Más contenido relacionado La actualidad más candente (20) Similar a Misra,D.C.(2007) Evolution Of E Governance In India (1947 2007) RIS New Delhi March 8 (20) Más de Dr D.C. Misra (17) Misra,D.C.(2007) Evolution Of E Governance In India (1947 2007) RIS New Delhi March 82. E-governance: The Indian Experience
A Presentation by
Dr D.C.MISRA
E-government Consultant
New Delhi
Thursday, March 8, 2008, 12 p.m.
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 2
3. E-government: The Indian Experience
Sixty Years of E-governance in India (1947-2007):
Are there lessons for other developing countries?
by
Dr D.C.Misra, I.A.S.(Retd.)
Independent E-government Consultant, New Delhi,
Formerly Chief Knowledge Officer, Government of Mauritius, Port Louis
under Commonwealth Secretariat, London and
Chairman, Task Force for IT Policy for Government of NCT of Delhi
• Address: C-183 Madhuvan, Madhuvan Marg, New Delhi-110092
• Tel: 91-11-22452431 Fax: 91-11-42445183 Cell: 0-9010891700
• Web: http://in.geocities.com/drdcmisra/mypage.html
• Blog: http://egov-india.blogspot.com/
http://knowledgecommission.blogspot.com/
• Email: dcmisra@hotmail.com
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 3
4. What is proposed to be covered?
I Introduction:
(a) Computer: From Man to Machine
(b) Internet
(c) World Wide Web
(d) E-government, Government and Society
(e) E-government as Cumulative Experience
(f) Who owns E-government?
II A Hundred Year Background (1880-1980) for E-government
in India
(a) Some of India’s Earlier Computers (1950-59)
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 4
5. What is proposed to be covered?
III Three Phases of E-government in India 1947-2007
(i) 1947-1984 Informatics-based E-government
(ii) 1984-1995 Personal Computer (PC)-based E-government
(iii) 1995-2007 World Wide Web (WWW)-based E-government
IV Phase I: 1947-1984 Informatics-based E-government
1. Use of computer in Indian planning (1954)
(a) What is informatics?
(b) Computer and Indian Planning
(c) Data for Planning and Decision-Making- Population Census
(1891), National Sample Surveys (1950), Annual Survey of Industries
(1953), Agricultural Census (1971-72) and Input Surveys, Statutory
and Non-Statutory Provisions
2. Setting up of the Department of Electronics (DOE) (1970), and
3. Setting up of the National Informatics Centre (NIC) (1977)
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 5
6. What is proposed to be covered?
V Phase II: 1984-1995 Personal Computer (PC)-based
E-government
(a) New Computer Policy (1984)
(b) Policy on Computer Software Export, Software Development, and
Training (1986)
(c) NICNET (1987) and DISNIC (1987)
(d) Hostility to Computerisation.
(e) Parliamentary Committee on Automation puts brake on automation
(f) A sea-change in people’s attitudes to computerisation now (Late 1990s)
(g) Now every body wants computers and e- government! (Early 21st
Century)
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 6
7. What is proposed to be covered?
VI Phase III: 1995-2007 World Wide Web (WWW)-based E-
government
(a) Internet made available to public in India on August 14, 1995
(b) Setting up of National Task Force on Information Technology
(IT) and Software Development (SD) (1998)
(c) Creation of Ministry of Information Technology (1999)
(d) Launching of National E-governance Plan (NEGP) (2003)
(e) 2,221 “.gov.in” domains stood registered in early 2007
(f) A comparison of software success and e-governance
(g) National Knowledge Commission (NKC) and Second
Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC)
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 7
8. Overview
Figure 1 II 1880-1980
I. Introduction
III 3 Phases of Egov
IV Informatics-
based Egov VI Web-based Egov
V PC-based Egov
IX Lessons
VII Software and Egov
VIII Telecom Sector X. Sum Up
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 8
9. E-governance: The Indian Experience
I. INTRODUCTION
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 9
10. (a) Computer: From Man to
Machine
In Victorian period (1837-1901), even the World War II (1939-45) era,
Computer was an occupation and computer a human being
(a person employed to make calculations)!
The first attempt to organize information processing on a large scale
using human computers was for the production of mathematical
tables, such as logarithmic and trigonometric tables (Campbell-Kelly
and Aspray 1996).
Then came mechanical machines like typewriters and calculators
Followed by a number of electronic computers, mainframe
computers, minicomputers, and supercomputers.
It has also been suggested that computers could be like humans in
every respect (Jeffrey 1999).
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 10
11. Computer: From Man to Machine
As recently as 1967, a state-of-the-art IBM costing $167,500
could hold a mere thirteen pages of text (Cairncross 1997).
The release of personal computer (PC) (with MS-DOS operating
system) by IBM in 1981 brought the computer within the reach
of individuals.
Ever alive to the needs of computing, India joined the select
club of U.S., Japan, Israel and China when it launched Param
Padma series of supercomputers on January 1, 2003,
indigenously developed by its Pune-based Centre for Advanced
Computing (C-DAC).
C-DAC incidentally is also developing important regional
language e-governance applications.
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 11
12. (b) Internet
Fast and reliable means of communication connecting distant
places have always been important to governments worldwide.
The once ubiquitous and now-forgotten telegraph, a
nineteenth century technology wonder, and called Victorian
Internet recently (Standage 1999)
It was the mainstay of governance in India in its own
time, quite significantly in sending daily sitreps (situation
reports)
The cost of a three-minute telephone call from New York to
London fell from $350 in 1930 to about 40 cents in 1999, and
it is now approaching zero for voice-over-Internet telephony
(Ghemawat 2007).
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 12
13. Internet
The Internet, the global interconnected network of computer
networks, was invented as the Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network (ARPANET) in the U.S. in 1969.
It ceased to exist in 1990, when its remaining functions were handed
over to the U.S. National Science Foundation Network (NSFNet),
established in 1986.
India was connected to NSFNET in 1990.
NSFNet itself was dissolved on April 30, 1995 when the Internet was
handed over to commercial networks.
Internet was made available to public in India on August 14, 1995
The Net promised to be to the twenty-first century what the
telephone had been to the twentieth (Hafner and Lyon 1996)
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 13
14. Internet 2 and IPN
Internet2, an improved version of Internet,
was launched in Chicago on October 1, 1996.
It is a consortium of more than 200 U.S.
universities, 70 corporations, 45 government
agencies, laboratories and other institutions
of higher learning as well as over 50
international partner organizations.
Additionally, an Inter-Planetary Network
(IPN) is under design.
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 14
15. (c) World Wide Web
The World Wide Web, essentially the hyper-linked content
over the Internet, invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990.
The WWW is indeed perhaps the only spin-off with significant
social impact to have come out of 50 years of particle physics!
(Hughes 2003)
The arrival of the Web in 1990 was to the Internet like the
arrival of the internal combustion engine to the country lane
(Gillies, and Cailliau 2000)
Berners-Lee is currently engaged in guiding the development
of Semantic Web, often called the next generation web. Once
successful, semantic web will revolutionise e-government
We have Web-based e-government to-day.
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 15
16. (d) E-government, Government and
Society
E-government is changing the way in which citizens and their organizations
relate to government and the government relates to them.
Technological determinism is defined as “belief that changes in technology
cause social changes in society” (Rogers 1997)
Its critics claim that technology is embedded in a social system.
E-government is radically changing the internal processes of government.
Office automation was the ruling standard in e-government before the
emergence of Web-based e-government.
Viewing e-government in an historical perspective reveals both the aspects of
governance:
Improvement of internal processes and
Improved public service delivery.
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 16
17. (e) E-government as Cumulative Exercise
An achievement is usually a culmination of
past efforts. The proposition can be
illustrated by two examples.
Example 1: India’s Community Development
(CD) Programme (1952) and National
Extension Service (NES) (1953)
Example 2: Computerisation of India’s Land
Records Programme (1988-89)
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 17
18. (f) Who owns E-government?
As e-government gains increasing prominence, many
disciplines have started claiming exclusive ownership over it.
A political scientist claims e-government to be his domain as,
in the ultimate analysis, e-government is about good
governance and not electronics (he is right).
A legal expert claims e-government to be his domain as, he
says, you cannot have any e-government unless proper cyber
laws are in place (he is right).
A computer scientist says e-government is his as you cannot
have e-government without appropriate software (he is right).
An electronics engineer rushes in to stake his claim asserting
that you cannot have e-government without appropriate
hardware (he is right).
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 18
19. Who owns E-government?
Every body
A journalist barges in saying, look you cannot have any e-
government without my explaining it to common man what e-
government is all about (he is right).
The e-government manager smiles. Hey, over there, bring e-
government to me. It is I who decides what is e-government
and how to go about it (and he too is right).
What do these disciplinary squabbles mean?
That e-government is an inter-disciplinary exercise and no
discipline, young or old, developed or developing, has any
exclusive claim over it.
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 19
20. II A Hundred Year Background (1880-1980) for
E-government in India
Subramanian (2005/2006) views development of e-governance in
India from a historical perspective of 100 years from 1880 to 1980.
It includes the concept of nationhood, technological self-reliance and
information technology (IT)-supported systems for policy formulation
and development.
From his analysis three main streams emerge whose convergence
contributed to the development of e-governance in this 100-year
(1880-1980) period (Figure 1).
The current surge in the software development and e-governance in
India, notes Subramanian, is not just a “spurt” phenomena but a
gradual evolution guided and engineered by the government, with the
help of scientists, technologists, academics and entrepreneurs over
the century spanning 1880 and 1980 [ibid.].
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 20
21. A Hundred Year Background (1880-1980) for
E-government in India
Figure 2 Contribution of Three Main Streams of Educational Institutions, National
Laboratories and Indian Planning to E-governance (1880-1980)
Educational CSIR, National
Institutions- Labs
IITs, IIMs, etc.
E-governance
Data Processing Needs of India Planning
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 21
22. Some of India’s Earlier
Computers (1950-59)
Table 1 Some of India’s Earlier Computers (1950-59)
S.N. Year Computer Remarks
1 1950 Analog First Analog Computer at the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI),
Computer Kolkata (now Kolkata)
2 1953 Analog Indigenously built installed at Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta
Computer (now Kolkata)
3 1956 HEC-2M Hollerith Electronic Computer, a digital computer, from England,
installed at Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta (now Kolkata)
4 1958 URAL Russian computer, under United Nations grant, installed at Indian
Statistical Institute, Calcutta (now Kolkata)
5 1959 TIFRAC Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Automatic Calculator
(TIFRAC) operational, used extensively between 1960-64 .
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 22
23. III. Three Phases of E-government in India 1947-2007
Table 2 Three Phases of E-government in India 1947-2007
Phase Time Type of E- Need for E- Dominant Technology
Period government government
I 1947-1984 Informatics- Economic Mainframe/Mini
based Planning Computers
II 1984-1995 Personal Office Personal Computers
Computer Automation (PCs)/Workstations
(PC)-based
III 1995-2007 World Wide Government Internet/
Web-based Online World Wide Web
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 23
24. IV. Phase I
1947-1984
INFORMATICS-BASED E-GOVERNMENT
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 24
25. Phase I: Informatics-based
Government (1947-84)
1. Use of computer in Indian planning
(1954)
2. Setting up of the Department of
Electronics (DOE) (1970), and
3. Setting up of the National Informatics
Centre (NIC) (1977)
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 25
26. Phase I: Informatics-based
Government (1947-84)
(a) What is informatics?
The term has been in use in Europe since the 1960s
Recently it entered the general vocabulary in the U.S.
Informatics is use of computer for processing information
using statistical methods
Recent developments in computing have given rise to new
fields like bioinformatics, geoinformatics, etc.
These are based on application of information technology (IT)
to specific domains like biology, geography, etc.
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 26
27. Informatics-based Government
(1947-84)
What is informatics?
1. Computer
2.Information 3. Statistical Methods
Figure 3
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 27
28. What is bioinformatics?
Figure 4 A Bridge between IT and Domain
Bioinformatics
IT Biology
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 28
29. 1. Computer in Indian Planning
(1954)
(b) Computer and Indian Planning
Prof P.C. Mahalanobis, Director, Indian Statistical Institute (ISI)
appointed as Honorary Statistical Adviser to the Cabinet (1949)
Preparation of the draft India’s Second Five-Year Plan (1957-
62) to Prof Mahalanobis, Director, ISI (1954)
This was dawn of centralised planing in India
The roots of e-government in India thus go back to
statistics, mathematical statistics and econometrics in 1950s
when a computer was needed and used for economic planning.
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 29
30. (c) Data for Planning and
Decision-Making
1. Population Census since 1891 every 10
years
2. Indian National Sample Survey since 1950-
51
3. Annual Survey of Industry (ASI) since 1953
4. Agricultural Census and Input Surveys
(since 1971-72, every five years
5. Statutory and Non-Statutory Provisions for
collection of statistics
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 30
31. 2. Department of Electronics
(DOE)(1970)
Overseas Communications Service (OCS) (1947)
Electronics Committee Report (1966)
Working Group Report on Computers (1968) called
for a national effort to attain self-sufficiency within
10 years in small and medium computers
National Conference on Electronics (1968)
Department of Electronics (DOE) set up
CMC Ltd, as a public sector undertaking, set up
(1975)
National Informatics Centre (NIC) set up (1977)
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 31
32. 3. National Informatics Centre
(NIC)
National Informatics Centre (NIC) was
conceived in 1975 as a plan project and set
up with the assistance of UNDP (1977).
Created in the newly created Department of
Electronics (DOE).
Initially created to cater to the needs of the
central government
NIC extended its informatics support
services to state governments (1985-86).
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 32
33. V. Phase II
1984-95
Personal Computer (PC)-based
E-government
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 33
34. Personal Computer (PC)-based
E-government
(a) New Computer Policy (1984)
(b) Policy on Computer Software Export,
Software Development, and Training (1986)
(c) NICNET (1987) and DISNIC (1987)
NICNET now has gateway nodes at about 55 Central
Government Departments, 35 State/UT
Secretariats, and 550 District Collectorates for IT
services.
Electronic Mail from Mumbai (1991)
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 34
35. Personal Computer (PC)-based
E-government
(d) Public personnel hostile to computerisation fearing
large-scale retrenchment and loss of jobs.
(e) A Parliamentary Committee on Automation
suggests brake on automation
(f) A sea-change in people’s attitudes to
computerisation now (late 1990s)
(g) Now every body wants computers and
e- government! (Early 21st Century)
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 35
36. VI Phase III
1995-2007
Web-based E-government
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 36
37. Web-based E-government
Internet made available to public in India on August
14, 1995
Ministries/Departments started going online,
First offering information (in itself a big
achievement)
Subsequently limited services to citizens.
On January 1, 2005, registration of .gov.in domain
was launched.
As many as 2,221 “.gov.in” domains stood
registered on February 19, 2007.
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 37
38. Web-based E-government
Three Important Milestones
• 1. Setting up of National Task Force on
Information Technology (IT) and Software
Development (SD) (1998)
• 2. Creation of Ministry of Information
Technology (1999) and
• 3. Launching of National E-governance Plan
(NEGP) (2003).
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 38
39. 1. National Task Force on Information Technology (IT)
and Software Development (SD) (1998)
Set up: May 22, 1998, Submits report to Prime Minister on July
4, 1998.
Mandated to formulate the draft of a National Informatics Policy.
Three basic background reports (June 9, 1998, August 8, 1998
and March 18,1999),
Three Action Plans (Part I-Software, Part II-Hardware, and Part
III- Long Term National IT Policy) and a IT Hardware Report.
The Action Plan Part I, with more than 1,500 man-hours of
input, made 108 recommendations.
The States quickly followed suit by framing their own
information technology (IT) policies.
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 39
40. 2. Ministry of Information
Technology (MIT) created (1999)
Ministry of Information Technology (MIT) created (1999)
Passenger Railway System (PRS) in Indian Railways becomes
operational (1999)
Information Technology (IT) Act comes into force, October 17,
2000 giving legal backing to e-commerce
Department of Information Technology (DIT) created (2001)
Media Lab Asia (MLA) launched (2001)
CMC Ltd., a public sector undertaking incorporated in 1975, in
the wake of IBM quitting India, privatised on October 16, 2001
National Institute for Smart Government (NISG) incorporated in
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh on May 28,2002
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 40
41. 3. National E-governance Plan (NEGP)
(2003-2007)
National E-governance Plan (NEGP) (2003-2007) approved on November
6,2003.
It has 25 Mission Mode Projects (MMPs):
(a) Central Government: 1. Income Tax, 2. Passport Visa & Immigration
Project, 3. DCA21, 4. Insurance, 5. National Citizen Database, 6. Central
Excise, 7. Pensions, 8. Banking
State Government (tentative, to be finalized in consultation with the
States): 1. Land Records, 2. Road Transport, 3. Property Registration, 4.
Agriculture, 5. Treasuries, 6. Municipalities, 7. Gram Panchayats, 8.
Commercial Taxes 9. Police (UTs initially) 10. Employment Exchange*
Integrated Services: 1. EDI (E-Commerce ), 2. E-Biz 3. Common Service
Centres 4. India Portal 5. EG Gateway 6. E-Courts* 7. E-Procurement*
(*Addition proposed)
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 41
42. National E-governance Plan (NEGP)
(2003-2007)
The National E-governance Plan (NEGP) is a well
conceived, well started, strategic plan
It attempts to take e-governance to the door steps
of the people, where e-governance matters most.
Its four pillars are:
(i) State-Wide Area Network (SWAN)
(ii) State Data Centre (SDC)
(iii) Mission Mode Projects (MMPs) and
(iv) Common Service Centres (CSCs) (Figure).
Its success will be measured by the extent by which
it delivers e-governmentThe Indian Experience
to the people.
E-governance:
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 42
43. National E-governance Plan (NEGP)
(2003-2007)
Figure 5 Four Pillars of NEGP (2003-2007)
National
E-governance Plan
Community Service Centres
Mission Mode Projects
State Data Centre
State Wide Area
Network
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 43
44. National E-governance Plan (NEGP)
(2003-2007)
E-Readiness assessment for the Centre
and States launched April 13, 2004
Bangalore One(B1) launched with 14
service centers providing 24 different
services to citizens of Bangalore on April
2, 2004 www.bangaloreone.gov.in)
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 44
45. National E-governance Plan (NEGP)
(2003-2007)
“.in” Domain including co.in, .net.in, .firm.in,
.ind.in, and .org.in registration opened on January
1, 2005
The Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 came into
force on June 15, 2005.
National Portal of India (http://india.gov.in/)
launched on November 10, 2005
National Knowledge Commission (NKC), appointed
March 2005, makes its recommendation on e-
governance to Prime Minister on January 26, 2006
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 45
46. National E-governance Plan (NEGP)
(2003-2007)
National Summit on E-forms for E-governance held
on June 12-13, 2006 in New Delhi
Union Cabinet approves setting up of 100,000 rural
Common Services Centers (CSCs) in September 2006
10th National Conference on E-governance held on
February 2-3 at Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh)
Recommendations of Second Administrative Reforms
Commission (ARC) on E-governance appointed in
2005, awaited as in March 2007
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 46
47. VII Software Success and
E-governance
Indian success in software industry has raised worldwide interest.
India’s software revenues, for example, grew at over 30 percent per annum over the last
decade, and the industry went from being practically non-existent in the 1980s to
accounting for 3 percent of India’s GDP, a fifth of its exports, and employing about
230,000 Indians by 2003 (Arora and Gambardella 2006).
Economists have even started to ask the question whether the success of software
industry in 3Is (India, Israel and Ireland) and China, Brazil and South Korea could be a new
model for economic development (ibid.).
Why has e-governance in India not succeeded to the extent of the success of its software
industry? A comparison of the two against half a dozen parameters brings out the sharp
contrast between e-governance and software industry in India during the last decade
(1997-2007) (Table ).
In essence the comparison highlights the static nature of e-governance and the dynamic
nature of software industry.
A separate approach for performance improvement in e-governance is required starting
from its redefinition (Misra 2007b).
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 47
48. A Comparison of Performance of E-governance
and Software Industry in India, 1997-2007
Table 3 A Comparison of Performance of E-governance and Software Industry
in India, 1997-2007
SN Parameter E-governance Software Industry
1 Organisation Bureaucracy Firm
2 Motivation Service to Profit
Citizens
3 Stimulus Internal External (notably the U.S.)
4 Leadership Political Business
5 Resources Limited Available if business plan is sound
6 Working Entrepreneurial Procedural
(risk-taking) (risk-averse)
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 48
49. VIII Developments in Telecom
Sector
Table 4 Select Milestones in Telecom Sector in India 1992-2006
SN Year Milestone Remarks
1 1992 Telecom services to private operators Opened
2 1994 New Telecom Policy in May Announced
3 1995 Private company Airtel Launched
4 1999 New Telecom Policy Announced
5 2004 Broadband Policy Announced
6 2006 Next Generation Network (NGN) Study Released
Paper in July
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 49
50. IX Lessons for other Developing
Countries
Are there any lessons from the
Indian Experience in E-governance
for other developing countries?
__ Yes, there are.
--- Five can be mentioned here.
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 50
51. Lessons for other Developing
Countries
Lesson 1: Databases are at the heart of
governance. Strengthen them.
Recollect the Indian Experience of:
--Population Census (1891),
-- National Sample Survey (1950),
-- Annual Survey of Industries(1951),
-- Agricultural Census (1971-72) and Input Surveys, and now
-- Citizen ID database under NEGP (2003-2007)
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 51
52. Lessons for other Developing
Countries
Lesson 2: There is no substitute to self-
reliance and indigenous capability
Recollect the Indian Experience of:
--A chain of national laboratories in 1950s and 1960s (CSIR)
--IBM quitting India in 1977 and Government responding by
setting up CMC Ltd. in 1975
--US banned sale of supercomputers to India in 1988. India
responds by setting up C-DAC in 1988 which comes out PARAM
10,000 in 1998 and PARAM PADMA in 2003
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 52
53. Lessons for other Developing
Countries
Lesson 3: Invest in human resource development
(HRD)
Recollect the Indian Experience of:
-- Setting up of Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) starting with IIT,
Kharagpur in 1951 (7 now, 3 more proposed)
-- Setting up of Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) starting with
IIM, Calcutta (now Kolkata) and IIM, Ahmedabad in 1961 (6 now, 1
more proposed in Shillong)
-- Setting up of Indian Institutes of Information Technology (IIITs)
starting with IIITM, Gwalior in 1997 (8 now)
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 53
54. Lessons for other Developing
Countries
Lesson 4: Prepare National
E-government Plan
Recollect the Indian Experience of:
-- National E-governance Plan (2003-2007)
-- Mission Mode Projects (MMMs)
--State Wide Area Network (SWAN)
--State Data Centres
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 54
55. Lessons for other Developing
Countries
Lesson 5: Consider both the Demand
and Supply Sides of E-governance.
Recollect the Indian Experience of:
Demand Side:
--100,000 community service centres (CSCs), cyber café (earlier
public call offices-PCOs), tele centres, broadband policy, etc.
Supply Side:
--Mission Mode Projects (MMPs), State Wide Area Networks
(SWANs), State data Centres (SDCs), etc.
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56. Lessons for other Developing
Countries
Table 5 Lessons from Indian E-governance Experience
Lesson 1 Databases are at the heart of governance.
Strengthen them.
Lesson 2 There is no substitute to self-reliance and indigenous
capability
Lesson 3 Invest in human resource development (HRD)
Lesson 4 Prepare National E-government Plan
Lesson 5 Consider both the Demand and Supply Sides of
E- governance.
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(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 56
57. X. A Summing Up
I Introduction
II A Hundred Year Background (1880-1980) for E-government in
India
III Three Phases of E-government in India 1947-2007
IV Phase I: 1947-1984 Informatics-based E-government
1. Use of computer in Indian planning (1954)
2. Setting up of the Department of Electronics (DOE) (1970),
3. Setting up of the National Informatics Centre (NIC) (1977)
V Phase II: 1984-1995 Personal Computer (PC)-based E-government
1. New Computer Policy (1984)
2. Policy on Computer Software Export, Software Development, and Training
(1986)
3. NICNET (1987) and DISNIC (1987)
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58. A Summing Up
VI Phase III: 1995-2007 Web-based E-government
1. Setting up of National Task Force on Information Technology (IT) and
Software Development (SD) (1998)
2. Creation of Ministry of Information Technology (1999) and
3. Launching of National E-governance Plan (NEGP) (2003).
VII Lessons for other Developing Countries
Lesson 1: Databases are at the heart of governance. Strengthen them.
Lesson 2: There is no substitute to self-reliance and indigenous capability
Lesson 3: Invest in human resource development (HRD)
Lesson 4: Prepare National E-government Plan (NEGP)
Lesson 5: Consider both the Demand and Supply Sides of E-governance.
VIII A Summing Up
IX Further Reading
X Thank You
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 58
59. Further Reading
• Misra, D.C. (2006): Ten Emerging E-government Challenges Today:
The Future May be Sober and Not Hype, December
http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UNPAN/UNP
AN025339.pdf
• Misra, D.C. (2007a): Ten Guiding Principles for Knowledge
Management in E-government, January
http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UNPAN/UNP
AN025338.pdf
• Misra, D.C. (2007b): Defining E-government: A citizen-centric
criteria-based approach, January
http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UNPAN/UNP
AN025373.pdf
• Misra, D.C. (2007c): Sixty Years of E-governance in India (1947-
2007): Does it have lessons for other developing countries?
(forthcoming)
E-governance: The Indian Experience
(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 59
60. Thank you for your attention
End of Presentation
End of Presentation
--Dr D.C.Misra, March 8, 2007, New Delhi
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(1947-2007) © Dr D.C.Misra 2007 60