The document discusses a wave-powered device called the Wave Energized Baltic Aeration Pump (WEBAP) that is used to oxygenate deep water layers in the Baltic Sea. The three sentence summary is: The WEBAP uses wave energy to pump oxygen-rich surface water down to depths of 75-100 meters, helping to reduce low-oxygen "dead zones" in the Baltic Sea. Pilot tests found that the simple and cost-effective WEBAP was able to successfully oxygenate large areas of the seafloor and potentially bind up to 100,000 tons of phosphorus annually. Modeling indicates the technique could fully oxygenate the deep water in the Gotland Deep within five years of large-scale

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2. Eutrophication has many effects
 algae blooming
 phosphorous-depending cyanobacteria
 dead bottoms and hydrogen sulphide
(1)
Nitrogen is
emitted to waters
(7)
Summer blooming of
cyanobacteria
(2)
Spring blooming
of plankton
(6)
Phosphorous
is released
(3)
Algae die
(4)
Algae are decomposed which
consumes oxygen
(5)
Bottoms get
anoxic

3. Extent of oxygen-depleted bottom water
In the Baltic Sea
Worldwide

4. Need for action?
 Doesn’t the Baltic take care of itself?
 How affects and is the Baltic affected by climate change?
 Can technical solutions help in a long term?
Why do we think we need actions also in the Baltic and not only at sources?
 There sure is a good monitoring of sources and these sources can be abated?
 The Baltic in imbalance? Weakening of natural processes? Restore the Baltic Sea selfcleaning biogeochemical processes?

5. WEBAP: Aim
Improved oxygen situation in deep water layers
 Species that are dependent on conditions in deep water, would get a better
environment and opportunities for reproduction.
 Solved inorganic phosphorus released due to the reducing conditions in the bottom
sediments will be bound in complexes and thus reduce the inorganic nutrient
concentrations in the water.
Yet:
 2-6 million tons of oxygen needed each year!
 Enormous amounts of energy to pump oxygen down to 80-120m depth!

6. WEBAP: How?
The use of natural resources:
 Source of energy: waves
 Source of oxygen: oxygen-rich surface water
Advantages:
 Oxygenation & mixing
 Simple and robust design with no moving parts
 No need for electricity

7. WEBAP: Planning and design
18
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tests with different wave conditions
mooring forces
Pump capacity for each wave spectra
Stability
Optimal ramp (30˚is optimal)
other details

8. WEBAP: Pilot I
Facts
 14 m with, variable ramp
 faces waves at all conditions
 outlet at 75m depth
Measurements
 Pump-capacity, wave parameter, currents,
CTD-profiles, sediment, forces, stability, behaviour, etc.
Operation period
 November 2010 to April 2013 (with interrupted operation
between December 2010 to July 2011)

9. WEBAP: Pilot II
Facts
 2,5 m in diameter, variable pump-capacity between 1-4m3/s
 maximal effect use 5 kW
 outlet at 100m depth
Measurements
 Pump capacity, CTD-profiles, sediments,
metals, nutrients, currents etc.
Operation period
 April 2011 to September 2012

10. WEBAP: Monitoring

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Online monitoring
Field expeditions
Water and sediment samples
Historical data

11. WEBAP: Evaluation
 Data evaluation
 Modeling regional large scale
impacts
 Laboratory tests
70
60
50
Macoma
40
30
Marenzelleria
20
Mysis
10
0
O2 start O2 end
Ecotoxicology

12. Results
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Measurements and mapping of the lack of oxygen in the
area indicate that the lack of oxygen in the pilot areas is
more widely spread than previously estimated
Measurements confirm the estimated
pumping capacity at different wave heights
Large scale implementation modeling
establishing that the technique does not
affect the salinity stratification
Modeling for the Gotland Deep based on
field data show oxygenation of the whole
area down to the seafloor after only five years

13. More results

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Tests with sediment and organisms from the pilot
sites show no adverse effects of oxygenation
Potential to bind up to 100 000 tones of phosphorus,
which can be compared with the annual land supply
of around 30 000 tones /yr and the environmental
objective to reduce this load by 15 000 tones /yr
Several setups for different conditions (waves, etc.)
Modeling of pumping in Kanholmsfjärden based on
field data shows effect of oxygenation not only in
Kanholmsfjärden but also in adjacent bays due to the
high water exchange

14. Even more results

Lifecycle Assessment (LCA) and Lifecycle Cost (LCC)
analyses indicates that the WEBAP is the most sustainable
and cost-efficient alternative

15. Developed WEBAP-systems
1) Wave powered for large-scale application at sea, maybe in
combination with other offshore installations.

16. Developed WEBAP-systems
2) Biofuel-powered for coastal applications in the absence of wind
or waves.

17. Developed WEBAP-systems
3) Wave powered for both
inshore and offshore applications.
Future: solution combination?

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Aquaculture?
Research station?
Tourism/Recreation
Energy platform?
Entrance to the Baltic?

18. Dissemination an awareness increase
Newspaper, conferences, TV, notice
boards, homepage, Facebook, reports, exhibition, flyer, seminars, radio, etc.

20. Project partner & collaboration partner
Project group
 IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute
 KTH – Royal Institute of Technology
 Municipality of Simrishamn
Collaboration partner (selection)
Åbo Akademi University, KIMO - Local Authorities International Environmental
Organization, Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Erken
Laboratory, Österlen Trade Society, Marint centrum, Österlens Fishing Association, Xylem
Inc, Reinertsen, BWN consulting, Marincenter Syd, Konceptfabriken, MJK, Högmansö
varv, Ressel, etc
Collaboration with other projects
BOX, PROPPEN, SEABED, Innovative Aquaculture Åland Islands

21. More information
Homepage: www.webap.ivl.se
Contact:
Christian Baresel
christian.baresel@ivl.se
Tel:+46-8-598 56 406
facebook.com/Wave-Energized-BalticAeration-Pump-Webap