 1988 1988
8
1989 1989 1989
9
1990 1990 1990
0
1991 1991 199 1
1992 1992 1992
2
1993 1993 1993
3
1994 1994 1994
4
1995 1995 1995
5
1996 1996
6
(COD、T N、T P）
(COD、T-N、T-P）
1996
1997 1997 1997
7
1998 1998 1998
8
1999 1999 1999
9
霞个浦水质的经年变化 (COD、T-N、T-P）
2000 2000 2000
0
2001 2001 200 1
2002 2002 2002
2
2003 2003 2003
3
T-P
T-N
COD
Change of the water quality in Lake Kasumigaura

15. Sources of COD, T-N and T-P Discharge in Lake Kasumigaura
(2005)
霞个浦的COD，T-N与T-P排出情况（2005年）
Industrial wastewater Farmland
Stock farming Rainfall
Domestic wastewater City area Forest
COD
24.4t/day
T-N
12.7t/day
12 7t/day
T-P
TP
0.64t/day
Source : http://www.ktr.mlit.go.jp/kasumi/index.htm

16. Plan for conservation of lake water quality
q y
regarding K
di Kasumigaura
i
The 5th program: from 2006 to 2010
p g
霞个浦水质保全计划
第五期：2006-2010年
第五期：2006-2010年
2006
At Kasumigaura, the 1st water quality conservation
program started in 1986, and the 5th program’s measures
t t d i 1986 d th ’
have been implemented from FY 2006 onward.
Colony of
floating heart

17. The target of water quality in Lake Kasumigaura
in the 5th program
第五期的水质目标
Present Target (2010)
Item Region Ave. in 3 Without With
2005 year countermeasurescountermeasures
T-N
T-P
Present Target

18. Long-term vision
长期展望
Long-term vision 长期展望
L t i i
To make river basin residents feel affection towards Kasumigaura and make
individual residents pay attention to their neighborhood river so that they
accept that water cleanup is their role, so creating a
Kasumigaura that
you can swim in and rivers you can play in.
Long-term vision: implementation timing and specific water
quality goals 长期展望：实现时期及具体的水质目标
q yg
Aim to return to the state of the lake in 1966–1970 (COD: 5.0 to 5.5 mg/L)
when the shores of Kasumigaura were crowded with people by 2020, 15
years later
later.
The required load reduction rate is approximately a 20% reduction of the
current COD status and about a 30% reduction for total nitrogen and
phosphorus content
content.

19. Policy for measures to realize the long-term vision (1)
为实现长期展望而采取措施的方针
Implementation of pollution load reduction measures
without exceptions 毫无例外，实施污染负荷削减对策
(1)Elimination of untreated domestic wastewater discharge = “No
untreated wastewater discharge”
(2)Elimination of untreated factory and business wastewater
discharge = “No untreated wastewater discharge”
(3)Proper treatment and use of all livestock manure
(3)P t t t d f ll li t k
(4)Intensive implementation of measures for farms and towns
(des g at o o e ue t ate easu es areas)
(designation of effluent water measures a eas)
(5)Increase of the consumption of fishery products, the collection and
utilization of foreign fish, etc.

20. Policy for measures to realize the long-term vision (2)
为实现长期展望而采取措施的方针
(6)Restoration of natural water purification functions by the conservation
of forests, the creation of rivers with rich natural environments,
construction of water plant vegetation zones and sandy beaches, etc.
t ti f t l t t ti d d b h t
(7)Promotion of inflow river measures and in-lake measures, such as the
maintenance of direct river purification facilities the maintenance of
facilities,
wetlands, measures for the elution of lake bottom sludge, and the
introduction of water subjected to purification
(8)Promotion of survey research with Kasumigaura Environmental
Science Center as a base
(9)Construction of a system in which residents business owners groups
residents, owners, groups,
and administrative agencies can collaborate and cooperate with each
other

21. Strengthening of factory/business-related regulations
through additional rules and other measures
通过加上一些规定，加强工厂、事业有关规则
Ordinance concerning the Prevention of the
Eutrophication of Kasumigaura, Ibaraki Prefecture
有关霞个浦的富营养化防止条例
有 浦 例
 Reduction of discharge volume subject to wastewater standards
(20 m3/day  10 m3/day)
 The performance of wastewater treatment for small-scale
establishments with a discharge volume less than 10 m3 made
obligatory
 Catering establishments with a floor area above a certain limit
must notify the authorities; this limit has been lowered

22. Major project for water quality conservation (1)
水质保全的主要工程（1）
Domestic wastewater measures 生活污水对策
策
1)Maintenance of sewage system: increase penetration rate 46％
(438.4 thousand people) to 53％ (541.9 thousand people).
2)Maintenance of agricultural village sewage system:
maintenance at 18 villages (i
i ill (increase population with access to
l i ih
maintained systems from 49.5 thousand people to 69.2
thousand people).
3)Maintenance of integrated clarification tanks: maintenance by
g
granted p j
project 6,000 tanks (p p
, (population with access to treated
water 23.6 thousand people) — total 16,719 tanks.

23. Progress of the advanced treatment in the sewer
下水道的发展：高度处理（氮、磷的除去）的推广
下水道的发展：高度处理（氮 磷的除去）的推广
Treatment condition of WWTP discharged to the Lake Kasumigaura (2003)
Effluent water quality
WWTP Capacity BOD SS T.N T-P
(m3/day) [mg/L] [mg/L] [mg/L] [mg/L]
Tamatsukuri 589 0.9 2 3.1 0.30
Furuwatari seibu 788 1.1 3 7.6 0.77
Azuma 1,080 0.6 1 2.2 0.20
Tabuse 464 2.0 4 5.5 0.49
Yasato 607 1.0 1 9.2 0.50
Kasumigaura 68,913 <0.5 <1 5.9 0.12
Itako
It k 6201 <0.5
<0 5 <1 6.8
68 0.06
0 06
We can get satisfactory effluent water q
g y quality from WWPT located
y
around the Lake Kasumigaura.

24. Spread of the advanced on site domestic wastewater
treatment facility
高度处理净化槽的普及
(BOD･T-N･T-P removal)
Physico-
Physico-chemical phosphorous removal
Biological nitrogen removal

25. Major project for water quality conservation (2)
水质保全的主要工程（2）
Measures for farms etc. 农地等的对策
farms,
1)Reduction of used volume of chemical fertilizer (4,720 t/year  4,000
t/year).
2)Eco-farmer certification (3,628 people  5,000 people).
3)Introduction of fertilizing and rice planting machines (3,720  4,520).
4)Town measures (the cleaning of roads and gutters; with the participation
of residents).
5)Designation of effluent measures districts and the intensive
implementation of measures.

26. Simplified side view of prototype two-stage fertilizing and rice
two stage
planting machine
原形施肥插秧机
 Fertilizer hopper for deep layer fertilizing
 Fertilizer hopper for side furrow fertilizing
 Trench digger for deep layer fertilizing
TTrench digger for side f
h di f id furrow fertilizing
f tili i
 Balancing weight

27. Major project for water quality conservation (3)
水质保全的主要工程（3）
In-lake purification measures, etc. 湖沼内净化对策等
1) Dredging of lake bottom sludge (dredging of 2.65 million m3 at Nishiura)
— total 8 million m3.
2) Maintenance of water plant vegetation zones including reed and Indian
rice by the construction of foreshores (in about 20 locations.)
3) Maintenance of wetlands (Daienjigawa, Sonobegawa, etc.)
4) Wetland restoration project (Tamura district in Tsuchiura City.)
5) Optimization of carp production (reduce the current 5 000 t to 4 700 t )
5,000 4,700 t.)
6) Measures for the maintenance and increase of fishery resources
(construction of seed release vegetation zones for crucian carp, eels, pond
smelts, etc.)
lt t )
7) Promotion of the Kasumigaura raw water introduction project.

28. Example of lake bottom sludge dredging at Tsuchiura-oki
土浦冲的底泥疏浚个案
[Outline of construction work in FY 2005]
Dredging volume: about 150 thousand m3
Lake bottom sludge
Construction work period: from October 2005 to May 2006
Dredging-related work (channel, soil covering, etc.) dredging for water
clarification started in
1975, and large-scale
Amada and
Nishinosu dredging work has been
Transport
of sludge
carried out from 1992
Color Legend onward, which will
d hi h ill
Up to 2003
2004 remove about 8 million
2005
From 2006 onward m3 of sludge (including
Oil
discharge
about 7.11 million m3 at
7 11
Tsuchiura-oki), which
represents one-fifth of
the total amount
The transported dredged soil is used
sedimentary soil, approx.
for the raising of reclaimed land.
40 million m3, by the end
Surplus
of 2010. The total
water
volume of soil that had
been dredged by the end
of 2004 is about 6.72
million m3 (including
Surplus water transported together
with the dredged soil is discharged
into Kasumigaura after suspended
about 6.3 million m3 at
Dredger (Kasumizaurus) Sludge transport relay ship (Asuka)
solids within it are precipitated.
Tsuchiura-oki).

29. Maintenance of water plant vegetation zones
M i t f t l t t ti
水生植物的维护
Pine stakes are driven throughout the surfaces of concrete dikes and
reed roots are planted. Th main purpose of these measures i the
d l d The i f h is h
improvement of the view of the river channel and the creation of
spawning and habitat sites for fish, etc.

30. Polluted small river purified system using principle of
sedimentation （”Wetland”）
摸样沉池的净化手法（湿地）
Kasumigaura

31. Major project for water quality conservation (4)
水质保全的主要工程（4）
Direct purification measures at rivers and other channels
河流与水路的直接净化对策
1) Direct purification at inflow rivers ( Seimeigawa, Sakuragawa,
) p (at g , g ,
and Koisegawa).
2) Direct purification at dike bottom channels (channels installed
around Kasumigaura to receive rain water and agricultural effluent
around dikes) (at Sakuragawamura, Mihomura, and
Kasumigauramachi).
g )
3) Direct purification at agricultural channels, etc. (Shintonemachi
and Iwasemachi).
4) Direct purification at domestic wastewater channels (Itako City
and another location).

32. Actual case using wetland system for purify connected river to the
eutrified lake (Seimei River facility Lake Kasumigaura）
facility,
到营养化湖泊流入的河流直接净化（清明川净化设施）

33. Outline of Seimei River Treatment Plant
清明川处理设施的概要
Influent CODMn： 8mg/L
g
SS ： 20mg/L
T-N : 3mg/L
T-P : 0.2mg/L
Plant Area 38,000m2
50m×40m×１９Lane
Surface Loading 0.48m3/m2/day
Water Depth 0.1m
Plant Reed
Removal Rate T-N、T-P： 50%

34. Operational condition of Seimei River facility
清明川净化设施的运作情况

35. Water quality renovation system for polluted small channel
（Agricultural channel）
被污染水路（农业用水路）的净化手法

36. River improvements to promote rich natural environments
（Some example in Japan）
p Japan）
p
多自然型河流修复事例
引地川
二ヶ領本川
遠賀川

37. Summary of anti-eutrophication measures at Kasumigaura
霞个浦富营养化对策的概略
Proper treatment of manure
Promotion of composting
Farm
Village
Stockbreeding
Build of small-scale sewage systems
g y
Installation of enhanced purification tanks
Inflow river and channel Fertilizer
management
g
Strengthening of
wastewater standards Wetland planting Inflow river and channel
Purification
Industry
y River improvements to promote
rich natural environments
i h t l i t
Planting
Fish farming
Dredging
D d i
Urban sewage system
Urban
Feeding management Reduction in N and P due
to increased fish catches
Restoration and creation of
Promotion of advanced
eco-tone
sewage treatment

38. Expenses for major water quality conservation projects
(the 4th 5 year period: from 2001 to 2005)
主要水质保全工程的费用（第四期五年间：2001-2005）
（ ）
Total project cost: 286 billion yen 总计：2860亿日元
Project costs
Project name Project scale
(millions of yen)
Increase the population with access
Sewage system 137,557
to treated water by 100,000
Build of agricultural village sewage Increase the population with access
22,400
systems to maintained systems by 20,000
Increase the population with access
Installation of purification tanks to treated water by 24 000
24,000 3,107
3 107
(an increase of 6000 tanks)
Maintenance of
Renewal of existing three plants 11,722
human-waste treatment plants
Build of countermeasure facilities for
stockbreeding waste and 227 facilities 2,276
wastewater
Wetlands Construction of two new locations 900
Purification of wastewater channels 87
Lake bottom sludge dredging Dredging volume: 2.66 million tons 69,000
Construction of vegetation zone
18 places 4,600
with reeds and Indian rice

39. Thank you for your attention
谢谢您的关注