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CVA A&P - Chapter 5a: Standard Bone Tissue
1.
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by
Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 5 The Skeletal System
2.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton
3.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functions of Bones Support the body Protect soft organs Allow movement due to attached skeletal muscles Store minerals and fats Blood cell formation
4.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Human Body The adult skeleton has 206 bones Two basic types of bone tissue Compact bone Homogeneous Spongy bone Small needle-like pieces of bone Many open spaces Figure 5.2b
5.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1
6.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Long bones Typically longer than they are wide Have a shaft with heads at both ends Contain mostly compact bone Example: Femur Humerus
7.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Figure 5.1a
8.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Short bones Generally cube-shape Contain mostly spongy bone Example: Carpals Tarsals
9.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Figure 5.1b
10.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Flat bones Thin, flattened, and usually curved Two thin layers of compact bone surround a layer of spongy bone Example: Skull Ribs Sternum
11.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Figure 5.1c
12.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Irregular bones Irregular shape Do not fit into other bone classification categories Example: Vertebrae Hip bones
13.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Figure 5.1d
14.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone Diaphysis Shaft Composed of compact bone Epiphysis Ends of the bone Composed mostly of spongy bone
15.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone Figure 5.2a
16.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone Periosteum Outside covering of the diaphysis Fibrous connective tissue membrane Sharpey’s fibers Secure periosteum to underlying bone Arteries Supply bone cells with nutrients
17.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone Figure 5.2c
18.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone Articular cartilage Covers the external surface of the epiphyses Made of hyaline cartilage Decreases friction at joint surfaces
19.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone Epiphyseal plate Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone Epiphyseal line Remnant of the epiphyseal plate Seen in adult bones
20.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone Figure 5.2a
21.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone Medullary cavity Cavity inside of the shaft Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants
22.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone Figure 5.2a
23.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Osteon (Haversian system) A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings Central (Haversian) canal Opening in the center of an osteon Carries blood vessels and nerves Perforating (Volkman’s) canal Canal perpendicular to the central canal Carries blood vessels and nerves
24.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Figure 5.3a
25.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Lacunae Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes) Arranged in concentric rings Lamellae Rings around the central canal Sites of lacunae
26.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Figure 5.3b–c
27.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formation of the Human Skeleton In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone Cartilage remains in isolated areas Bridge of the nose Parts of ribs Joints
28.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Growth (Ossification) Epiphyseal plates allow for lengthwise growth of long bones during childhood New cartilage is continuously formed Older cartilage becomes ossified Cartilage is broken down Enclosed cartilage is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity Bone replaces cartilage through the action of osteoblasts
29.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Growth (Ossification) Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops Bones are remodeled in response to two factors Blood calcium levels Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton Bones grow in width (called appositional growth)
30.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4a, step 1 Bone starting to replace cartilage In an embryo Bone collar Hyaline cartilage model (a)
31.
Copyright © 2009
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4a, step 2 Bone starting to replace cartilage In a fetusIn an embryo Growth in bone length Blood vessels Hyaline cartilage New center of bone growth Medullary cavity Bone collar Hyaline cartilage model (a)
32.
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4a, step 3 Bone starting to replace cartilage Epiphyseal plate cartilage Articular cartilage Spongy bone In a childIn a fetusIn an embryo New bone forming Growth in bone width Growth in bone length Epiphyseal plate cartilage New bone forming Blood vessels Hyaline cartilage New center of bone growth Medullary cavity Bone collar Hyaline cartilage model (a)
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4b
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Bone Cells Osteocytes—mature bone cells Osteoblasts—bone-forming cells Osteoclasts—bone-destroying cells Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium in response to parathyroid hormone Bone remodeling is performed by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Fractures Fracture—break in a bone Types of bone fractures Closed (simple) fracture—break that does not penetrate the skin Open (compound) fracture—broken bone penetrates through the skin Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Common Types of Fractures Table 5.2
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Repair of Bone Fractures Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Figure 5.5 Hematoma External callus Bony callus of spongy bone Healed fracture New blood vessels Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage) Spongy bone trabecula Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation Bony callus formation Bone remodeling
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