Earth Science High School 9th Grade

1. Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens 

3. 2.1 Matter  Gas properties…  Liquid  Solid Youtube States of Matter

4. 2.1 Matter  Elements are the b asic building blocks of minerals.  Over 100 elements are known. Elements and the Periodic Table

7. Model of an Atom

8. 2.1 Matter  Many isotopes are radioactive and emit energy and particles.  Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons.  Have different mass numbers: the sum of the neutrons plus protons  The mass number is the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom. Isotopes

10. 2.1 Matter 1. Ionic bonds form between positive and negative ions. 2. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. 3. Metallic bonds form when metal ions share electrons. Types of Chemical Bonds

12. Carbon Atom

18. 2.2 Minerals 1. Naturally occurring 2. Solid substance 3. Orderly crystalline structure 4. Definite chemical composition 5. Generally considered inorganic Characteristics of a Mineral

19. 2.2 Minerals 1. Crystallization from magma 2. Precipitation 3. Pressure and temperature 4. Hydrothermal solutions How Minerals Form

20. Minerals Formed as a Result of Crystallization of Magma

22. The Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron

23. Silicon-Oxygen Chains, Sheets, and Three-Dimensional Networks

24. Sulfides

25. Native Copper

26. Mineral Lab Activity A number Ex: #23

27. 2.3 Properties of Minerals  Small amounts of different elements can give the same mineral different colors. Color

28. 2.3 Properties of Minerals  Streak is the color of a mineral in its powdered form. Streak

29. 2.3 Properties of Minerals  Luster is used to describe how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral. Luster

30. Pyrite (Fool’s Gold) Displays Metallic Luster.

31. 2.3 Properties of Minerals  Crystal form is the visible expression of a mineral’s internal arrangement of atoms. Crystal Form

32. Quartz Often Exhibits Good Crystal Form.

33. 2.3 Properties of Minerals  Hardness is a measure of the resistance of a mineral to being scratched.  Mohs scale consists of 10 minerals arranged from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest). Hardness

34. Mohs Scale of Hardness

35. 2.3 Properties of Minerals  Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to cleave, or break, along flat, even surfaces. Cleavage

36. Mica Has Cleavage in One Direction

37. 2.3 Properties of Minerals  Minerals that do not show cleavage when broken are said to fracture.  Fracture — the uneven breakage of a mineral Fracture

39. Conchoidal Fracture

40. 2.3 Properties of Minerals  Density is a property of all matter that is the ratio of an object’s mass to its volume. Density

41. 2.3 Properties of Minerals  Some minerals can be recognized by other distinctive properties. Distinctive Properties of Minerals

42. Mineral Lab Activity A number Ex: #23