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CVA A&P - Chapter 10: Bblood
1.
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by
Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 10 Blood
2.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood The only fluid tissue in the human body Classified as a connective tissue Components of blood Living cells Formed elements Non-living matrix Plasma
3.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood If blood is centrifuged Erythrocytes (red blood cells) sink to the bottom (45% of blood, a percentage known as the hematocrit) Buffy coat contains leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets (less than 1% of blood) Buffy coat is a thin, whitish layer between the erythrocytes and plasma Plasma rises to the top (55% of blood)
4.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.1 (1 of 2) Blood
5.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.1 (2 of 2) Blood
6.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Physical Characteristics of Blood Color range Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red Oxygen-poor blood is dull red pH must remain between 7.35–7.45 Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature at 100.4°F In a healthy man, blood volume is about 5–6 liters or about 6 quarts Blood makes up 8% of body weight
7.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Plasma Composed of approximately 90% water Includes many dissolved substances Nutrients Salts (electrolytes) Respiratory gases Hormones Plasma proteins Waste products
8.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formed Elements Erythrocytes Red blood cells (RBCs) Leukocytes White blood cells (WBCs) Platelets (also called thrombocytes) Cell fragments
9.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Photomicrograph of a Blood Smear Figure 10.2 White blood cell White blood cell
10.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formed Elements Erythrocytes (red blood cells or RBCs) Main function is to carry oxygen Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes Biconcave disks Essentially bags of hemoglobin Anucleate (no nucleus) Contain very few organelles 5 million RBCs per cubic millimeter of blood
11.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formed Elements Hemoglobin Iron-containing protein Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen Each hemoglobin molecule has four oxygen binding sites Each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules Normal blood contains 12–18 g of hemoglobin per 100 mL blood
12.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formed Elements Homeostatic imbalance of RBCs Anemia is a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood Sickle cell anemia (SCA) results from abnormally shaped hemoglobin Polycythemia is an excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes
13.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.3 Formed Elements
14.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formed Elements Leukocytes (white blood cells or WBCs) Crucial in the body’s defense against disease These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles Able to move into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis) Can respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues 4,000 to 11,000 WBC per cubic millimeter of blood
15.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formed Elements Abnormal numbers of leukocytes Leukocytosis WBC count above 11,000 leukocytes/mm3 Generally indicates an infection Leukopenia Abnormally low leukocyte level Commonly caused by certain drugs such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents Leukemia Bone marrow becomes cancerous, turns out excess WBC
16.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formed Elements Types of leukocytes Granulocytes Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained Possess lobed nuclei Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils Agranulocytes Lack visible cytoplasmic granules Nuclei are spherical, oval, or kidney- shaped Include lymphocytes and monocytes
17.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formed Elements List of the WBCs from most to least abundant Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils Easy way to remember this list Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
18.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formed Elements Platelets Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes) Needed for the clotting process Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm3
19.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hematopoiesis Blood cell formation Occurs in red bone marrow All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell
20.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.4 Hematopoiesis
21.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formation of Erythrocytes Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins Wear out in 100 to 120 days When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver Lost cells are replaced by division of stem cells in the red bone marrow
22.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemostasis Stoppage of bleeding resulting from a break in a blood vessel Hemostasis involves three phases Vascular spasms Platelet plug formation Coagulation (blood clotting)
23.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemostasis Figure 10.7
24.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemostasis Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes The clot remains as tissue regenerates The clot is broken down after tissue repair
25.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Undesirable Clotting Thrombus A clot in an unbroken blood vessel Can be deadly in areas like the heart Embolus A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain
26.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bleeding Disorders Thrombocytopenia Platelet deficiency Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting Hemophilia Hereditary bleeding disorder Normal clotting factors are missing
27.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Groups and Transfusions Large losses of blood have serious consequences Loss of 15–30% causes weakness Loss of over 30% causes shock, which can be fatal Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly Transfused blood must be of the same blood group
28.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Blood Groups Blood contains genetically determined proteins Antigens (a substance the body recognizes as foreign) may be attacked by the immune system Antibodies are the “recognizers” Blood is “typed” by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (agglutination)
29.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ABO Blood Groups Based on the presence or absence of two antigens Type A Type B
30.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ABO Blood Groups The presence of both antigens A and B is called type AB The presence of antigen A is called type A The presence of antigen B is called type B The lack of both antigens A and B is called type O
31.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ABO Blood Groups Blood type AB can receive A, B, AB, and O blood Universal recipient Blood type B can receive B and O blood Blood type A can receive A and O blood Blood type O can receive O blood Universal donor
32.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ABO Blood Groups Table 10.3
33.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rh Blood Groups Named because of the presence or absence of an Rh antigens that was originally defined in Rhesus monkeys Most Americans are Rh+ (Rh positive) Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh– (Rh negative) blood
34.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rh Dangers During Pregnancy The mismatch of an Rh– mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems The immune system is sensitized after the first pregnancy In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn)
35.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Typing Blood samples are mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum Coagulation or no coagulation leads to determining blood type Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the same manner Cross matching—testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa
36.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Typing Figure 10.8
37.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Developmental Aspects of Blood Sites of blood cell formation The fetal liver and spleen are early sites of blood cell formation Bone marrow takes over hematopoiesis by the seventh month
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