Outline Part I: Generalities Part II: CCS in Indiana Part III: Future Work and Conclusions

2. OUTLINE
PART I: GENERALITIES
PART II: CCS IN INDIANA
PART III: FUTURE WORK AND CONCLUSIONS

3. • Carbon refers to CO2 or carbon dioxide.
• Sequestration means removed or isolated from the
atmosphere and stored away for a long time
(thousands of years).
• US DOE: “a family of methods for capturing and
permanently isolating gases that otherwise could
contribute to global climate change”.
WHAT IS CARBON SEQUESTRATION?

4. • Manmade CO2 emissions are changing the climate, therefore
capturing and storing or sequestering CO2 away from the
atmosphere will help mitigate the effects of these changes.
• Power generation is changing:
•Demand of energy will double by 2030
•Cost of fossil fuel is rising
•Green House Gas (GHG) emissions (and concerns) are rising
WHY SEQUESTER CO2?

5. From IPCC, 2001
VARIATIONS OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE FOR…

6. THE GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE

7. Source: U. S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration
COAL REMAINS A DOMINANT PART OF TOMORROW’S
US ENERGY MIX

8. Ocean Sequestration
Carbon stored in oceans through direct injection or fertilization.
Terrestrial Sequestration
Carbon can be stored in soils and vegetation, which are our natural carbon
sinks. Increasing carbon fixation through photosynthesis, slowing down or
reducing decomposition of organic matter, and changing land use practices
can enhance carbon uptake in these natural sinks.
Geologic Sequestration
The capture, injection and storage of CO2 into deeply buried saline water-filled
reservoirs, depleted oil and gas fields, or coal seams.
TYPES OF SEQUESTRATION

9. Rick Pardini,
Core Energy
Nov 16th
Danilo Dragoni,
IU Geography
Sept 28th
Maria
Mastalerz,
IGS
Dec 7th
This talk!
Jared Ciferno,
DOE-NETL*
Oct 26th
CCS TALKS @ THE IGS SEMINAR SERIES
Faye Liu,
IU Geology, Dec 14st
Organic Shales

10. Precipitated Carbonate Minerals
~800 mConfining Layer(s)
Injection Well
Supercritical
CO2
Dissolved CO2
CO2 INJECTION AND TRAPPING MECHANISMS

11. MASS PARTITIONING
• Free phase, as a gas or
supercritical fluid
• Trapped in the capillaries
• Dissolved in the pore fluids
(brine or oil)
• Solid mineral precipitate

12. Source: Rempel et al., 2011
CO2 INJECTION AND TRAPPING MECHANISMS:
A MORE REALISTIC REPRESENTATION

13. PHASE DIAGRAM OF CO2

14. Assuming geothermal and pressure
gradients of 0.03 oC/m (1.64 oF/100 ft) and
9.8 MPa/Km (0.435 psi/ft) respectively
Assuming geothermal and pressure
gradients of 0.03 oC/m (1.64 oF/100 ft) and
9.8 MPa/Km (0.435 psi/ft) respectively
PHASE DIAGRAM OF CO2

15. EPA Rule: “an underground source of drinking water (USDW) is defined as an aquifer or a portion of an
aquifer that…contains fewer than 10,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L) of total dissolved solids (TDS)
EFFECT OF SALINITY ON SOLUBILITY
From Zerai et al., 2006

16. PART II:
GEOLOGIC CARBON SEQUESTRATION
IN INDIANA

17. HOW MUCH IS EMITTED BY INDIANA?
Source: Carbon Sequestration Atlas of the United States and Canada (2010), DOE-NETL

18. VOLUME – HOW MUCH IN INDIANA?
• Indiana produces ~ 250 million metric tonnes (MMT) of CO2/year (total emissions)
• 155 MMT of CO2/year (point source emissions)
• If half of the point sources CO2 emissions are to be captured and stored:
• ~78 MMT/year reservoir capacity required.
• Most are from coal-fired generation plants
• e.g. Gibson Station emits ~20 MMT/3100 Mw/year
• e.g. Edwardsport emits ~ 4.5 MMT/630 Mw/year
• To date, the largest CCS projects store ~1 [MMT/year]
• Sleipner and Snøhvit (Norway), Weyburn (Canada), and In Salah (Algeria)
• If 10% (7.8 MMT/yr) of the emissions are to be stored,
• Will require eight - 1 MMT/year projects

19. GEOLOGIC SEQUESTRATION – A DECADE OF
PROGRESS
US Department of Energy and the RCSPs
From Validation Phase (20+ projects under Regional Partnerships)
to Development Phase (multiple commercial-scale injection/storage)
Development Phase 2008-2018
Source: Carbon Sequestration Atlas of the United States and Canada (2010), DOE-NETL

20. GEOLOGIC BACKGROUND
A
B

21. Measured Depth = 2500 ft
ILLUSTRATIVE CROSS SECTION (A-A’)

22. Mount Simon Sandstone
Maquoketa Shale
Knox Supergroup
Trenton Limestone
Eau Claire Formation
St. Peter SS
CAMBRO-ORDOVICIAN ROCKS IN INDIANA

23. MOUNT SIMON SANDSTONE: MEASURED DEPTH
Source: http://igs.indiana.edu/Sequestration/CO2Storage.cfm

24. MOUNT SIMON SANDSTONE: THICKNESS
Source: http://igs.indiana.edu/Sequestration/CO2Storage.cfm

25. • Base of the sealing interval ≥2500 ft
Sufficient lithostatic pressure to ensure CO2 remains in a supercritical state at ≥1070 psi
and 88°F
• Sufficient sealing strata overlying the storage zone to mitigate the
possibility of leakage to shallower intervals and the surface
• Porous and permeable storage zone
Greater porosity and permeability at shallower depths will allow us to decrease the
injection pressure (and therefore costs)
• Remote from geologic features that might compromise the integrity of
the storage reservoir
Faults and fractured intervals
CO2 INJECTION: MINIMUM CRITERIA

26. ∅(d) = 16.36 ∗ e−0.00012∗d
r2
=0.41
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Depth(feet)
Porosity (%)
Geophysical Logs
Core Analysis
2,500 ft. burial
Interpolated
7%
7,000
Medina et al., 2011
DEPTH VERSUS POROSITY

27. y = 0.7583e0.283x
r² = 0.25
0.0010
0.0100
0.1000
1.0000
10.0000
100.0000
1000.0000
10000.0000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Permeability(miliDarcys)
Porosity (%)
Medina et al., 2011
PERMEABILITY – POROSITY RELATIONSHIP

28. From Wilkens (Personal Communication, 2010)
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS FOR THE MOUNT
SIMON SANDSTONE

29. GEOLOGIC HETEROGENEITIES
Source: Ochoa (2010) (left) and Patterson (2011) (right)

30. Capacity = (ρCO2 · t · a · φ · E) / 2200
ρCO2: density of supercritical CO2 (47.92 lbs/ft3)
t: Reservoir Thickness (ft.)
a: Reservoir Area (ft.2)
φ: Porosity as a percent
E: CO2 storage efficiency factor that reflects a fraction of the total pore volume that is filled
by CO2 (0.01-0.05)
New NETL capacity calculations:
“1-5 % of available pore space
present is useable”
conversion factor for
pounds to metric tonnes
Source: Carbon Sequestration ATLAS of the United States and Canada (DOE, 2010)
STORAGE CAPACITY IN INDIANA:
VOLUMETRIC CALCULATIONS

31. STORAGE CAPACITY OF THE MOUNT SIMON
SANDSTONE
Source: Medina, 2011 (http://igs.indiana.edu/Sequestration/CO2Storage.cfm)

32. STORAGE CAPACITY
(YEARS OF PRESENT EMISSIONS)

33. PART III:
MOVING FORWARD AND CONCLUSIONS

34. • The project is designed to build
a geologic model for Mt. Simon
Sandstone along the Arches
province and develop advanced
reservoir simulations to
determine the infrastructure
necessary to implement large-
scale CO2 storage.
Arches
Province
ARCHES PROVINCE SIMULATION PROJECT

35. • Geocellular model will be the basis of the numerical simulations.
• Geologic cross sections, stratigraphy, structure maps, deep well injection data,
geotechnical test data, geophysical data, geostatistics, mineralogy, geomechanical
information, reservoir test data, and other geologic data.
GEOCELLULAR MODEL DEVELOPMENT

36. • Data evaluation process was developed to assign model parameters and integrate
operational, geotechnical, geophysical, and geological information.
Geological
Model
• Structure
• Dep. Setting
• Facies
Geophysical
Log Data
• Porosity Logs
• Gamma Logs
Geotechnical
Data
• Permeability
• Porosity
• Mineralogy
Injection Data
▪ Permeability
▪ Storage
▪ Pressure Geotechnical
Data
Log
Data
Geology
Geostatistical Analysis
Numerical Model 3D Grid of Critical
Model Parameters
GEOCELLULAR MODEL DEVELOPMENT

37. • Geocellular model is being developed using Petrel Software.
• Model includes permeability and porosity distribution for Mt. Simon and Eau Claire,
corrected at Mt. Simon deep well injection sites.
GEOCELLULAR MODEL DEVELOPMENT

38.  Geophysical porosity logs from 176 wells that penetrate Eau Claire or deeper were
compiled into a 3D database.
 Database contains a total of ~960,000 data points from Knox, Eau Claire, Mt. Simon,
and Precambrian interval.
GEOCELLULAR MODEL DEVELOPMENT

39. GEOCELLULAR MODEL DEVELOPMENT

40. GEOCELLULAR MODEL DEVELOPMENT (CONT.)

41. • Currently, numerical simulations are being developed based on the geocellular
model and initial conditions.
• Initial variable density flow simulations and scoping-level simulations are being run
to assign model grid, boundary conditions, and solution parameters.
• Basin-scale, multi-phase model will be developed based on initial model results.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS

42. • There are 52 point sources in the area with emissions greater than 1,000,000 metric
tons CO2 per year. These source have total emissions of 262,000,000 metric tons CO2
per year.
• To reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the Arches Province 25-50%, CO2 storage
projects with total storage rates of 65-130 million metric tons CO2 per year would be
necessary, suggesting regional storage fields.
• MIT CO2 Pipeline Transport and Cost
Model was used to determine
potential CO2 storage field location in
the Arches Province based on
intersection of optimum pipeline
routes to favorable sink locations.
REGIONAL STORAGE FIELD SIMULATIONS
Source: MIT pipeline transport and cost module (http://e40-hjh-server1.mit.edu/energylab/wikka.php?wakka=MIT)

43. • Preliminary flow simulations
have been completed to
examine pressure buildup due
to large scale injection in the
Mt. Simon SS.
• Model results help determine
boundary conditions, grid
spacing, and solution
parameters.
Delta Pressure- 7 X 2.0 million metric tons/y per well
(14 Mt/yr total injection)
PRELIMINARY VARIABLE DENSITY SIMULATIONS
Source: Battelle, 2011 (Pers. Comm.)

44. • The work will represent the “next step” in simulation of CO2 storage — the
widespread application along a major, regional geologic structure in an area
of the country with a dense concentration of large CO2 sources.
• As such, it will help answer technical and infrastructure questions related to
simulation methods and also contribute to research on monitoring options
and risk assessment.
ARCHES PROVINCE SIMULATION PROJECT
Time
Depth
Time
Depth

45. 1. The last decade has seen tremendous progress in our
knowledge of sequestration potential in the Midwest: The
regional geologic and terrestrial frameworks are generally well
understood, major sinks have been identified.
2. Studying the relationship of porosity, permeability, and depth helps
us to understand the reservoir characteristics in terms of storage
capacity and efficiency for CO2 sequestration.
3. Storage capacity estimations suggest that Indiana has a high
geologic potential for the injection of CO2.
CONCLUSIONS

46. 4. The static models of storage capacity need to be validated with
injection of CO2 into the targeted reservoirs, which will provide
insight on the suitability for injection of bigger quantities of CO2.
5. Numerical simulations will help us understand the distribution of the
CO2 plume within the injection interval.
CONCLUSIONS (CONT.)

47. QUESTIONS?