1. Nationalism In India
Group 6 of 2 - Canisius
Risager, John B.
Veruasa, Rainier Gilbert A.
Gamit, Cris Angelo A.
Albelar, Irysh Dianne A.
November 26, 2012
2.
3. Introduction
O As the European powers competed for
markets and colonies, they eventually clashed
due to their imperialistic interests. Thus, on
June 28, 1914, the First World War in history
broke out.
O Although Asian nations were not directly
involved in the war, it was an important
usually event to remember, because it helped
hasten the other way for change. Totally
devastated, the Europeans powers were
challenged by the Asians. Nationalists
movements rose against the domineering
Europeans.
4. What is Nationalism?
O Is a form of patriotism based upon the
identification of a group of individuals with
a nation.
O Devotion to the interests or culture of
one's nation.
O The belief that nations will benefit from
acting independently rather than
collectively, emphasizing national rather
than international goals.
5. Growth of Indian Nationalism
O The growth of Indian nationalism started
in the nineteenth century. Political
unification of India, fall of India's old social
and economic system, the beginning of
modern trade and industry and the rise of
new social classes laid the basis of
nationalism.
O Source:
http://www.preservearticles.com/20110419
5626/short-on-essay-the-rise-of-
nationalism-in-india.html
6. O Indian nationalism had been growing in the mid
1800’s.
O They began to apply these political ideas to their
own country, and started to resent the two
centuries of British rule.
O Two groups were formed to liberate India from
foreign rule. The Indian National Congress or
Congress Party, in 1885, and the Muslim
League in 1906.
O They shared the heritage of British rule and an
understanding of democratic ideals. These two
groups both labored hard toward the goal of
national independence.
7. O Until World War , the vast majority of
Indians had little interest in nationalism .
The situation changed as over a million
Indians enlisted in the British army. In
return for their service, the British
government promised reforms that would
eventually lead to self-government.
8. World War I Heightens Indian
Nationalism
O The First World War created a new
economic and political situation. It led to a
huge increase in defence expenditure
which was financed by war loans and
increasing taxes: customs duties were
raised and income tax introduced.
Through the war years prices increased –
doubling between 1913 and 1918 –
leading to extreme hardship for the
common people. Villages were called
upon to supply soldiers, and the forced
recruitment in rural areas caused
widespread anger.
9. O Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops
failed in many parts of India, resulting in
acute shortages of food. This was
accompanied by an influenza epidemic.
According to the census of 1921, 12 to
13 million people perished as a result of
famines and the epidemic. People
hoped that their hardships would end
after the war was over. But that did not
happen.
O Source:
http://www.excellup.com/classten/ssten/
nationalismasia.aspx
10. O Later in the war, Indian demands led to
the declaration in parliament favoring the
increasing association of Indians in every
branch of the administration and the
gradual development of self-governing
institutions.
11. O In 1918, Indian troops returned home
from war, expecting the fulfillment of
Britain’s promise of self-governance or
swaraj. Instead they found themselves
once again treated as second- class
citizens. This caused the radical
nationalists to carry out acts of
violence to show their hatred to the
British rule. In retaliation, the British
enacted the Rowlatt Act in 1919.
12. O To Western educated Indians, denial of a
trial by jury violated their individual rights.
Violent protests against the act flared in
Punjab, the Indian province with the
greatest number of World War I veterans.
13. O In March 1919, the British passed the Rowlatt
Acts to try to control protests in India. The
acts attempted to restrict the political liberties
and rights of Indians, including the right to trial
by jury. But demonstrations against the
government increased in response to the
acts. On April 13, 1919, thousands of Indians
assembled in an enclosed area in Amritsar.
Troops entered the meeting place and
blocked the
entrance.
14. O The British commander then ordered the soldiers
to open fire on the unarmed crowd. The shots
killed about 400 people and wounded about 1,200.
This event, called the Amritsar Massacre, proved
to be a turning point. From then on, Indians
demanded complete independence from British
rule. The British promised more reforms, but at the
same time, they tried to crush the independence
movement.
O Source:
http://www.linkup.au.com/india/rise_of_indian_nati
onalism.htm
15. O To protest the Rowlatt Act, thousands of
Hindus and Muslims assembled in
Amritsar, the capital city of Punjab in
1919. They intended to fast, pray, and to
listen to political speeches. A small group
of nationalists was also on the scene. The
demonstration alarmed the British.
16. O The demonstration were unaware that the
British governor had banned public
meetings. However General Reginald
Dyer, the British commander at Amritsar,
believed that they were openly defying the
ban. And he ordered his troops to fire on
the crowd without warning. The shooting
last 10 minutes and it was wounded about
1200.
17. O There was an explosion of anger because
of the slaughter across in India that was in
overnight. There are millions of people in
India changed from loyal subjects into
revolutionaries and nationalists. These are
the Indians are demanding
INDEPENDENCE.
18. Mohandas Gandhi and the
Independence Movement
O On Jan. 30, 1948, while on his way to a
prayer meeting in New Delhi, he was
assassinated. A Hindu fanatic who hated
Gandhi for his tolerance toward Muslims and
disagreed with Gandhi's policy of nonviolence
shot him to death. Although British India had
become partitioned, an agreement also had to
be reached with the princely states. Most local
rulers agreed to merge their states into India.
In return, the Indian government offered them
annual payments.
19. O A few princely states joined Pakistan. One
state that initially merged into neither India nor
Pakistan was Kashmir. Its ruler was
Hindu, but the majority of its people were
Muslims. Pakistani Muslims launched an
invasion to take Kashmir by force, and
Pakistan laid claim to the state. Kashmir's
ruler responded by seeking India's protection
and by making Kashmir part of India. The war
between India and Pakistan lasted until
1949, when the United Nations (UN) arranged
a cease-fire and set up a truce line.
20. O By 1920, Mohandas K. Gandhi had
become a leader in the Indian
independence movement and in the
Indian National Congress, which had
become the most important Indian political
organization. Gandhi
persuaded the Congress to adopt his
program of nonviolent disobedience, also
known as nonviolent nonco-operation.
21. O Gandhi's program asked Indians to boycott
British goods, to refuse to pay taxes, and to
stop using British schools, courts, and
governmentservices. As a result, some
Indians gave up well-paying jobs that required
them to cooperate with the British. Gandhi
changed the Indian National Congress from a
small party of educated men to a mass party
with millions of followers.
O Source:
http://www.linkup.au.com/india/rise_of_indian_
nationalism.htm
22. O Mohandas Gandhi brought nationalism
through the common people in India.
Mohandas Gandhi was born since
October 2, 1869 in Panbandar. And he
was studied law in England and he was
practiced in South Africa.
O He was also a journalists and he had an
experience through western party and it
has a product of both Indians and the
Western Education.
23. O Through Hindu by birth, Gandhi actually didn’t
belong to any religious group. There are some
plans to take Gandhi used by the following
principles borrowed from all other religions of the
world.
O Be of service to others;
O Religious toleration is one of the best
way to live in peacefully;
O Simple living; never seeking materials
rewards; and
O Fight injustice without resorting to
violence.
24. O Disturbing by the sense of their injustice of
the British, Gandhi returned India home.
He will now became the most influential
spiritual and political leader in India’s fight
for the INDEPENDENCE.
25. Gandhi’s Principle of
Nonviolence
O The Congress, led by Mahatma Gandhi,
however, declared that dominion status
was unacceptable and its aim was
complete independence. In this letter to
the Viceroy Lord Irwin, Gandhi explains
why he regards British rule in India as a
'curse' and outlines his plans to initiate
civil disobedience by breaking the salt
laws.
26. O A month after this letter was written, on 6 April
1930, Gandhi marched to Dandi in western
India to demonstrate how to make salt from
sea-water in protest against the government's
salt monopoly. This was followed by mass
strikes, the boycott of British goods, and
violence.
O Source:
http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/in
dia/indianindependence/indiannat/source3/ind
ex.html
27. O The massacre at Amritsar setting the
stage for his good leader Mohandas
Gandhi to emerge as the leader of the
Independence movement. The most
Indian poet who is a nice writing poet
Rabindranath Tagore described him as
the “The Great Soul in a beggars
garb”, said the poet. Gandhi attracted
millions of followers. Then now Mohandas
Gandhi is said to be the
Mahatma, meaning “ Great Soul “.
28. O When the British failed to punish their
officers responsible for the killings at the
Amritsar Massacre, Gandhi urged the
Indian National Congress to follow a
policy of noncooperation with the British
government.
29. Gandhi's Principle of Civil
Disobedience
O In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided
to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement.
He felt the movement was turning violent in
many places and satyagrahis needed to be
properly trained before they would be ready
for mass struggles. Within the Congress,
some leaders were by now tired of mass
struggles and wanted to participate in
elections to the provincial councils that had
been set up by the Government of India Act of
1919.
30. O They felt that it was important to oppose
British policies within the councils, argue
for reform and also demonstrate that
these councils were not truly democratic.
C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the
Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue
for a return to council politics. But younger
leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas
Chandra Bose pressed for more radical
mass agitation and for full independence.
31. O In such a situation of internal debate and
dissension two factors again shaped Indian politics
towards the late 1920s. The first was the effect of
the worldwide economic depression. Agricultural
prices began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after
1930. As the demand for agricultural goods fell and
exports declined, peasants found it difficult to sell
their harvests and pay their revenue. By 1930, the
countryside was in turmoil.
O Source:
http://www.excellup.com/classten/ssten/nationalis
masia.aspx
32. O Gandhi developed the principle of
Satyagraha or “ truth – force “ in English.
Satyagraha is called passive resistance or
civil disobedience, the deliberate and
public refusal to obey an unjust law.
Gandhi wrote “ Complete civil
disobedience is a rebellion without the
element of violence…one perfect civil
resister is enough to win the battle of right
and wrong”
33. O In 1920, under Gandhi’s influence, the
Congress Party made of civil disobedience
and nonviolence as the means to achieve
independence.
O Gandhi launched campaigns of disobedience
to weaken the British government’s authority
and economic power. He called on Indians to
stage a series of hartals or boycotts of British
law courts, schools, services, stores and
manufactured goods.
34. O Gandhi stage a succesful boycott of British
cloth, a source of wealth for the British.
Gandhi himself devoted two hours each day
to spinning his own yarn on a simple hand
wheel. He wore only homespun clothes and
encourage Indians to follow his example.
Gandhi also worked to end the unjust
practices against the Pariah or untouchables
– the lowest group which means “ People of
God “ must be treated as equals.
35. O There were other groups who led
demonstrations, strikes, and violent
protests. It resulted in riots, bloodshed,
and arrested. Throughout 1920, the British
struggled to keep trains running, factories
going, and overcrowded jails from
bursting.
36. Salt March
O This marked the beginning of the Civil
Disobedience Movement. This was
altogether different from the Non-
cooperation Movement. People were now
asked not only to refuse cooperation with
the British, as they had done in 1921-22,
but also to break colonial laws.
37. O Thousands in different parts of the country broke
the salt law, manufactured salt and demonstrated
in front of government salt factories. As the
movement spread, foreign cloth was boycotted,
and liquor shops were picketed. Peasants refused
to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes, village
officials resigned, and in many places forest
people violated forest laws – going into Reserved
Forests to collect wood and graze cattle.
O Source:
http://www.excellup.com/classten/ssten/nationalis
masia.aspx
38. O Gandhi organized to defy the hatred Salt
Act.
O According to the Law, Indians can only
buy Salt from no other source but the
government. They also had to pay sales
taxes on salt. To show this position,
Gandhi and his followers walked through
the seacost for making their own salt and
let it evaporate. This peaceful protest was
called the SALT MARCH.
39. O After a march where the British
government processed the salt. Police
officers attacked the demonstrators.
Gandhi’s independence movement took
about 60,000 people. And finally Gandhi
was also ARRESTED.
40. Great Britain Grants India
from Self-rule
O Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were
both in jail, the Congress had been
declared illegal, and a series of measures
had been imposed to prevent
meetings, demonstrations and boycotts.
With great apprehension, Mahatma
Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience
Movement. For over a year, the
movement continued, but by 1934 it lost
its momentum.
41. O A month later, when Mahatma Gandhi himself
was arrested, industrial workers in Sholapur
attacked police posts, municipal buildings,
lawcourts and railway stations – all structures
that symbolised British rule. A frightened
government responded with a policy of brutal
repression. Peaceful satyagrahis were
attacked, women and children were beaten,
and about 100,000 people were arrested.
O Source:
http://www.excellup.com/classten/ssten/nation
alismasia.aspx
42. O Gandhi and his followers gradually reaped
the rewards of their civil disobedience
campaigns and gained greater political
power for the Indian people. In 1935, the
British parliament passed the Government
of India Act. It provided local self-
government and limited democratic
elections.
43. O The Government of India Act fueled
mounting tensions between the Muslim
and Hindus. This set up was not accepted
by the Indian nationalists. The Muslims,
on the other hand, also decided to settle
only for a separate Muslim state under the
leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Eventually in 1939, the Second World War
broke out in Europe.
44. Summary….
The Europeans have their own World War II in use
of the outbreak for power.
During the First World War II, believed that the
British governor had banned public meetings.
The Indians insisted on self-rule and the Muslims
use for their separate state.
The British Parliament, was supposed judge by the
Act of 1935.
Mohandas Gandhi, aroused by developing the
truth for all nations.
The Amritsar Massacre has the proof that these
will depend on Independence.
45. Short Quiz
O ________ pioneered the art of
Satyagraha, typified with a strict
adherence to ahimsa (non-violence), and
civil disobedience.
a. Rajagopalachari
b. Abul Kalam Azad
c. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
d. Jawaharlal Nehru
46. O The BJP seeks to defend the culture and
heritage of India and the majority of its
people, the ________ population.
a. Vaishnavism
b. Rama
c. Hindu
d. Hinduism
47. O Main Articles: ________, Indian rebellion
of 1857, Indian National Congress –
Freedom Era.
a. Revolutionary movement for Indian
independence
b. Indian independence movement
c. Indian National Army
d. Abul Kalam Azad
48. O However, ________'s leadership attracted
a wide array of Muslims to the freedom
struggle and the Congress Party.
a. Abul Kalam Azad
b. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
c. Rajagopalachari
d. Jawaharlal Nehru
49. Essay Questions:
O Nationalism is the love for one's country
and the willingness to defend it. Wars,
though harmful, faster a spirit of unitary
among the people. The moment there is a
threat to the nation from an enemy, the
patriotic feelings of the people are
aroused.
What is its idea of it?
59. Nationalism In India
Group 6 of 2 - Canisius
Risager, John B.
Veruasa, Rainier Gilbert A.
Gamit, Cris Angelo A.
Albelar, Irysh Dianne A.
November 26, 2012
