Development, inequality and climate change
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This paper argues that, despite considerable rhetoric to the contrary, privileged populations have long undermined “development”, in several ways and scales. The degree of this erosion of development has arguably increased in recent decades, although there are countering trends, especially the spread and declining cost of communication technologies including mobile phones, the internet and more recently social media. Aid from high to low-income countries, in an attempt to reduce international inequality, has become unfashionable, and many attempts to increase fairness have instead been denigrated, with language such as the “politics of envy”. Arguments that it is in the rational self-interest of societies and indeed of the whole world to become more equal have also had little effect, despite phenomena such as the September 11 attacks and the rise of the Islamic State, which now attracts violent idealists from many countries. Instead, high-income populations favour attempts to suppress dissidents and practice increasingly intensive and pervasive surveillance. Finally, this paper argues that anthropogenic climate change is a manifestation of global inequality, which, unless addressed, is likely to not only make other forms of inequality worse, but even to threaten the fabric of global civilization, in combination with other stresses that reflect aspects of “planetary overload”. References Butler C.D. (forthcoming) Revised method makes the MDG hunger reduction goal within reach Global Food Security Butler C.D., editor. 2014, Climate Change and Global Health. CABI, Wallingford, UK Campbell, M., Cleland, J., Ezeh, A. and Prata, N., 2007. Return of the population growth factor. Science 315, 1501-1502. Kelley, A.C., 2001. The population debate in historical perspective : revisionism revised. In: N. Birdsall, A.C. Kelley and S.W. Sinding (eds.), Population Matters : Demographic Change, Economic Growth, and Poverty in the Developing World. Oxford University Press, Oxford ; New York, pp. 24-54. McMichael, A.J. 1993, Planetary Overload, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK Freire, P. 2006, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, 30th Anniversary edition, Continuum, New York, USA.
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Development, inequality and climate change
- 1. CRICOS #00212K Development, inequality & climate change Professor Colin Butler
- 2. CRICOS #00212K Research and education for rural development and food security to build resilient rural environments: Australian and Indian perspectives Organised by: Australia India Council, Pradan Ambedkar University Delhi, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Charles Sturt University, University of Western Sydney
- 3. CRICOS #00212K Outline Paulo Friere: determinants of development Inequality Climate change as a case study of global inequality What we might do
- 4. CRICOS #00212K The Pedagogy of the Oppressed ideas nutrition education community
- 5. CRICOS #00212K .. Rajesh Boudh, who converted .. to Buddhism 16 years ago .. told me, “I no longer think the way that I used to.” .. when I became a Buddhist, I realized that I was human. When I still believed in Hinduism, I didn’t know I was human. I thought I was polluted, untouchable.” http://phillips.unc.edu/page/patrick-dowd
- 7. CRICOS #00212K Prevalence of stunting in under 5 year olds Black et al, Lancet 2008
- 8. CRICOS #00212K Inequality and “neoliberalism”
- 9. CRICOS #00212K “Washington Consensus” (neo-liberalism, Reaganomics, Modinomics) Reduce subsidies Cut marginal tax rates Deregulation – reduce protection Reduced role for the state http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story094/en/
- 10. CRICOS #00212K
- 11. CRICOS #00212K
- 12. CRICOS #00212K
- 13. CRICOS #00212K “trickle down” does not work
- 14. CRICOS #00212K
- 15. CRICOS #00212K Share of income received by top 1% (UNCTAD, 2012) Pearson Commission on ODA “Health for all by 2000”
- 16. CRICOS #00212K Ascendancy of neoliberalism Share of income received by top 1% (UNCTAD, 2012)
- 17. CRICOS #00212K
- 18. CRICOS #00212K Inequality – essential – but thresholds exist Envy, risk of “blowback” not main problem -matters even if living standards of poor rise slightly matters if/when elites lose touch with the poor and rig society so that “public goods” erode (eg public health, development, climate system, biodiversity, eventually global law and order)
- 19. CRICOS #00212K Some ways the powerful “rig” (shape) the system, harming public goods* 1. Own, control, influence media* 2. Excessive influence on policy* 3. Ignore big tax evaders 4. Encourage social norms blaming poor 5. Cut foreign aid * 6. Promote loyal academics * 7. Ignore, imprison, murder dissidents* * (not just neoliberalism)
- 20. CRICOS #00212K Global inequality Inequality, in one boat Danger of sinking Hypocrisy, loss of connection with poor
- 21. CRICOS #00212K Climate change as a case study of global inequality
- 22. CRICOS #00212K
- 23. CRICOS #00212K
- 24. CRICOS #00212K Australian Prime Minister John Howard (2013): quoted as "compelling" one of Mr Lawson's claims .. that unmitigated warming would leave future generations 8.4 times better off, compared with 9.4 times richer in the absence of climate change In other words – nothing to worry about
- 25. CRICOS #00212K Greenpeace India faces expulsion .. 30 days to show why it should not be deregistered for "anti-development" activities.
- 26. CRICOS #00212K
- 27. CRICOS #00212KPNAS - 2015
- 28. CRICOS #00212K Damascus, 2014. Line for food aid from UN Relief and Works Agency in a great city - large parts of which have been destroyed by civil war, along with basic food supply infrastructure
- 29. CRICOS #00212K What we can do 1. Data necessary – not sufficient 2. Form coalitions – among colleagues, with other disciplines and with other groups 3. Strive to challenge neoliberalism and magical thinking 4. Keep optimistic but not complacent
Notas del editor
- Development, inequality and co-operation: reflections, including on climate change” http://www.claudemonetgallery.org/A-Haystack.html Poverty, demography and infectious disease: three warnings 30mins/5 mins qns; (of around 250-300 words) by Oct 10 Generations of slash and burn neoliberal, almost laissez faire development policies, with only rhetorical nods to global conservation and equity, continue to erode not only many environmental determinants of health, but also many factors that underpin social and health development. Here are three warnings to all who will listen that we live in One World with One Health. First, the hellish and tragic Ebola catastrophe in West Africa is rooted in abysmal heath care, poverty, health illiteracy, high fertility, low education, deforestation and, perhaps, a lack of cultural memory for it. Ebola and other exotic infections risk magnification and intrusion even to the well-being of affluent populations in wealthy countries, not only by the density of international air travel, but by increasing poverty, inequality and overloaded, often sub-optimal heath care systems in those countries. Second, the extent of open defaecation in India has been linked to undernutrition even in middle-class Indian children with access to toilets. If so, improved sanitation in India will bring obvious co-benefits. Well-off Indians must overcome their fear of educating their oppressed. Finally, we are experiencing Planetary Overload, manifest not only as climate change, but the depletion of many other ecological and environmental underpinnings of human affluence. Adverse consequences to global nutrition are already evident (e.g. implied by persistently elevated global food prices). Large-scale population immunity is at risk. The Black Death has been speculatively linked to the Great European Famine. We should not be complacent about this century. We should not be deluded that “walls and moats” are our best defence, nor be obsessed with avian influenza. Instead, health workers must lobby to reverse many trends; a fairer world is the only safe and sustainable escape from our peril. Re-thinking and deeper thinking is also required by many related disciplines that also underpin population health.
- http://phillips.unc.edu/page/patrick-dowd Phillips Ambassadors Think Study Abroad. Think Asia. Home About Us Overview About Asia Meet the Ambassadors Alumni How to Apply Contact Us Patrick Dowd Major: English and Cultural Studies Hometown: East Bend, North Carolina Study Abroad Program: SIT India To begin with a necessary cliché, my time in India was without a doubt the most transformative and meaningful period of my life so far. In living with a homestay family, studying Hindi, and traveling through the north of the subcontinent, I was thoroughly fascinated and enamored, leaving me no doubt that my future will be deeply involved with India. However, through these experiences, I learned enough about the vast and wonderful cultures of India to realize that I know very little. In a country with such amazing diversity and plurality, I think it’s important to be as specific as possible when describing one’s experiences, so as not to generalize with statements like, “India is…” For this reason, I will describe my month-long independent research period in the most holy Buddhist pilgrimage place in the world. The ceremony begins around 10 am and already the temperature is in the low 90s with a stifling humidity making my kurta stick against my back. A monk approaches the podium and delivers a rousing speech in Hindi, periodically interrupted by a chorus of voices chanting “Jai Buddha! Jai Ambedkar! Jai Baba Saheb!” I’m surrounded by dozens of monks in yellow, saffron and scarlet robes, a cross-section of the international Buddhist monastics who call Bodh Gaya home. There are also another 150 laypeople, low-caste women, men and children most of whom are life-long Bihari residents. Of the couple hundred people in the crowd, I’m the only Westerner, trying to make sense of who was this Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and why so many have gathered to celebrate his life here in Bodh Gaya, the place where the Siddhartha Gautama became the Buddha. I went to India with a vague knowledge of Indian Buddhism and an even fogger understanding of the caste system and the practice of untouchability. Though I had been living in India for upwards of 2 and a half months when I traveled to Bodh Gaya, everyone I asked defined the caste system differently. Most Indians I spoke with said it was simply a way of ordering society, originally derived from Hindu scripture but later extending to all parts of Indian culture; it’s no coincidence those I spoke with were from high-castes. It was only when I began to explore the caste system from the perspective of oppressed that I learned about Dr. Ambedkar and his struggle to empower the depressed castes of India through conversion to Buddhism. In 1956, almost ten years after Indian independence, Dr. Ambedkar officially rejected Hinduism and Hindu philosophy in favor of Buddhism. The author of the Indian constitution and Dalit (depressed caste) leader described his conversion as a deliverance from hell, and no doubt the 3.5 million Dalits who converted over the next ten years felt similarly. By rejecting the divisions of the caste system and asserting that any person can attain enlightenment, the Buddha radically changed the social and political landscape of India. These teachings are now used as a central means of social liberation for depressed castes. Dalit conversions from 1956 to the present account for the greatest Buddhist revival India has seen in hundreds of years and Dalits currently compose the largest Buddhist population in India. I wanted to understand the motivation for these conversions, as well as how the lives of these formerly untouchable Hindus had changed. The first convert I interviewed was Rajesh Boudh, who converted from Hinduism to Buddhism sixteen years ago. When I asked him about the significance of his conversion, he paused for a moment and told me, “The most important change was my change of consciousness; I no longer think the way that I used to.” I asked if he would elaborate on what he meant by “change of consciousness” and he responded, “Well, when I became a Buddhist, I realized that I was human. When I still believed in Hinduism, I didn’t know I was human. I thought I was polluted, untouchable.” I tried to conceal my shock, but my jaw dropped as I struggled to find a response. He went on to explain that throughout his life, his entire society reiterated that he wasn’t the same as everyone else; that he wasn’t even of the same species as a Brahmin or Kshatriya. Rajesh told me that he didn’t begin to overcome this crippling inferiority complex until his conversion to Buddhism. Now, regardless of what discrimination he may face on account of his caste, he believes himself to be inherently no better or worse than any other person. “I am now no longer bothered by others’ judgments because I know that I am equal to all people. Buddhism has provided me this inner-strength.” Following his conversion, Rajesh established the Dharma Chakra Mission, a nationally registered NGO which seeks to better the lives of Dalits in Bodh Gaya through Buddhist and secular education programs. DCM offers lectures and workshops about Buddhism, twice-daily English classes, and operates a primary school for youth in Bodh Gaya. All of these services are directed toward low-caste locals and are offered free of charge. Throughout the month I spent with the DCM, I learned that this commitment to social engagement is of principle importance to Dalit Buddhists. Their religious practice is dominated by Samyak Kamma, or the idea that helping to one’s fellow being is the most important teaching of the Buddha. By providing these services, they believe they are fulfilling Lord Buddha’s mission of showing compassion and respect, even to those most rejected by society. They hope to share the teachings that helped them develop an unprecedented sense of dignity and self-esteem. Though the DCM receives no national or international aid and operates on a thin budget, members ceaselessly strive to better the lives of the oppressed in Bodh Gaya. Along with adamantly rejecting the caste system and the idea of untouchability, these Dalit converts also promote gender equality in a deeply patriarchal society. Usha Kumari Boudh, a local Dalit woman and member of the DCM, explained to me, “Before becoming Buddhist, I thought that women were inferior to men. I thought it was my bad karma for being born a woman; that I must have done something wrong in my past lives. Buddhism has taught me this is not true, that no one is superior or inferior to anyone else based on birth. By birth, men aren’t better than women and Brahmins aren’t better than untouchables; we can only judge others by their actions.” In a country where religion is too often a source of divisiveness, I was overwhelmed to see Buddhism bringing together and empowering those most oppressed by Indian society. Through their belief in Buddhist dharma, my Dalit friends not only rejected the hierarchies of caste, but also those of gender, and strove to treat all sentient beings as having Buddha-nature. For them, Buddhism was not an abstract philosophy but rather a living belief system that asserts their claim to dignity and respect. Scholar Spotlight David Crawford Click to learn more about this scholar Read Full Story Ambassadors' News Apr 6, 2015 Banjo Player Abigail Washburn Delivers “Pop-Up” Performance, April 8 Banjo player Abigail Washburn is coming to the University of North … Read more Mar 16, 2015 Phillips Ambassador Lauren Toppin Awarded Fulbright Lauren Toppin, a senior in the nutrition department at the UNC-Chap… Read more Archive RSS Copyright UNC Study Abroad. All Rights Reserved. FAQ | Contact Us Non-Profit Web Design by New Media Campaigns
- Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences Robert E Black, Lindsay H Allen, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Laura E Caulfield, Mercedes de Onis, Majid Ezzati, Colin Mathers, Juan Rivera, for the Maternal and Child Undernutrition Study Group* Maternal and child undernutrition is highly prevalent in low-income and middle-income countries, resulting in substantial increases in mortality and overall disease burden. In this paper, we present new analyses to estimate the effects of the risks related to measures of undernutrition, as well as to suboptimum breastfeeding practices on mortality and disease. We estimated that stunting, severe wasting, and intrauterine growth restriction together were responsible for 2·2 million deaths and 21% of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for children younger than 5 years. Deficiencies of vitamin A and zinc were estimated to be responsible for 0·6 million and 0·4 million deaths, respectively, and a combined 9% of global childhood DALYs. Iron and iodine deficiencies resulted in few child deaths, and combined were responsible for about 0·2% of global childhood DALYs. Iron deficiency as a risk factor for maternal mortality added 115 000 deaths and 0·4% of global total DALYs. Suboptimum breastfeeding was estimated to be responsible for 1·4 million child deaths and 44 million DALYs (10% of DALYs in children younger than 5 years). In an analysis that accounted for co-exposure of these nutrition-related factors, they were together responsible for about 35% of child deaths and 11% of the total global disease burden. The high mortality and disease burden resulting from these nutrition-related factors make a compelling case for the urgent implementation of interventions to reduce their occurrence or ameliorate their consequences.
- http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/the-claims-are-exaggerated-john-howard-rejects-predictions-of-global-warming-catastrophe-20131105-2wzza.html 'The claims are exaggerated': John Howard rejects predictions of global warming catastrophe Date November 6, 2013 Comments 822 Nick Miller Europe Correspondent View more articles from Nick Miller Follow Nick on Twitter Email Nick inShare submit to reddit Email article Print Reprints & permissions Abbott ducks questions on Howard climate speech John Howard praised the PM for challenging the global warming consensus. Here's Tony Abbott's response. Autoplay OnOff Video feedback Video settings Australian politics: full coverage Hearings to examine Abbott's climate claims London: Former prime minister John Howard has poured scorn on the "alarmist" scientific consensus on global warming in a speech to a gathering of British climate sceptics, comparing those calling for action on climate change to religious zealots. I am unconvinced that catastrophe is around the corner Mr Howard said he was an "agnostic" on climate science and he preferred to rely on his instinct, which told him that predictions of doom were exaggerated. Former Prime Minister John Howard told the Global Warming Policy Foundation, a group of UK climate change sceptics, a global agreement on climate change action is unlikely. Photo: Dom Lorrimer He also relied on a book written by a prominent climate sceptic, which scientists have attacked as ignorant and misleading. Advertisement And he called on politicians not to be browbeaten into surrendering their role in determining economic policy. Nuclear power – a "very clean source of energy" - shale oil and fracking were solutions to the world's energy needs, Mr Howard said. Mr Howard's speech in London on Tuesday night was to the Global Warming Policy Foundation, a think tank established by Nigel Lawson, one of Britain's most prominent climate change sceptics, former chancellor in the Thatcher government and father of TV chef Nigella. Mr Howard revealed before the speech that the only book he had read on climate change was Lawson's An Appeal to Reason: a Cool Look at Global Warming, published in 2008. Mr Howard said he read it twice, once when he was writing his autobiography, when he used it to counter advice for stronger action on climate change given to him by government departments when he had been prime minister. But the book has been attacked by climate experts. Mr Howard quoted as "compelling" one of Mr Lawson's claims in the book: that unmitigated warming would leave future generations 8.4 times better off, compared with 9.4 times richer in the absence of climate change (the book in fact uses the numbers 8.5 and 9.5). That calculation is based on "sleight of hand and faulty logic", said Bob Ward, policy director at the London School of Economics Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, and it ignores the possibility of warming at the higher end of estimates by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Sir John Loughton, lead editor of the first three reports by the IPCC, the UN's climate panel, called the book "neither cool nor rational", saying it showed a "surprising ignorance of elementary statistical analysis" and ignored the impact of more frequent floods and droughts. When told of Mr Howard's comments, climate scientist Tim Flannery said it was unclear which particular aspects of the science the former prime minister was doubtful about. Contrary to Mr Howard’s assertions, Professor Flannery said climate scientists had established a direct link between global warming and an increased risk of extreme weather and events such as bushfires. Professor Flannery recommended some additional reading material for Mr Howard, when told that the only book the former prime minister had read on climate change was Mr Lawson's tome. ''Particularly prime ministers should be reading the science and should be familiarising themselves with what the experts are saying rather than what some commentator happens to be saying,'' Professor Flannery said. ''I would just say [to Mr Howard], go to the IPCC report summaries, go to the Climate Commission reports that explain those things in simple language.'' A spokesman for Environment Minister Greg Hunt said about Mr Howard's speech: ''Government accepts the science that climate change is real. We will take action to reduce domestic emissions by 5 per cent by 2020, but we'll do it without a carbon tax which hurts households and business.'' Tuesday night's speech was titled "One religion is enough". In notes for the speech distributed beforehand, Mr Howard said he chose the title "in reaction to the sanctimonious tone employed by so many of those who advocate … costly responses to what they see as irrefutable evidence that the world's climate faces catastrophe". He said policy makers were faced with attempts to "intimidate" them with the mantras of 'follow the science' and 'the science is truly settled'." However, it was the job of politicians to make public policy, and they should not surrender that role, Mr Howard said. "The ground is thick with rent-seekers. There are plenty of people around who want access to public money in the name of saving the planet. "Politicians who bemoan the loss of respect for their calling should remember that every time they allow themselves to be browbeaten by the alleged views of experts they contribute further to that lack of respect." Economic growth in developing countries was much more important than countering global warming, Mr Howard said, and the West had no right to deny economic development to the rest of the world in the name of climate change. He accused the IPCC of including "nakedly political agendas" in its advice. Mr Howard said he had always been an agnostic on global warming. He had not "totally" rejected the conclusions of scientists, although he recalled the "apocalyptic warnings of the Club of Rome" – a think tank that in 1972 mistakenly predicted population growth would lead to a major economic and food supply crisis in the early 1990s. Mr Howard said his government proposed a carbon emissions trading scheme in 2006 in the face of a political "perfect storm" on the issue. Now the "high-tide of public support for over-zealous action on global warming has passed", he said. He said it was unlikely there would ever be a global agreement on climate change action. "I don't see a real prospect of that happening," he said. Mr Howard also criticised "zealous advocates of action of global warming" and "alarmists" for attempting to exploit the NSW bushfires in October. He pointed out that a big bushfire in Victoria took place 163 years ago, "when the planet was not experiencing any global warming. You might well describe all of this as an inconvenient truth." Renewable energy sources should be used when it makes economic sense, but nuclear energy should be used in the long term, and the ‘shale revolution' would be a game-changer in the energy debate, Mr Howard said. Speaking in London before the speech, Mr Howard said climate change activists saw the issue as a substitute religion. "It's the latest progressive cause," he said. But the global financial crisis had caused the general population to become more sceptical. "I don't know whether all of the warnings about global warming are true or not," he said. "You can never be absolutely certain that all the science is in. "I am unconvinced that catastrophe is around the corner. I don't disregard what scientists say. I just don't accept all of the alarmist conclusions. "I instinctively feel that some of the claims are exaggerated." He was sceptical about science that linked climate change to the increased likelihood of extreme weather events or bushfires. "Australia has always had extreme weather events," he said. "The first Australians knew how to deal with [the risk of bushfires] through regular backburning. It's something that's worth contemplating." He said renewable energy should be used only when it was affordable and would not hurt poorer families or developing countries. He predicted that shale oil and gas had opened up a "tantalising prospect" of an energy independent US, which would dominate energy policy in that country and would "dwarf" consideration of a carbon trading scheme. In Australia, nuclear power should be "kept on the table" and used as it became better value for money. With Jonathan Swan
- Greenpeace in Delhi chokehold Weekend Australian, Australia by Amanda Hodge 11 Apr 2015 International News - page 13 - 583 words - ID 393354206 - Photo: No - Type: News Item - Size: 218.00cm2 Greenpeace is facing expulsion from India after the government stepped up its campaign against the group yesterday, cutting off access to all its bank accounts and giving it 30 days to show why it should not be deregistered for "anti-development" activities.It is the fourth time in less than a year the government has acted against the group, including the freezing by the Home Affairs Ministry of foreign accounts that was overturned by the High Court in January.Greenpeace India has vowed to contest the latest restrictions, which it says amounts to a "smear" campaign aimed at silencing criticism of policy.Under previous restrictions, Greenpeace was able to operate because 70 per cent of its funding came from local donors. It claimed then the government's action against it had prompted a sharp spike in contributions. But the latest move has frozen foreign and domestic accounts.The government's focus on Greenpeace sharpened last June with the release of an Intelligence Bureau report alleging the group, along with other NGOs, was damaging India's economy by campaigning against power projects, mining and genetically modified food.Among Greenpeace's targets has been mining company GVK and Gujarati industrialist Gautam Adani's private Mundra Port facility, declared a special economic zone by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his time as Gujarat chief minister.Mr Adani, an associate of Mr Modi, is seeking funds for his $16.5 billion Galilee Basin coal mine, rail line and port in Queensland. Though the project has received approvals, Australian environmentalists are concerned about its impact on the Great Barrier Reef.Greenpeace executive director Samit Aich was not surprised by the latest action, and the group would challenge the shutdown that has left it with no money to pay its 200 staff or bills for its seven India offices."This feels like a revealing moment; one that says a lot more about the Ministry of Home Affairs than it does about Greenpeace. A campaign is being waged against dissent, but we will not back down," Mr Aich said.New Delhi's High Court last March quashed a travel ban on Greenpeace campaigner Priya Pillai who in January was removed from a flight bound for London where she was to address a parliamentary committee hearing into British mining company Essar's activities in the Mahan forests of Madhya Pradesh.In doing so, the court found the government claim that Greenpeace was fomenting protests in the country was not valid, and that the ministry had violated Ms Pillai's constitutional right to freedom of speech and liberty.In a four-page public order obtained by local media late Thursday, the ministry cited breaches of the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act, including alleged under-reporting of funds, as well as moving by Greenpeace of its head office from Chennai to Bangalore and replacing more than half of its executive committee without prior approval."The central government . is satisfied that the acceptance of foreign contributions by the said association has prejudicially affected the public interest and economic interest of the state . which violates the conditions for grant of certificate of registration," it said.Mr Aich said the New Delhi High Court had in January ruled in Greenpeace's favour on these matters."The onus is now on us to prove we should exist in India. I think the world is watching this and realising that Greenpeace is being unfairly targeted," he said."For God's sake, this is a very powerful government versus an NGO. Who do you think is going to win? But let's see how this goes.I am not talking of that possibility (of an Indian shutdown) yet."
- Kelley, C.P., Mohtadi, Shahrzad., Cane, Mark.A. Seager, Richard, and Kushnir, Yochanan., 2015. Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA).
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